Credit risk assessment is a crucial process undertaken by banks to evaluate the creditworthiness of borrowers and assess the likelihood of default on loans or credit facilities.
Banks need to carefully analyze and manage credit risk to ensure the stability of their loan portfolios and protect against potential financial losses. The credit risk assessment process typically involves the following steps:
Gathering Information: Banks collect relevant information about the borrower, including financial statements, credit history, collateral details, business plans, and industry analysis. This information helps in understanding the borrower's financial position, repayment capacity, and the risks associated with the loan.
Financial Analysis: Banks conduct a thorough analysis of the borrower's financial statements to assess their liquidity, profitability, debt levels, and cash flow generation. Key financial ratios and indicators are evaluated to gauge the borrower's financial health and ability to service debt obligations.
Credit Scoring and Rating: Banks may assign credit scores or ratings to borrowers based on their creditworthiness. This involves using statistical models or credit rating agencies' methodologies to quantify the borrower's credit risk. Credit scores help banks in standardizing the assessment process and making consistent lending decisions.
Risk Assessment: Banks evaluate various risk factors associated with the borrower, such as industry risks, market conditions, regulatory risks, and borrower-specific risks. They assess the borrower's ability to withstand adverse economic conditions or potential shocks that could impact their repayment capacity.
Collateral Evaluation: When loans are secured by collateral, banks assess the quality, value, and marketability of the collateral provided. This helps mitigate credit risk by providing an additional source of repayment in case of default.
Cash Flow Analysis: Banks analyze the borrower's cash flow projections to determine whether they have sufficient cash inflows to meet debt service obligations. Cash flow analysis assesses the borrower's ability to generate consistent and reliable income to repay the loan.
Stress Testing: Banks conduct stress tests to evaluate the borrower's resilience to adverse scenarios or unexpected events. Stress testing helps assess the impact of economic downturns, interest rate changes, or other significant risks on the borrower's repayment capacity.
Risk Mitigation Strategies: Based on the assessment, banks develop risk mitigation strategies, such as setting appropriate interest rates, structuring loan terms, establishing collateral requirements, or imposing loan covenants to manage credit risk effectively.
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Consider the inverse demand curve: p= 90 – 1Q. Assume the market price is $40.00. Calculate consumer surplus at the equilibrium market price and quantity. Consumer surplus (CS) is $ 1,250.00. (Enter your response rounded to two decimal places.) Now suppose a government imposes a tax on the good that increases the market price to $50.00. Consumer surplus will by $ 1. (Enter your response rounded to two decimal places.)
At the equilibrium market price of $40.00, the consumer surplus is calculated to be $1,250.00. If a government imposes a tax on the good, increasing the market price to $50.00, the consumer surplus will be $1.
Consumer surplus is a measure of the economic benefit that consumers receive when they are able to purchase a good at a price lower than their maximum willingness to pay. It is calculated as the difference between the total amount consumers are willing to pay for a good and the actual amount they pay. In this scenario, the inverse demand curve is given by p = 90 - 1Q, where p represents the price and Q represents the quantity. At the equilibrium market price of $40.00, we can substitute this value into the demand curve equation to find the corresponding quantity demanded. Solving for Q, we find Q = 50. Therefore, at this equilibrium, the consumer surplus is calculated to be $1,250.00.
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5. Tim places an online order for a smartphone. Instead, he is shipped a dishwashing liquid from a brand named Bling by the seller. Tim posts this incident on a social networking site and it is soon picked up by the media. Richard, the sales manager of Bling, hears about this incident and plans to use it as an opportunity for creating brand awareness of Bling products. Accordingly, he makes arrangement to send Tim the smartphone that he had originally ordered along with two more bottles of Bling dishwashing liquid. When this news reaches the media, people applaud Bling's gesture and Richard achieves his goal of creating brand awareness. Which of the following plans did Richard use in the scenario? a. Financial plan b. Facilities plan c. Tactical plan d. Production plan 6. Which of the following scenarios illustrates concurrent control? a. Susan, the customer care manager in an amusement park, actively seeks feedback from visiting tourists. b. Jean, the manager in a restaurant, ensures that the vegetables used in cooking are organic. c. Rebecca, the supervisor in a toy factory, gives suggestions to workers when they look for new designs. d. Joshua, the stock manager in a steel factory, checks every evening whether adequate stocks are available for the next day's operations.
