Question 1: (answer in place of item 16)
Apple juice has a pH of around 3 and lemon juice has a pH near 2. If you were trying to neutralize the acid of these fruit juices for baking, which juice would need more baking soda? Why?

(Extra Credit: if the apple juice needed .21 g of soda to neutralize it,
how much soda would an equal quantity of lemon require?)

Question 2:(answer in place of item 17)
What is a mole and what is molarity? How are these ideas similar and how are they different?

Question 3:(answer in place of item 18)
Hexane is a non-polar solvent and ethanol is a polar solvent.
Which of these would you choose to dissolve an ionic salt like LiCl? Why?

Question 4:(answer in place of item 19)
The pH of a solution has a big effect on the speed of some reactions and some reactions only happen in a certain pH range. Why is acid base chemistry important for medicine?

In a polar aprotic solvent:

(a) [tex]CH_{3} O^{-}[/tex] is a better nucleophile than [tex]CH_{3} CO_{2} ^{-}[/tex]

(b) [tex]H_{2} O[/tex] is a better nucleophile than [tex]H_{2} S[/tex]

(c) [tex](CH_{3} )_{3} N[/tex] is a better nucleophile than [tex](CH_{3} )_{3} P[/tex].

The nucleophiles have more mobility in solution because polar aprotic solvents do not significantly hydrogen bind to them. In these circumstances, nucleophilicity and basicity have a strong correlation.

(a) The negative charge in [tex]CH_{3} CO_{2} ^{-}[/tex] is in resonance with carboxylic group so [tex]CH_{3} O^{-}[/tex] is a better nucleophile than [tex]CH_{3} CO_{2} ^{-}[/tex].

The strength of a nucleophile grows along the periodic table in polar protic liquids. On the other hand, the strength diminishes down the periodic table in polar aprotic solvents.

(b) Sulphur atom is placed below Oxygen atom in periodic table as elements are placed on the basis of their atomic number in the periodic table so [tex]H_{2} O[/tex] is a better nucleophile than [tex]H_{2} S[/tex].

(c) Phosphorus atom is placed below Nitrogen atom in periodic table as elements are placed on the basis of their atomic number in the periodic table so [tex](CH_{3} )_{3} N[/tex] is a better nucleophile than [tex](CH_{3} )_{3} P[/tex].

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One methyl group and one ethyl group.

A compound can be obtained by a combination of atoms. We know that an organic compound would have a parent chain which is the longest straight chain of carbon atoms. There are normally side chains that could be attached to the longest chain.

We can see the compound that we are analyzing to be 4‑sec‑butyl-5-ethyl-3-methyloctane. The image of the compound is found in the image attached to this answer.

We can see that there is one methyl group and one ethyl group.

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The reaction rate increases with increase in Temperature.

The average velocity of the particles increases as the temperature rises. These particles' average kinetic energy is likewise raised. As a result, because the particles move faster and encounter more reactant particles, they will collide more frequently. However, this is only a small portion of the rationale for the rate hike. Just because particles collide more frequently is not guarantee that the reaction will occur.

The main impact of increasing the temperature is that more of the particles that collide will have the necessary energy to collide effectively. In other words, more particles will have the activation energy required.

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The kinetic energy of each neutron will be 1.953 × 10⁻¹⁹ Joules.

The formula of kinetic energy can be given as :

kinetic energy = 1/2 mv²

The formula of momentum is given as :
p = mv.....eq.1

So, combining both formulas, we can write :

K.E. =  m²v²/2m  = p²/2m..... eq.2

According to de Broglie, we know that,

λ = h/mv  ( p=mv ),        (λ = wavelength)

so, p = h/λ..... eq.3

In continuity with the eq...2

K.E. = p²/2m    = (h/λ)²/2m   = h²/2λ²m

h = 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ Joule.seconds

mc² = 939565413 ev (given)

m × (3 × 10⁸)² = 939565413 × 1.60218 × 10⁻¹⁹

                m  = 1.673 × 10⁻²⁷kg

Again,

Kinetic energy =  h²/2λ²m

                         = 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴/ 2 × (2.592 ×  10⁻¹¹)² × (1.673 × 10⁻²⁷)....eq.4

After solving the above equation 4, we get :

K.E. = 1.953 × 10⁻¹⁹ Joules.

