The experiment would have been different if they had used only data from Bird A.
This is because the foraging time difference for Birds A was very small compared to that based on seven birds. This would have made it difficult for the researchers to draw any conclusions about the effects of cone spines on seed predators, as the data from one bird would be too limited and potentially unreliable.
The researchers may have also failed to account for other factors that could have been influencing the foraging time results, such as the bird's individual preferences or the size of the cones.
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Adult onset diabetes, diabetes type 2, can best be described using which of the following concepts?
A. Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High levels of insulin cause up-regulation of insulin receptors.
B. Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin to down-regulation of insulin receptors.
C. Constantly high blood sugar leads to glucagon release. Glucagon is an antagonist to insulin, leading to a decrease in insulin.
D. Constantly high blood sugar leads to the release of glucagon. Glucagon causes gluconeogenesis, which makes blood sugar higher.
Adult-onset diabetes, diabetes type 2, can best be described by B. constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors.
In the field of biology, diabetes type 2 is a type of diabetes that occurs in adults due to their lifestyles such as eating highly sugary foods, increased weightage due to no activity, etc.
As a result of type 2 diabetes, the levels of sugar in the blood remain high because the body is unable to produce enough insulin for degrading the sugar.
In order to break down the sugar, higher amounts of insulin are produced due to which there is a down-regulation of insulin receptors. As a result, the insulin receptors do not produce more insulin even though it is required.
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which step in the figure contains compact bone
The step in the figure contains compact bone is Osteoblasts in the periosteal layer form .
What is compact bone ?
The characteristic of the exterior surface of a mature bone. Compact bone, also known as cortical bone, is a type of dense bone in which the osteocytes, or bone cells, are only found in very small spaces (lacunae) that are solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts. In contrast to cancellous bone, which has a sponge-like appearance and multiple big voids and is located in the marrow space (medullary cavity) of a bone, compact bone, which accounts for 80% of the human skeleton, makes up the remaining 20%. Most bones contain both kinds. The long bones of the arm and leg, as well as other bones where its greater strength and stiffness are required, are mostly made of compact bone, which surrounds cancellous bone in the shape of a shell.
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Which of the following would result in fused or unfused tetanus compared to a single muscle twitch?
A) threshold stimulus and single stimuli
B) decreasing the stimulus frequency or increasing the stimulus frequency
C) increasing the stimulus frequency
D) decreasing the stimulus frequency
Increasing the stimulus frequency would result in fused or unfused tetanus compared to a single muscle twitch (Option C).
What is a single muscle twitch?A single muscle twitch can be defined as the contraction of the muscle in particular environmental conditions, which is well known to show variation in muscle tension.
A single muscle twitch is also known to have three well marked phases which include the latent period in which the muscle maintains normal steady conditions, the contraction state phase in which it shortness to produce a particular movement of the tissue and finally the relaxation stage period in which the muscle adopts tis normal length.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a single muscle twitch is a muscle contraction period that includes different phases such as the relaxation stage phase where the muscle adopts its length and the contraction stage where it contracts.
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Which of the following is a pathway that could be found in a reflex are? Sensory neuron, interneuron, brain, motor neuron, muscle Sensory neuron. interneuron, muscle, motor neuron Sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, muscle Sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, muscle Interneuron's
A pathway that could be found in a reflex arc is a Sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and muscle.
The pathway of neurons engaged in a reflex, which is an automatic reaction to a sensory experience, is referred to as the reflex arc. Sensory neurons have sensory receptors, which receive signals from membrane receptors and send them to the central nervous system (Brain and Spinal cord). Interneurons also referred to as relay neurons, are located between the first sensory neuron and the last motor neuron. The motor neuron receives a signal from the sensory neuron and transmits it to the interneuron. The motor neuron also referred to as the motoneuron, transmits the impulse from the interneuron to the muscle. The muscle is the effector organ that receives the impulse from the motor neuron. The outcome is a muscular contraction that shortens and pulls the bones closer together.
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2. Salt in soil may affect plant growth.