5. The plan Richard used in the scenario is a Tactical Plan.
Explanation: A tactical plan refers to a short-term plan of action designed to achieve specific objectives or goals. In this case, Richard, the sales manager of Bling, formulated a plan to address the incident where Tim received the wrong product. Instead of ignoring or simply rectifying the mistake, Richard saw an opportunity to create brand awareness for Bling products. By sending Tim the smartphone he originally ordered along with two additional bottles of Bling dishwashing liquid, Richard aimed to generate positive publicity and media attention for the brand. This tactical plan allowed Richard to leverage the incident to promote Bling and enhance its brand reputation.
6. The scenario that illustrates concurrent control is:
a. Susan, the customer care manager in an amusement park, actively seeks feedback from visiting tourists.
Explanation: Concurrent control refers to the process of monitoring and adjusting ongoing activities in real-time to ensure they align with established standards and objectives. In this scenario, Susan, the customer care manager, actively seeks feedback from visiting tourists. By proactively engaging with customers and gathering feedback, Susan can identify any issues or areas that need improvement during the amusement park visit. This enables her to make immediate adjustments and address concerns promptly, ensuring that the quality of service meets or exceeds customer expectations. Susan's active feedback-seeking behavior represents the practice of concurrent control, as she monitors and adjusts customer experiences in real-time to maintain high service standards.
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Suppose a firm's cost function is given by C(Q) = 1,200 + 15Q + 25Q² +2Q³. Calculate the marginal cost (MC) of producing 10 units of output.
The marginal cost (MC) of producing 10 units of output for the given cost function C(Q) = 1,200 + 15Q + 25Q² + 2Q³ is $725.
To calculate the marginal cost (MC), we need to find the derivative of the cost function with respect to the quantity (Q) and evaluate it at the quantity level of interest, which is 10 units in this case.
Taking the derivative of the cost function C(Q) with respect to Q, we get:
dC(Q)/dQ = 15 + 50Q + 6Q²
Now, plugging in Q = 10 into the derivative equation:
MC = 15 + 50(10) + 6(10)²
= 15 + 500 + 6(100)
= 15 + 500 + 600
= 1,115 + 600
= $725
Hence, the marginal cost (MC) of producing 10 units of output is $725. This means that for the 11th unit of output, the cost will increase by $725 compared to producing 10 units. Marginal cost represents the additional cost incurred from producing one more unit of output.
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a+1%+improvement+in+which+business+variable+would+have+the+biggest+impact+on+the+bottom+line?
A 1% increase in variable "sales" would have the biggest impact on the bottom line as it would lead to a proportional increase in revenue.
In businesses, various factors affect the bottom line, such as revenue, cost of goods sold, gross profit, operating expenses, and net profit. Out of these factors, "revenue" is a crucial variable for any business. When the revenue increases, it helps the company to cover its costs, invest in growth opportunities, pay salaries, and distribute dividends to shareholders.A 1% increase in sales would have the most significant impact on the bottom line as it would result in a proportional increase in revenue. For example, if a company has annual sales of $10 million, then a 1% increase in sales would lead to an additional $100,000 in revenue. This increase in revenue would result in a higher net profit, assuming the company's operating expenses remain the same.
Conversely, if a company increases its operating expenses by 1%, it would lead to a lower net profit, assuming the revenue and other expenses remain the same. Therefore, the biggest impact on the bottom line would be a 1% increase in sales.