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The correct order of orbital filling according to Aufbau principle is

(a) 4s 4p 4d

According to the Aufbau principle, electrons must occupy all of an atom's accessible orbitals, working their way up from the lowest energy level to the highest, to ensure that both the electrons and the atom have the least amount of energy possible and are stable.

As a result, electrons begin to occupy orbits in increasing order of "n" value, starting with the first orbit (n = 1).

If any orbital's primary quantum number is "n,"

n2 is the number of orbitals, and 2n2 is the number of electrons in any n-shell.

The orbital's's' sub-orbital count is 1′. P is three, while D is five.

There can be a total of two electrons in each orbital 0f an atom

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The correct order to fill the orbitals according to the  Aufbau's principle is:

(a) 4s 4p 4d

According to the Aufbau principle, electrons occupy all accessible orbitals of an atom, rising from the lowest energy level to the highest energy level so that both the electron and the atom are at the lowest possible energy and are stable you need to make sure that

As a result, electrons start occupying orbitals in order of increasing "n" value, starting with the first orbital (n=1).

If the first quantum number of the orbital is "n",

n2 is the number of orbitals and 2n2 is the number of electrons in each n shell.

The number of  s orbitals in the orbital is 1'. P is 3 and D is 5. There can be a total of two electrons in each orbital of an atom.

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Answer:

We know that the forces are added if they are in the same direction and they are subtracted if they are in opposite directions. So, the net force = 10 N (North) + 10 N (North) = 20 N (North) and 8 N (West) - 8 N (East) = 0. Therefore the net force on the block is 20 N in the North direction

The heat absorbed by a 17.0g sample of water to raise its temperature from 25°C to 53.5°C is 2034.

The heat absorbed by the water is :

Q = mCΔT

here : Q = amount of heat absorbed ( in joules)

         m = mass of the given sample ( in grams)

         C = specific heat capacity of the given sample

          [ for water, specific heat capacity is 4.2 [tex]\frac{J}{gC}[/tex]

         ΔT = change in temperature ( final temperature - initial temperature)

calculation:

Q = 17 × 4.2 × ( 53.5 - 25.0 )

Q = 2034.9J

result :

The heat absorbed by the sample is 2034.9 J

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The temporal lobe contains the area of the cortex involved in auditory processing called the primary auditory cortex.

what is the auditory cortex?

The part of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information in humans and many other mammals is called the auditory cortex. It is a component of the auditory system and performs both fundamental and advanced hearing processes, including those that may be related to language switching. In humans, it curves down and onto the medial surface, on the superior temporal plane, within the lateral sulcus, and includes portions of the transverse and superior temporal gyri, including the planum polare and planum temporale. It is situated bilaterally, roughly at the upper sides of the temporal lobes (roughly Brodmann areas 41 and 42, and partially 22).

The primary auditory cortex, a region of the cortex involved in auditory processing, is located in the temporal lobe.

Thus, the correct answer is d. temporal; auditory.

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Answer:

The farmer places the wheat in the winnowing basket after flailing the grain. The threshing barn doors are opened on windy days. The farmer throws the grain into the air using the winnowing basket, where the wind removes the chaff.

Explanation:

The sodium borohydride is a limiting agent. 1 mole of sodium borohydride contains 4 mole of hydride.  

A limiting agent is define as the reactant that get consumed first in a chemical reaction and therefore limits how much product can be formed.

2NaH + B2H6 -> 2NaBH4

According to the reaction 2 mole of NaH will give 2 mole of NaBH4. NaH is a limiting agent.

The borohydride will reduce to aldehyde or ketone involves the addition of two hydrogen atom.

RCHO -> RCH2OH in presence of BH4- and H+

We can write major steps as:

4RCHO + BH4- -> (RCH2O)4B-

This is one mole of BH4- and four mole of H+

Thus, the sodium borohydride is a limiting agent. 1 mole of sodium borohydride contains 4 mole of hydride.  

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Answer:a mouse

Explanation:

Answer: a mouse

Explanation:

Complete the following statement with a single word: percent error is a quantitative measure of the inaccuracy of a measurement or result.

The percent error is an error between an observed value and the true value of a measurement.

Percent Error = (Actual Value - Estimated Value / Actual Value) × 100%

Accuracy is the closeness of a measurement to the true value. Accuracy is the basic of analytical chemistry.

There are three types of error in chemistry: gross errors, random errors and systematic errors.

Percent error indicates value of an error during the experiment.