Independent variable:
Formal hypothesis: Salty Scil
soil
Dependent variable: plant growth
Independent variable:Color Dependent variable: Plant growth
3. Plant growth may be affected by the color of the light.
of IgM
Formal hypothesis:
4. Bacterial growth may be affected by temperature.
Independent variable: temperature
Formal Hypothesis:
5. Ultraviolet light may cause skin cancer.
Independent variable: type of light
туре
Formal hypothesis:
Dependent variable: bacteria growth
Dependent variable: Skin cancer
6. Temperature may cause leaves to change color.
Independent variable: temperature
Formal hypothesis:
Dependent variable: Color of leaves
7. Over watering may cause plants to die.
Independent variable: amount of water Dependent variable: Plant health
Formal hypothesis:
8. Sugar may cause fruit to not turn brown.
Independent variable: amount of sugar Dependent variable: fruit
Formal hypothesis:
Water can be absorbed by soil salts. As a result, there is less water available for the plants to absorb, which causes increased water stress and root dehydration.
Does salt in the soil benefit plants?Landscaping on saline soils is difficult because plants detest it. Plant roots will be burned by the salts and be unable to absorb the water necessary for proper growth. Salts cause compacted ground with inadequate drainage and aeration. Young plants are particularly delicate.
What occurs when soil contains too much salt?Salinity becomes a concern when the root zone becomes salty enough to hinder plant growth. Excessive salts in the root zone make it difficult for plant roots to absorb water from the soil around them.
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what kind of body cavity is characteristic of the animals in the phyla covered in this lab exercise?
Coelemate kind of body cavity is characteristic of the animals in the phyla covered in this lab exercise
The ability of the inner mesenteric layer, which is primarily made of connective tissue, to sustain the central intestine in the middle of the animal is a benefit of a genuine Coelemate . Otherwise, gravity would pull the gut down and drastically reduce body size in those animals that have a body cavity needed for locomotion. The body sizes of coelomates are far bigger than those of any other group of animals. The coelom has varied significance to the morphology and variety of the different phyla within the coelomates. For annelids and other related phyla, it is crucial for their ability to burrow. However, in arthropods, where locomotion has been transferred to limbs supported by an exoskeleton rather than a coelomic hydroskeleton, it has largely lost this significance. the suspension
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When an original consent form has been lost, the only steps that must be taken are that study staff report the loss immediately to the IRB, the sponsor, and get another signed as soon as possible.A. TRUE
B. FALSE
2According to 45 CFR 46 Subpart B, when research involves pregnant women as participants, both mother and father must always be informed about any potential impact of the research on the fetus.A. TRUE
B. FALSE
3Because of being incarcerated, prisoners may not be able to make a voluntary decision about participating in a clinical trial.A. TRUE
B. FALSE
4To document that the research participant has voluntarily agreed to participate in the study, the research participant must:A. Pass a test of comprehension.
B. Meet with the institution's Institutional Review Board (IRB).
C. Sign and date the Informed Consent Form.
D. All of the above.
5Of the following factors, which one does not influence the capacity to consent?A. Age
B. Cognitive (mental) impairment
C. Illness
D. Financial factors
1. A - TRUE An IRB is a properly constituted organization that has been officially established to examine and oversee biomedical research involving human participants in accordance with FDA standards.
An IRB has the power to approve, demand changes be made (to achieve approval), or disapprove research in accordance with FDA standards. The rights and welfare of human research subjects are safeguarded in large part by this group review.
2. An IRB is a legally recognized body that has been created for the purpose of evaluating and supervising biomedical research involving human subjects in compliance with FDA regulations. According to FDA guidelines, an IRB has the authority to approve, demand adjustments be made (to seek approval), or reject research. This group review substantially protects the rights and welfare of human research subjects.
3. According to the NIH, "the standards necessitate additional protections for the safety of inmates in research since it may not be possible for convicts to make a truly voluntary and unassisted decision whether or not to engage as subjects in research. 45 CFR 46, Subpart C contains certain protections.
4. Informed Consent Form: Sign and date.
5. The ability to consent is unaffected by the financial factor.
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polysynaptic reflexes involve multiple synapses while monosynaptic reflexes only involve a single synapse. true/false
It is accurate to say that while monosynaptic reflexes only involve a single synapse, polysynaptic reflexes involve several synapses.
How do polysynaptic reflexes work?It is the type of reflex that involves several synapses. There may be one or many interneurons involved in the reflex arc. As a result, afferent and efferent neurons communicate indirectly and broadly.
Describe the monosynaptic reflex.Definition/Introduction. The monosynaptic stretch reflex, also known as the muscle stretch reflex and deep tendon reflex, is a reflex arc that enables clear communication between the sensory and motor neurons that innervate the muscle.