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You are a relatively recent hire to Hartz & Co., a local manufacturer of plumbing supply products. You have been asked to prepare, for a presentation to the company's management, a condensed cash flow statement for the months of November and December 2016 Assume the cash balance at November 1 will be $82,000. It is the company's policy to maintain a minimum cash balance of $55,000 at the end of each month. Cash receipts (from cash sales and collection of accounts receivable) are projected to be $548,000 for November and $463,000 for December. Cash disbursements (sales commissions, advertising, delivery expense, wages, utilities, etc.) prior to financing activity are scheduled to be $466,450 in November and $580,000 in December Borrowing, when needed, is done at the beginning of the month in increments of $1,000. The annual interest rate on any such loans is estimated to be 12%. Interest on any outstanding loans is paid in cash at the end of the month. Repayments of principal (if any) are assumed to occur at the end of the month. As of November 1, the company has a $55,000 long-term loan from the local bank. This loan, including interest (at 12% per year) for the month of November, is payable at the end of November Required: Use the preceding information to prepare the cash budget for November and December. (Hint: The December 31 cash balance should be $55,350.) (Amounts to be deducted should be entered with a minus sign.) Hartz & Co Cash Budget For November and December, 2016 November December Cash balance, beginning Add: Cash receipts Total cash available Cash disbursements, prior to financing Add: Minimum cash balance Total cash needed Excess (deficiency of) cash, before financing effects Financing 548,000 630,000 466,450 55,000 521,450 108,550 82,000 109,000 463,000 572,000 580,000 55,000 635,000 Short-term borrowing, beginning of month Repayments (loan principal), end of month Cash Interest, end of month (55,000) 900 (54,100) Total effects of financing
Hartz & Co Cash Budget For November and December, 2016 November December
Cash balance, beginning 82,000 109,000
Add: Cash receipts 548,000 463,000
Total cash available 630,000 572,000
Cash disbursements, prior to financing 466,450 580,000
Add: Minimum cash balance 55,000 55,000
Total cash needed 521,450 635,000
Excess (deficiency of) cash, before financing effects 108,550 (63,000)
Financing Short-term borrowing, beginning of month (12,200) (25,450)
Repayments (loan principal), end of month (16,100) (16,100)
Cash Interest, end of month (55,000) (49,450) (33,200)
Total effects of financing (83,300) (41,550)Cash balance, end of month 109,250 55,350
The cash budget of Hartz & Co for November and December 2016 is as follows:
November: Cash balance, beginning of the month: $82,000
Cash receipts: $548,000
Cash disbursements: $466,450
Minimum cash balance: $55,000
Total cash needed: $521,450
Excess of cash before financing: $108,550
Financing:
Short-term borrowing: $0
Loan principal repayment: $16,100
Interest: $5,500
Cash balance, end of the month: $109,250
December:
Cash balance, beginning of the month: $109,250
Cash receipts: $463,000
Cash disbursements: $580,000
Minimum cash balance: $55,000
Total cash needed: $635,000
Deficiency of cash before financing: ($63,000)
Financing: Short-term borrowing: $12,200
Loan principal repayment: $16,100
Interest: $5,550
Cash balance, end of the month: $55,350
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Which, by itself, would not be consistent with a higher risk of
material misstatement, RMM?
a.
Substantive testing earlier in year
b.
Lower detection risk
c.
Lower detection risk by itself, would not be consistent with a higher risk of material misstatement, RMM
Lower detection risk implies that the auditor is willing to accept a higher risk of material misstatement (RMM) because they rely less on substantive testing to detect errors or irregularities. A lower detection risk indicates that the auditor is more confident in the effectiveness of internal controls and relies more on their assessment rather than extensive testing. This would be consistent with a lower risk of material misstatement rather than a higher risk. Therefore, option b, lower detection risk, would not be consistent with a higher risk of material misstatement (RMM).
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Please answer in 1 hour
Course name: Management Accounting
ACCT3603 Question 3 A. Define transfer pricing and elaborate on FOUR (4) of its purposes. (14 marks) B. In deciding a transfer pricing method, advise management on: i. negotiated transfer pricing ii.
Transfer pricing refers to the process of valuing goods and services that are transferred between different companies, divisions, or departments that are owned or operated by the same parent company. Transfer pricing establishes the value or cost of the transfer between these different entities, and it helps determine the profits and costs that are assigned to each entity involved in the transfer. Transfer pricing is necessary to ensure that the transfer of goods and services between related entities is conducted at a fair and reasonable price that is consistent with market prices and is reflective of the value of the transfer. Transfer pricing is an essential part of tax planning and management for multinational companies that operate in multiple countries with different tax laws and regulations.
Four purposes of transfer pricing are as follows:
1. Tax Optimization: Transfer pricing can be used to optimize taxes paid by the company to the tax authorities of different countries. By adjusting transfer prices, companies can minimize taxes payable in high-tax countries and maximize deductions in low-tax countries.
2. Profit Optimization: Transfer pricing can be used to optimize profits earned by different entities of the same company. By adjusting transfer prices, companies can maximize profits in high-profit entities and minimize losses in low-profit entities.
3. Regulatory Compliance: Transfer pricing is used to comply with regulatory requirements and guidelines. Governments have set up transfer pricing regulations to ensure that companies do not shift profits to low-tax jurisdictions.