Percent error shows how unavoidable errors affect the experimental results.

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The mass of neon in the balloon is 5.045 grams.

m(He) = 1.0 g; mass of balloon with helium

M(He) = 4.0 g/mol; molar mass of helium

M(Ne) = 20.18 g/mol; molar mass of neon

m(Ne) = ?; mass of balloon with neon

If the balloons have the same volume, mass of the balloons depand on molar mass of gases.

m(He) / m(Ne) = M(He) / M(Ne)

1.0 g / m(Ne) = 4.0 g/mol / 20.18 g/mol

m(Ne) = 20.18 g / 4.0

m(Ne) = 5.045 g; mass of balloon with neon

Mass is a fundamental measure of the amount of matter in the object.

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Answer:

hypothesis testing center of the year with 32 days

Increasing the NaCl concentration will increase the osmotic pressure.

Osmotic pressure, alongside the vapor pressure depression, freezing point depression and the boiling point elevation are the colligative properties od solution.

The direction of osmotic pressure is always from the side with the lower concentration of solute to the side with the higher concentration.

π = c(NaCl) × T(NaCL) × R

π is osmotic pressure

c is concentration of solution.

T is temperature in Kelvins.

R is universal gas constant.

Greater the concentration of sodium chloride, the greater is the osmotic pressure, because the osmotic pressure and the concentratio are in direct proportion.

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Answer: 1.27 g/cm3

Explanation:

160cm3/126.4 grams

1.70 g/mL is the density of a substance with a mass of 45. 00 g and a volume of 26. 4 ml.

Mass per unit of volume is referred to as density. Although the Latin letter D can also be used, the symbol for density is most frequently written as (the lower case Greek letter rho). Mass divided by volume is the mathematical definition of density: where is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. Density is sometimes loosely defined as a substance's weight per unit volume, while this is incorrect scientifically; the term "specific weight" is more appropriate. An example of this is in the oil and gas business in the United States.

The density and mass concentration of a pure substance are numerically equivalent. Density can affect buoyancy, purity, and packing. Varied materials typically have different densities.

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Answer: Oxygen or Nitrogen

Explanation:

We know the most about these elements because both of these elements are some of the most abundant on Earth.

The radius of pd atom will be 137.158 pm

Density of unit cell is given as 12.0 g/cm3

Molar Mass is 106.4 g/mol

We know that

The radius will be calculated by density formula since Pd crystallises in FCC structure , the number of cell per unit cell is 4 and the molar mass is given as 106.4g/mol so the  edge length will be calculated as follows

Density= Z× M/ Na × a3

where,

Z= No of atoms per unt cell

M= Molar mass

Na=  Avogadro's number

a= edge length

12.0= 4× 106.4/ 6.023× 10²³ × a3

a³= 425.6/ 6.023× 10²³ × 12

a³= 5.88×10-²³

a= 3.88× 10^-8

r= √2a/4

r= √2 × 388pm/4

r=137.158pm

r=0.137 nm

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The pd atom will have a radius of 137.158 pm. It is provided that Pd crystallizes in an FCC structure, the radius will be computed using the density formula, there are 4 cells per unit cell, and the molar mass is given as 106.4g/mol, the edge length will be determined as follows:

The unit cell's density is 12.0 g/cm3.

106.4 g/mol is the molar mass.

We know that ,

density = ZM/ Na× a³

where,

Z=Atoms in each unit cell

Molar mass

Avogadro's number is Na.

a = edge length

12.0= 4× 106.4/ 6.023× 10²³ × a³

a³= 425.6/ 6.023× 10²³ × 12

a³= 5.88×10⁻²³

a= 3.88× 10⁻⁸

r= √2a/4

r= √2 × 388pm/4

r=137.158pm

r=0.137 nm

So, the radius of the pd atom will be 0.137nm

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As stated in the preceding statement 20 mm microwaves operate at a frequency of 15 GHz.

There are several ways to quantify frequency, including Counting: The number of times a recurring event occurs within a given time period is counted, and the number is then divided by the duration of the time period to determine the frequency of the occurrence.

λ= 20 mm = 20×10⁻³ m

v=3 x 10⁸ m /s (In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves move at the speed of light, which is 3 x 10⁸ m /s.)

3 x 10⁸ m /s= f × 20×10⁻³ m

3 x 10⁸ m /s÷20×10⁻³ m= f

1.5×10¹⁰ Hz= 15×10⁹ Hz= 15 GHz

20 mm microwaves have a 15 GHz frequency.