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All of the following are characteristic of the Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci EXCEPT hyaluronidase production. methicillin resistance. the ability to damage cell membranes. M proteins. the ability to dissolve blood clots.
Streptococci are coccoid bacterial cells, and when the Gram staining technique is used, they show up as purple (Gram-positive) stains. They do not produce spores and are not mobile.
What is Streptococci?These cocci have a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 m. Streptococcus species cell division is described as. These bacteria multiply in pairs or chains along a single axis or plane.
Blood agar is often incubated at 35–37 °C for 18–24 hours to produce colonies that are typically grayish-white, smooth, glossy, and translucent with areas of hemolysis or no hemolysis.
Many species of Streptococcus induce hemolysis, which is characterized by a partial breakdown of the red blood cells (RBCs) in the medium and is visible as a green zone encircling the colony due to hemoglobin coloring in RBCs.
Therefore, Streptococci are coccoid bacterial cells, and when the Gram staining technique is used, they show up as purple (Gram-positive) stains. They do not produce spores and are not mobile.
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what would be unusual about this process: a photosynthetic system in which g t p and n a d h were produced after chlorophyll absorbed red and blue light in the thylakoid membranes?
Photosynthesis produces A T P and NADPH
What are thylakoid membrane?
The thylakoid membrane is site of photochemical and electron transport reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis takes place in the two distinct stages.
In light reactions, energy from the sunlight drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, coupled to formation of O2 from H2O.
In the dark reactions, so named because they do not require sunlight, the ATP and NADPH produced by light reactions drive glucose synthesis.
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The thing unusual about the process is that Photosynthesis produces A T P and N A D P H.
What is photosynthesis?
Plants, algae, and some microbes convert sunlight into energy through a process called photosynthesis. The procedure chemically transforms water and carbon dioxide (CO2) into food (sugars) and oxygen. Chlorophyll, the pigment that gives plants their green color, is frequently a key component of the chemical reaction.
The two separate stages of photosynthesis occur.
Energy from sunlight powers the synthesis of ATP and NADPH in light processes, along with the oxidation of water to produce oxygen (O2).Because they don't require sunlight, the dark reactions are so-called because they utilise the ATP and NADPH generated by light reactions to power the synthesis of glucose.
Therefore the thing unusual about the process is that Photosynthesis produces A T P and N A D P H.
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why algae blooms are more likely to grow out of control in lentic ecosystems instead of lotic ecosystems
We may draw the conclusion that algal blooms are more prone to get out of hand in lentic habitats because photosynthetic organisms can develop unhindered there in sunny, nutrient-rich lentic environments.
What exactly is an ecosystem?An ecosystem is a place where several types of living things coexist to create a bubble of life, including plants, animals, and other species. Plants, animals, and other living things are considered biotic factors.
What are the five functions of the ecosystem?Because they give us a variety of critical goods and services, healthy terrestrial ecosystems are fundamental to human wellbeing and survival. More than 90% of everything we eat comes from terrestrial ecosystems, which also produce energy, materials for buildings and clothing, medicines, and fresh, clean water.
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describe the process of emulsification. name the substance which performs this job. name the organ that synthesizes this substance
Emulsification transforms big globules of fat in the duodenum into tiny droplets throughout the digestive process. It is possible to unite two liquids that do not mix by the process of emulsification.
The chemical that produces emulsification is bile.
Bile is created by the liver.
Bile is gathered and stored in the gallbladder.
The hepatic ducts, which combine to form the common hepatic duct, which connects to the cystic duct from the gallbladder, are how bile leaves the liver once it is produced. This bile duct can reach the small intestine thanks to a sphincter called Oddi that is situated beneath the stomach.
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What opens first in response to a threshold stimulus?
A stimulus first causes sodium channels to open. Since there are a lot more sodium particles outwardly, and within the neuron is negative compared with the outside, sodium particles hurry into the neuron.
Sodium has a positive charge, so the neuron turns out to be more sure and becomes depolarized. It takes more time for potassium channels to open. At the point when they do open, potassium surges out of the cell, turning around depolarization. Likewise, at about this time, sodium channels begin to close. This makes the activity expected to return toward - 70 mV (repolarization). The activity potential really goes past - 70 mV (a hyperpolarization) on the grounds that the potassium channels stay open all in all too long. Bit by bit, the particle focuses return to resting levels and the cell gets back to - 70 mV.