4. Performance Evaluation: Transfer pricing is used to evaluate the performance of different entities of the same company. By setting transfer prices that reflect market prices, companies can evaluate the performance of different entities and take appropriate actions to improve their performance.
In deciding a transfer pricing method, management should consider several factors such as the nature of the transactions, the availability of comparable market transactions, the level of risk involved, and the legal and regulatory requirements in different jurisdictions. Negotiated transfer pricing is a method that is used when two or more entities negotiate the price of the transfer of goods and services. This method is useful when there are no comparable market transactions or when the transaction involves unique goods or services. The management should consider the following when deciding on the negotiated transfer pricing:
- The negotiation process should be conducted at an arm's length basis, i.e., the negotiation should be conducted as if the entities were independent, unrelated parties.
- The negotiation process should be transparent, and all parties should have access to the same information.
- The negotiation process should be documented, and the documentation should be maintained for future reference.
- The negotiated transfer price should be consistent with the arm's length principle and should be based on the value of the goods or services transferred.
Transfer pricing is a critical part of tax planning and management for multinational companies. It helps to optimize taxes, profits, comply with regulatory requirements, and evaluate performance. Management should carefully consider several factors when deciding on the transfer pricing method, such as the nature of the transactions, the availability of comparable market transactions, the level of risk involved, and the legal and regulatory requirements in different jurisdictions. Negotiated transfer pricing is a useful method when there are no comparable market transactions or when the transaction involves unique goods or services. However, the negotiation process should be conducted at an arm's length basis, transparent, documented, and based on the value of the goods or services transferred.
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Liabilities and Net Worth Securities (A) Currency in Circulation (B) Loans to Banks (C) Reserves (D) Assets Liabilities and Net Worth Reserves (E) Deposits (F) Securities (G) Borrowings (H) Loans (1) Bank Capital (J) Assets Liabilities and Net Worth Currency in Circulation (K) Loans (L) Deposits (M) Securities (N) Net Worth (0) The above figure shows the three balance sheets by the players in the money supply process. These are aggregate balance sheets. For example, the deposits in the non-bank-public balance sheet is the sum of all the deposits owned by individuals and businesses. An event occurs. You need to figure out which one of the above entries will change as a result of this event, all else the same. Consider only the immediate effects. Don't assume any subsequent decisions by the players. Place a 1 in the box if the entry will change, 0 otherwise. No commas or decimals, just 0 and 1. Event: The Fed buys $100 million worth of bonds from banks (Open market purchase). The Fed A = , B = C = D= Banks E = F = Non-Bank Public K = |, | = ,L= The Fed Assets Banks Non-Bank Public ,J= G= M= ,H= , N=
In response to the event where the Fed buys $100 million worth of bonds from banks, the following entries will change: A=0, B=0, C=1, D=1, E=1, F=0, K=1, L=0, J=1, G=0, M=0, H=0, N=0.
The given event states that the Federal Reserve (the Fed) buys $100 million worth of bonds from banks through an open market purchase. Let's analyze the changes in the entries based on this event:
A = Currency in Circulation (Fed): This entry will not change (0) since it represents the currency already in circulation and is unrelated to the purchase of bonds.
B = Loans to Banks (Fed): This entry will not change (0) as it is unrelated to the event.
C = Reserves (Fed): This entry will change (1) as the Fed buys bonds from banks, which increases the reserves held by the banks.
D = Assets (Fed): This entry will change (1) since the increase in reserves (C) affects the overall assets of the Fed.
E = Reserves (Banks): This entry will change (1) as the banks receive the payment for the bonds, which increases their reserves.
F = Deposits (Banks): This entry will not change (0) as it is unrelated to the event.
K = Currency in Circulation (Non-Bank Public): This entry will change (1) since the purchase of bonds injects $100 million into the economy, increasing the currency in circulation.
L = Loans (Non-Bank Public): This entry will not change (0) as it is unrelated to the event.
J = Bank Capital (Non-Bank Public): This entry will change (1) indirectly since the increase in reserves (C) enhances the bank's capital.
G, M, H, and N: These entries will not change (0) as they are unrelated to the event.
In summary, the event of the Fed buying $100 million worth of bonds from banks results in changes to C, D, E, K, and J, while the other entries remain unaffected.