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The molar concentration of sodium ion in a 200.0 ml solution prepared from 1.223 g of sodium phosphate (na3po4, 163.9 g/mol) is 0.0373 M

What is molar concentration?

The term "molar concentration" refers to the amount of a substance in a solution represented as a percentage of its volume. It is also used to refer to molarity, quantity concentration, or substance concentration.The number of moles per litre, denoted by the unit symbol mol/L or mol/dm3 in SI units, is the most often used unit denoting molarity in chemistry. One mol/L of a solution's concentration is referred to as one molar, or 1 M.

Volume of given solution = 200 ml = 0.2 l

Molecular weight of sodium phosphate = 163.9g

Amount required to make the solution = 1.223g

Thus, no of moles of sodium phosphate = 1.223/163.9 moles = 7.46*10^(-3) moles

Thus molar concentration = molarity = 7.46*10^(-3) moles/0.2 = 0.0373 M

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The final  pressure is 0.65 atm is allowed to expand the gas. Boyle's law, an experimental gas law, states that as a container's capacity rises, a gas's pressure tends to drop.

1) A current formulation of Boyle's law is:

If the temperature and amount of gas remain constant in a closed system, the absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies.

2) Boyle's law can be expressed mathematically as follows:

P ∝ 1/V

or

PV = k

Acc to the Boyle's law ,

P1V1 = P2V2

The initial pressure =  0.975 atm

The initial volume =  400 ml

When the gas is allowed to expand ,

The final Volume = 600 ml

We need to find the Final pressure by using the above formulae and substitute the values in the formulae.

0.975× 400 = P2 ×600 ml

The final pressure = 0.975× 400/600

= 0.65 atm

The final pressure of the gas is 0.65 atm provided that the temperature is constant by using the Boyle's law.

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The correct significant figures are;

a. (7.31 × 10⁴) + (3.23 × 10³) = 7.633 x 10⁴

b. (8.54 x 10⁻³) - (3.41 x 10⁻⁴) = 8.199 x 10⁻³

c. 4.35 dm x 2.34 dm x 7.35 dm = 74.81565 dm³

d. 4.78 cm + 3.218 cm + 5.82 cm = 13.818 cm

e. 38,736 km + 4784 km = 43,520 km

Significant figures are used to establish the number which is presented in the form of digits.

Solution of the given problems in correct significant figures;

a. (7.31 × 10⁴) + (3.23 × 10³) = 76,330 = 7.633 x 10⁴

b. (8.54 x 10⁻³) - (3.41 x 10⁻⁴) = 8.199 x 10⁻³

c. 4.35 dm x 2.34 dm x 7.35 dm = 74.81565 dm³

d. 4.78 cm + 3.218 cm + 5.82 cm = 13.818 cm

e. 38,736 km + 4784 km = 43,520 km

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Answer:

0.156 grams or 3.49 liters or 9.39E22 atoms

Explanation:

assuming you want moles:

16.8 / 108 = 0.156

assuming you want liters:

0.156 x 22.4 = 3.49

assuming you want atoms:

0.156 x 6.02E23 = 9.39E22

The mass number of metal M is 57.

Molecular formula of a compound is MCl₃, because chlorine has oxidation number -1 and metal +3.

Chlorine atom has atomic number 17 (17 protons and 17 electrons). When it gains one electron, it becomes chlorine anion Cl⁻ (negative charge), with 17 protons (positive electric charge of +1e elementary charge) and 18 electrons (negative one elementary charge).

Electron configuration of chlorine atom: ₁₇Cl 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵.

As a cation, metal has 23 electrons, and as an atom three electrons more 26. It has 26 protons.

The mass number (A) is sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in atom.

N(n°) = 31; number of neutrons in metal atom

N(p⁺) = 26; number of protons in metal atom.

A = N(n°) + N(p⁺)

A = 31 + 26

A = 57; the mass number of metal

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Answer:

System:

Integumentary System

Major structures:

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails.

Functions:body temperature regulation, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, and detection of stimuli.

Assciated diseases:

Acne. What is acne? ...

Alopecia Areata. What is alopecia areata? ...

Atopic Dermatitis. What is atopic dermatitis? ...

Epidermolysis Bullosa. What is epidermolysis bullosa? ...

Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) ...

Ichthyosis. ...

Pachyonychia Congenita. ...

Pemphigus.

System:

Muscular system:

Major structures:

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

Functions:

Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement

Asscoiated dieseases:

Musculoskeletal Disorders. Muscle Strain. Tendinitis. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

Neuromuscular Disorders. Muscular Dystrophy. Myasthenia Gravis. Parkinson's Disease. Feature: Human Biology in the News.

System: Skeletal

Major structures:

hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton.

functions:

It gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores minerals.

Associated diseases:

Osteoporosis. This common disease occurs when bones become weak due to changes in bone mineral density and mass, causing a higher risk for fractures. ...

Fracture. ...

Scoliosis. ...

Paget's disease. ...

Osteoarthritis. ...

Rheumatoid arthritis. ...

Gout. ...

Bursitis.

System:

Nervous System

Major structures:

he central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.

Functions:

transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including internal organs.

Associated diseases:

Infections, such as meningitis, encephalitis, polio, and epidural abscess

System:

Endocrine system

Major structures:

hypothalamus.

pituitary.

thyroid.

parathyroids.

adrenals.

pineal body.

the ovaries.

the testes.

Functions:

Makes hormones that control your moods, growth and development, metabolism, organs, and reproduction.

Associated diseases:

Acromegaly.

Adrenal Insufficiency & Addison's Disease.

Cushing's Syndrome.

Cystic Fibrosis link.

Graves' Disease.

Hashimoto's Disease.

System:

Circulatroy system

major structures:

the heart (cardiovascular), lungs (pulmonary), and arteries, veins, coronary and portal vessels (systemic

Functions:

carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide.

Associated diseases:

Aneurysms. Aneurysms are weak spots in the walls of your arteries that can expand like a balloon. ...

Arrhythmias. ...

Blood pressure conditions. ...

Cardiomyopathy. ...

Congenital heart disease. ...

Heart failure. ...

Heart valve disease. ...

High cholesterol.

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Explanation:

Atoms of sulfur two elements have a combined total of 16 proton.

A chemical element is sulfur. Each sulfur atom has 16 protons in its nucleus, as indicated by its atomic number of 16 and official symbol, S. The number of protons, positively charged nuclear particles, is represented by the atomic number Z. But Z determines an element's identity. If Z=1, the element is hydrogen; if Z=2, the element is helium; and if Z=16, the element is neon.

In addition to being a fungicide and an ingredient in black gunpowder, sulfur is used to vulcanize black rubber. However, the majority of sulfur is utilized in the creation of sulfuric acid, which is arguably the most significant chemical produced by western civilisations.

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moles of solid ice is = mass/ molar mass

M= 25.3/18

M = 1.405

no of molecules is = moles ×6.022×[tex]10^{23}[/tex]

= 1.405 × 6.022×[tex]10^{23}[/tex]

= 8.464×[tex]10^{23}[/tex] molecules.

The term "molecule" refers to a collection of two or more atoms bound together by the attractive forces known as chemical bonds . Molecular is frequently used to refer to polyatomic ions in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, where the distinction from ions is eliminated.

In general, molecules are not thought of as being made up of a single molecule when atoms and complexes are joined by non-covalent interactions like hydrogen bonds or ionic bonds.

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Answer:

:)

Explanation:

The nucleus in biology is usually referring to that of

living cells found in organisms in which contains DNA whereas the nucleus in chemistry is usually referring to that of atoms in which contains subatomic particles such as the proton and neutron.

The substance is classified as metal as it is highly reflective, conducts electricity and has a high melting point.

Elements with distinctive chemical and physical characteristics are referred to as metals.

A metal is a substance that has a shiny look when freshly processed, polished, or shattered, and conducts heat and electricity rather effectively. Generally speaking, metals are malleable, ductile, and opaque. These characteristics are the outcome of the metallic link that exists between the metal's atoms or molecules.

Metals make up around 75 percent of all chemical elements that are currently understood. Compared to other elements, metals are denser.

Ferrous metals, which include iron, and non-ferrous metals, which do not, are the two basic categories into which metals may be separated.

Metals are excellent building materials. Strength, hardness, and rigidity are just a few of the qualities that metals possess. Metals may be heated and formed into anything, from a little paperclip to an enormous airplane. They are important for electrics and frying pans since they are strong conductors of heat and electricity.

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