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why does glucose appear in the urine of a diabetic? group of answer choices no glucose is filtered into the glomerular filtrate. the ascending limb of the loop of henle secretes glucose into the urine. 1 the kidneys produce glucose in diabetes. the carriers for glucose reabsorption reach their maximum rate of transport. the volume of urine is too great to filter.
In most cases, urine of a diabetic contains little or no glucose. However, if your blood glucose level is too high, your kidneys will pass some of the additional glucose through your urine.
What causes glucose to appear in a diabetic's urine?Due to the blood glucose level being so high and the carriers for glucose reabsorption having reached their maximal rate of transport, extra glucose is left in the urine.
How come glucose is present in the filtrate?The proximal tubules' cell membranes include glucose transporter proteins, which are responsible for the glomeruli's daily resorption of 180 grams of glucose from plasma. When these transporters' capacity is reached, glucose manifests in the urine.
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which of the following is not true about the earliest primate-like fossils? a) they were rodent-like, resembling tropical squirrels b) they had large brains relative to living primates c) some exhibited a nail instead of a claw on the hallux or big toe d) they exhibited primate-like cuspal patterns on their molar teeth
The most primitive primate known from reliable fossil evidence is Dryomomys. (Only isolated teeth and jaw fragments from the ape Purgatorius, which dates back 65 million years, have been discovered.
Which of the following concerning the oldest fossils that resemble primates is untrue?Palaeontologists have discovered the earliest primate skeleton ever discovered, which belonged to an animal that lived among trees 55 million years ago in what is now central China.
Can you describe the appearance of the early primates?Proto-primates are the first mammals that resembled primates. They were around the size of squirrels and looked like tree shrews. The fossil data now available is widely dispersed and comes primarily from North Africa.
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Is this correct? Please help me and explain
Similar to a person's occupation in that it reveals what that person does in their community, their work, and their role, an organism's niche indicates that organism's role in their environment.
How does a career compare to a niche? Similar to a person's occupation in that it reveals what that person does in their community, their work, and their role, an organism's niche indicates that organism's role in their environment.In terms of ecology, a niche is comparable to a vocation.For instance, if a corporation has a variety of professions and/or positions, each of those jobs has a certain role that the employee is responsible for carrying out.The water an organism consumes, the area it lives in, and whatever materials it utilizes to construct a nest, a burrow, etc. are other elements of its niche.The term "niche" in ecology refers to the function an organism performs within a community. The physical and environmental requirements (such as temperature or topography) and interactions with other species that a species must tolerate make up its niche (like predation or competition) .To learn more about niche refer
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Lipids are large complex molecules called
These are referred to as macromolecules. The majority of macromolecules are polymers, which are lengthy chains of monomeric components.
The structure and function of all four kinds of big biological molecules will next be investigated: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Large organic molecules, known as macromolecules in biological systems, can contain hundreds or thousands of atoms. The majority of macromolecules are polymers,
which are molecules made up of a single unit (monomer) repeated multiple times. Four of the six electrons in carbon are accessible for bonding with other atoms.
The structure and function of all four kinds of big biological molecules will next be investigated: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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which of the following statements about nuclear transport is true?
a) mRNAs and proteins transit the nucleus through different types of nuclear pores.
b) "Nuclear import receptors bind to proteins in the cytosol and bring the proteins to the nuclear pores, where the proteins are released from the nucleus."
c) "Nuclear pores have water-filled pass through in a nonselective fashion."
d) Nuclear pores are made up of many copies of a single protein.
(c)Tiny, water-soluble molecules can nonselectively move through water-filled passageways in nuclear pores.
Does metoprolol function as a nonselective beta blocker?Abstract.Background:Compared to carvedilol, which is a non-selective beta-blocker with additional alpha(1)-adrenoceptor blockades, metoprolol is a beta(1)-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist.
What type of drug is propranolol?Since propranolol, timolol, or nadolol have virtually little cardioselectivity, they have a higher risk for bronchoprovocation.
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you extract and sequence dna from human bones in a ancient village buried in ash. there is a high frequency of lct allele for lactase persistence. what could be concluded about this population? group of answer choices
Most likely, domesticated livestock were used by the people in this population for milk.
How can the rates of immigration and emigration be interpreted?Both the rate of immigration and the rate of emigration are equal. 5. Disease and parasitism, both of which depend on population density, have an impact on the rabbit population. The age distribution and exponential growth rate r of a stable population are both governed by vital rates, which also influence the structure of the population (mortality, fertility).