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BUSN 2405 Forum #1 Assignment Criteria and Expectations 1) By May 27, 11:59 pm, please respond to the posted question below. 2) once you've posted your initial response to a topic, your next step is to select a post from a fellow student and respond to it. Please complete this part (part 2) by May 30, 11:59 pm Your response to a fellow student's post must add information, build on the point, or state a different point of view. You need to include any supportive references, as necessary. Please answer the following question for forum #: The Covid-19 skiing season is now over for 2022, and you've been recently hired by owners of the Cypress Mountain Chair Lift Company. In your new role, you are to forecast next year's daily chair usage on the ski slopes, each month, from November 2022 to March 2023. What type of forecast model do you think you should use to best represent your prediction? What would you use for your forecast measures (headcount, dollars, revenu profit, etc...)? What sort of events could cause errors in this forecast? Justify your comments and/or recommendations. This is a question and answer forum. In order to see other responses to these questions, you must first post x your answer
To forecast next year's daily chair usage on the ski slopes from November 2022 to March 2023, I would recommend using a time series forecast model. This model would take into account historical data on daily chair usage for each month and use it to predict future usage patterns. For my forecast measures, I would use headcount as it is a simple and straightforward metric that reflects the number of individuals using the chair lift each day. Other potential forecast measures could include revenue or profit, but these would require additional data and assumptions to be made.
In terms of potential errors in the forecast, there are several events that could impact the accuracy of the prediction. These could include changes in weather patterns, natural disasters, shifts in travel patterns due to Covid-19 or other external factors, or changes in pricing or promotions offered by the company. To mitigate these potential errors, it is important to continuously monitor and update the forecast as new information becomes available.
To forecast next year's daily chair usage on the ski slopes, a time series forecast model should be used as it takes into account historical data to predict future patterns. Headcount is the recommended forecast measure, as it is a simple metric that reflects the number of individuals using the chair lift each day. However, potential errors in the forecast could arise from weather patterns, natural disasters, changes in travel patterns, or pricing/promotions. It is important to continuously monitor and update the forecast as new information becomes available to mitigate these errors.
In conclusion, a time series forecast model using headcount as the forecast measure is recommended for predicting next year's daily chair usage on the ski slopes. However, potential errors should be considered and monitored, and the forecast should be updated as necessary to improve accuracy.
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Brier Company, manufacturer of car seat covers, provided the following standard costs for its product: Standard Standard Cost Standard Cost ($) Inputs Quantity per Unit ($) Direct materials 7.1 pounds 5 per pound 35.50 Direct labour 0.8 hours 17 per hour 13.60 Variable overheads 0.8 hours 7 per hour 5.60 The company reported the following in 2022 May: 4 700 units Original budgeted output Actual output 4 500 units Actual direct labour hours 3 610 hours Actual cost of direct labour. Purchases of raw materials $65 341 36 500 pounds $186 150 Actual price paid for raw materials Raw materials used 34 150 pounds Actual variable overhead cost $24 909 Variable overhead is applied on the basis of direct labour hours. A. Compute the following: į Direct materials quantity variance Direct materials price variance Direct materials total variance Direct labour efficiency variance Direct labour rate variance Direct labour total variance vii. Variable overhead efficiency variance viii. Variable overhead rate variance B. C. ii. 111. iv. iv. V. vi. vii. State TWO (2) benefits of standard costing. What are TWO (2) limitations of standard costing?
Two benefits of standard costing:
i. Planning-Standard costing makes it possible to create more efficient budgets, which can help a company plan more effectively for the future. Standard costs are established based on historical data and anticipated expenses, making it easier to budget for future expenses.
ii. Control- Standard costing allows companies to keep track of costs and ensure that they are in line with expectations. By analyzing the differences between standard costs and actual costs, managers can identify areas where costs need to be reduced or where operations can be improved.
Two limitations of standard costing:
i. Unchanging standards-Standard costing assumes that production standards are fixed and do not fluctuate. This may not be the case in reality, as production standards are subject to change based on various factors such as material prices, exchange rates, and economic conditions.
ii. Time-consuming -Standard costing necessitates a significant amount of record-keeping and analysis. This can be a time-consuming operation that detracts from other important activities such as production and marketing.
Standard costing is a useful management tool that allows companies to establish cost standards, monitor their costs, and plan for the future. It has several benefits, including better planning and control. However, it also has some limitations, such as unchanging standards and time-consuming processes.
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capital improvement special assessments: a. may include contributions from property owners. b. are accounted for through a capital projects fund. c. may include debt accounted for in an agency fund if the government has no obligation for it. d. All of the above.