What does population size depend on birth rates and immigration and emigration?Births and immigration bring new people into a population. Both deaths and emigration cause them to lose people. How quickly a population expands depends on all of these factors.
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What is the K value for the Cimetidine inhibition? a)0.48 pM b) 500 pM c)240 pM d)115 pM
The K value for the Cimetidine inhibition is the concentration of inhibitor needed to reduce the activity of an enzyme by 50%. In this case, the K value for the Cimetidine inhibition is d) 115 pM (picomolar).
The K value for the Cimetidine inhibition was determined through an in vitro experiment, where the enzyme activity was measured in the presence of varying concentrations of Cimetidine. The K value was determined to be 115 pM when the enzyme activity was reduced by 50%.
Cimetidine is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, which inhibits the action of histamine on the gastric parietal cells of the stomach, thereby reducing the production of gastric acid. As such, Cimetidine is commonly used to treat peptic ulcers and other gastric acid-related disorders.
In conclusion, the K value for the Cimetidine inhibition is 115 pM (picomolar). This value is important for understanding the effectiveness of Cimetidine in inhibiting gastric acid production, and is a key factor in determining the appropriate dosage of Cimetidine for treating particular medical conditions.
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In addition to the pigments commonly associated with photosynthesis a certain photosynthetic species contains two additional pigment types .which of the following best supports the claim that the species is better adapted to environmental change than other photosynthetic species are?
The additional pigments allow the species containing them to harvest energy from wavelengths of light that the other photosynthetic species cannot use.
What is Photosynthesis Pigment ?A pigment that is found in chloroplasts or in bacteria that can synthesise photosynthetic material is known as a photosynthetic pigment.
Chlorophyll is the most widely distributed pigment in photosynthesis plants. These pigments are chelated forms of cyclic tetrapyrroles.
The three types of pigments that are present as leaves age—chlorophylls, carotenoids, and anthocyanins—will be represented structurally in more intricate diagrams.
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the author uses all of the following as evidence to support his argument about the impact of smallpox on native american populations except
The English settlers made an effort to assist the smallpox-stricken Native Americans.
If smallpox was bad among white people, it was more worse for Native Americans. In the early centuries, smallpox ultimately claimed more Native American lives than any other illness or hostilities. It wasn't uncommon for a tribe to lose all of its members; on other occasions, the entire tribe perished.
Even though Bradford mentions that some English were sympathetic toward the Native Americans and wanted to assist them, this fact does not offer proof of how smallpox affected Native American populations. Bradford did not use this claim as proof to back up his claim. In the United States, smallpox last naturally broke out in 1949.
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during what process does the cell use information from mrna to produce proteins?
Through the processes of transcription and translation, information from genes is used to make proteins.
An mRNA message is decoded into a polypeptide chain during translation (protein). Ribosomes are responsible for translation. The cell uses information from messenger RNA to make proteins during translation.
In the cytoplasm, where ribosomes are located, messenger RNA connects to them after being produced in the nucleus.The cell uses information from messenger RNA to create proteins during translation, also known as protein synthesis. During this process, the cell utilizes all three major types of RNA.
One of the core concepts of molecular biology is the information flow from DNA to RNA to proteins. It is referred to as the "central dogma" since it is so crucial.
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when a particular species mates, often the female eats the male. she then expends all her energy producing and defending her large clutch of eggs. when they hatch, she dies. which reproductive strategy is this species using?
A semelparous individual reproduces just once during their lifetime before passing away. These species exhaust the majority of their available resources.
What biological traits of a species influence how it develops its life history?The quantity, size, and sex ratio of offspring, the timing of reproduction, the age and size at maturity, the growth pattern, lifespan, and other characteristics are all considered to be life history attributes. These are all somewhat heritable and hence open to natural selection.
Which of the following is necessary for the process of natural selection-based evolution to take place?Natural selection requires four factors to take place: reproduction, heredity, variation in organism fitness, and variation in individual traits among individuals of an organism.
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The cell membrane acts as a barrier between the cell and its ...
The cell membrane acts as a barrier between the cell and its environment.
All cells contain a membrane that divides the interior from the external environment. This membrane is known as the cell membrane or the plasma membrane. A lipid bilayer that is semipermeable makes up the cell membrane. The cell membrane controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell.
A cell is shielded by its plasma membrane or cell membrane. The membrane serves a variety of purposes and also creates a stable environment inside the cell. One involves moving both hazardous compounds out of the cell and nutrients into it. Another is that the cell's membrane, which is its plasma membrane, has proteins that interact with other cells.
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DNA and RNA contain functional units known as: enzymes: amino acids_ nucleotides. peptides. fatty acids.
DNA and RNA contain functional units known as enzymes amino acids, and nucleotides.
What are amino acids and nucleotides?Nucleotide acids are giant molecules that have a special function, namely, to store genetic information and pass it on to offspring. It is the composition of the nucleic acids that determines whether a creature becomes an animal, plant, or human. The same goes for the structure of cells, whether they become muscle cells or blood cells.
Amino acids are proteins that have been broken down through metabolic processes into small molecules as the basic ingredients for biosynthetic processes. In general, there are more than 20 types of amino acids in the biosynthetic process.
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when a large amount of h accumulates between the inner and outer mitochondria membranes, this describes:
Chemiosmosis is characterized by a significant buildup of h between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.
Protons, also known as hydrogen ions, will diffuse from an area with a high proton concentration to an area with a low proton concentration. Using an electrochemical gradient of protons across a membrane, ATP can be produced. The term "chemiosmosis" refers to a process that is similar to osmosis in that it involves the passage of water across a selective membrane.By means of chemiosmosis, ATP is produced by the enzyme ATP synthase. In order to create ATP, it phosphorylates adenosine diphosphate (ADP) by using the free energy difference created by protons passing across the membrane. In mitochondria and chloroplasts, as well as in the majority of bacteria and archaea, ATP is produced by chemiosmosis. For instance, during photosynthesis, an electron transport chain in the stroma (fluid) of chloroplasts pumps H+ ions (protons) into the thylakoid gaps across the membrane. As protons travel through ATP synthase, the energy that has been saved is used to photo-phosphorylate ADP, creating ATP.
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autotrophs may have these organelles to help convert sunlight into food for the cell
The cell's nourishment is produced by chloroplasts. Only plant cells and some protists, including algae, have the organelles. Chloroplasts are not found in animal cells. Chloroplasts function to transform solar light energy into sugars that may be utilized by cells.
Autotrophs possess mitochondria, right?Answer and justification Because mitochondria are where cellular respiration takes place, autotrophs require them. Energy must be produced through the respiration process. Because autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food, doing so requires energy.
The source of autotrophs' energy?For energy and nutrients, autotrophs either use sunlight to produce food through photosynthesis (photoautotrophs) or, less frequently, use chemical energy to create food from inorganic materials (chemoautotrophs).
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Which of the following general mechanisms appear to be involved in the formation of cancer cells?
Which of the following general mechanisms appear to be involved in the formation of cancer cells?
A. RNA failure, DNA phosphorylation, phosphorylation of adenyl cyclase
B. inversions, operon formation, methylation
C. transdetermination, mutation, allosteric interactions
D. genomic instability, DNA repair failure, chromatin modifications
E. suppression, tabulation, projection
Genomic instability, DNA repair failure, chromatin modifications are generally mechanisms appear involved in formation of cancer. Then D should be appropriate.
What are the 3 steps of cancer formation?The three-stage theory of carcinogenesis is one of the most common explanations for the development of cancer. This theory divides cancer development into three stages, are: initiation, promotion, and progression.3 factors that contribute to cancer are, age, weight, exposure to carcinogens, and genetics can increase the risk of developing cancer.Genes, the fundamental building blocks of inheritance, can change in ways that result in cancer. Chromosomes are long, tightly packed DNA strands where genes are organized. Cancer is a genetic disease, meaning that it results from alterations in the genes that regulate certain aspects of how our cells behave, most notably how they grow and divide.Learn more about genetic disease here: brainly.com/question/2974335
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a patient has a problem that causes decreased signaling in the efferent neurons in his reflex control of ventilation. which would you predict? decreased neurotransmitter release secreted from neurons and decreased muscle contraction.
Somatic motor and skeletal , At specialized synapses known as neuromuscular junctions, the somatic motor neuron interacts with and activates skeletal muscle cells.
When a neural impulse reaches a motor neuron's synaptic terminal, voltage-gated calcium channels open.
Neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic terminal involves a number of complex steps, including:
depolarization of the terminal membrane, activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ entry, a change in the conformation of docking proteins, and fusion of the vesicle to the plasma membrane, with subsequent neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft. Several disorders and biological contaminants alter the neurotransmitter release systems.Learn more about to neurons visit here;
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