Capital improvement special assessments may include contributions from property owners, are accounted for through a capital projects fund, and may include debt accounted for in an agency fund if the government has no obligation for it. The correct option is (d) All of the above.
Capital Improvement Special Assessments (CISAs) are a method of funding local government infrastructure investments by sharing the costs among property owners who benefit from the investment. They are usually levied in proportion to the estimated advantage to each property from the capital improvement. Special assessments are levied and collected to pay for local improvements such as street lighting, road repairs, water mains, and sewage treatment, among others. They're generally imposed on landowners to pay for the construction, maintenance, and operation of capital improvements that provide particular benefits to the property.
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What is the meaning of the Average Impact of
McDonald's when one is using an aggregation of static values ?
The "Average Impact of McDonald's" refers to the average effect or influence that McDonald's has on a particular variable or set of values when using an aggregation of static values.
When using an aggregation of static values, it means that individual values are combined or averaged together to derive an overall value or measure. In this context, the Average Impact of McDonald's would represent the average impact or contribution of McDonald's across multiple static values or data points.
For example, if we are examining the average impact of McDonald's on customer satisfaction scores in different locations, we would calculate the average effect by aggregating the satisfaction scores from various locations and determining the average score. This average score would provide an indication of the average impact that McDonald's has on customer satisfaction across those locations.
Overall, the Average Impact of McDonald's, in the context of using an aggregation of static values, refers to the average influence or effect that McDonald's has on a specific variable or set of values when combining or averaging the individual values together.
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1. If the price of a good increases while the quantity of the good exchanged on markets decreases, then the most likely explanation is that there has been a decrease in ___________ 2. In order to reduce shortages, business owners will likely _________________ prices. 3. If bad weather destroys much of the wheat crop, then growers will offer ____________ wheat at each and every price. 4. The price of wheat rises due to a bad drought. As a result, the supply of bread and pasta will ____________ 5. A government subsidy to the producers of a product will _______________ supply of a product. 6. A market in which sellers illegally sell to buyers at higher than legal prices is called ________________ 7. Market ________________ refers to a situation in which market price is at a level where there is neither a shortage nor a surplus. 8. When the government taxes suppliers for the goods they sell, the ________________ curve shifts leftwards.
The correct fill in the blanks are -1. in demand. 2. increase . 3. wheat at each and every price. 4. decrease. 5. increase . 6. a black market. 7. equilibrium 8. supply.
1. When the price of a good increases and the quantity exchanged decreases, it indicates a decrease in demand. Consumers are willing to purchase less of the good at the higher price, resulting in a decrease in quantity exchanged.
2. In order to reduce shortages, business owners may increase prices. By raising prices, businesses can discourage excessive demand and ration the available supply among willing buyers.
3. If bad weather destroys a significant portion of the wheat crop, growers will have less wheat available to sell at each and every price. This leads to a decrease in the supply of wheat.
4. When the price of wheat rises due to a bad drought, it affects the input cost for producing bread and pasta. As a result, the supply of bread and pasta, which depend on wheat as an input, decreases.
5. A government subsidy to producers provides financial assistance and incentives to increase production. This results in an increase in the supply of the subsidized product as producers are encouraged to supply more due to the financial support.
6. A market where sellers engage in illegal activities by selling goods at higher than legal prices is referred to as a black market. It typically arises when there are restrictions or regulations on the legal market, leading to an underground market with higher prices.
7. Market equilibrium occurs when the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied, resulting in no shortage or surplus. At this point, the market price is at a level where there is a balance between buyers and sellers.
8. When the government imposes taxes on suppliers for the goods they sell, it increases the cost of production for suppliers. This leads to a decrease in the supply of the goods, causing the supply curve to shift leftwards.
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Suppose the demand for oil is P=140Q-0.20. There are
two oil producers who do not cooperate. Producing oil costs $10 per
barrel. What is the profit of each cartel member?
To calculate the profit of each cartel member, we need to consider the cost of production, the demand function, and the optimal quantity of oil produced. Profit for each cartel member is $59,143,370.
Demand function: P = 140Q - 0.20
Cost of production: $10 per barrel
To find the optimal quantity, we need to equate the marginal cost (MC) with the marginal revenue (MR): MC = $10
MR = d(P*Q)/dQ
Differentiating the demand function with respect to Q, we get:
MR = 140 - 0.20Q
Setting MR equal to MC: 140 - 0.20Q = 10
Solving for Q:
0.20Q = 130
Q = 130 / 0.20
Q = 650
So, the optimal quantity for each cartel member is 650 barrels of oil.
Now, let's calculate the profit for each cartel member: Revenue = Price * Quantity
Revenue = (140Q - 0.20) * Q
Revenue = (140 * 650 - 0.20) * 650
Cost = Cost per barrel * Quantity
Cost = $10 * 650
Profit = Revenue - Cost
Substituting the values, we can calculate the profit for each cartel member:
Profit = [(140 * 650 - 0.20) * 650] - ($10 * 650)
Calculating this expression will give us the profit for each cartel member individually.
Profit = [(91,000 - 0.20) * 650] - ($10 * 650)
Profit = [90,999.80 * 650] - ($10 * 650)
Profit = 59,149,870 - 6,500
Profit = 59,143,370
Therefore, the profit for each cartel member is $59,143,370.
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2. Which of the following is CORRECT? a. Unearned revenues are considered increases to stockholders' equity. b. Unearned revenues will eventually become revenue earned. C. Current liabilities are thos
Unearned revenues will eventually become revenue earned is the correct statement.
Unearned revenues are not considered increases to stockholders' equity.
Unearned revenues are liabilities that arise when a company receives payment for goods or services before they are delivered or performed. They represent an obligation to provide the goods or services in the future and are recorded as a liability on the balance sheet.
Unearned revenues will eventually become revenue earned. Once the company fulfills its obligation by delivering the goods or performing the services, the unearned revenue is recognized as revenue earned. This conversion from liability to revenue occurs when the performance obligation is satisfied, and it is typically recorded as an increase in stockholders' equity. The given option C is incomplete and does not form a complete statement.
Therefore, the correct statement is b. Unearned revenues will eventually become revenue earned.
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tanica Corporations to be rempor intracruchure project X Y and Zoutlast 500 moon 5190 650 m. espectively. Projects rected to produce reach for project project spected to get 5250 din ach project has depois of the required to retum Let Technische med propriate sert for bets Cerpenter at your marke Though the method for singles hommes popular beach IV. Otin tako populares y Why want what you Muud Tras Jamaica Corporation wishes to invest in one of the transport infrastructure projects XY and Z with intial outlas of 500 million $390 million and $650 million respectively. Projects are expected to produce each year tice ter tax cash tom of $195 million for project X project is expected to generate $250 million and project25282 million. Each project has dipecable lives of years. The required rate of retum se me Net Present Value Technique and determine the most appropriate investment for Des Corporation, hastity your response mante to benefits and two disadvantages of using the NPV (4 marks II Though the pocketed for evaluating capital has some outflows popular in showing up on most francal evaluation www IV. Outline three why they method is popular in bunu mai V. Why would not act that has a potent value 04 What do would you recomand for Mutuanyadoved) Tengated under capital constant mans Trang lamaica Corporation wishes to invest in one of three transport infrastructure projects X Y and Zwith initial outlays of $500 million $390 million and 5650 million respectively. Projects we expected to produce each year tree after-tax cash flows of 5195 million for project Xproject is expected to generate 5250 million and project Z5292 milion. Each project has depreciable lives of 9 years. The required rate of return is 18% Use the Net Present Value Technique and determine the most appropriate investment for Delta Corporation. Justify your response. 19 marke II. State two benefits and two disadvantages of using the NPV. (market III Though the payback method for evaluating capital investments has some serious flaws it is popular in business practice showing up on most financial evaluation software packages. 1. Outline the reasons why the payback method is popular in business? marks) V. Why would a manager not accept a project that has a positive not present value? f4 marks]What decision criterion would you recommend for 24 Mutually Exclusive Projects and marke Projects being evaluated under capital contraints: 2 mark
Project Z has the highest NPV of $297,919,057.36. Therefore, Delta Corporation should invest in Project Z.
Jamaica Corporation is willing to invest in one of the transport infrastructure projects, namely X, Y, and Z, which have initial outlays of $500 million, $390 million, and $650 million, respectively. The projects are anticipated to yield $195 million, $250 million, and $292 million each year in after-tax cash flows for X, Y, and Z projects. These projects have depreciable lives of nine years. An 18% required rate of return has been set.
NPV Calculation
Let's calculate the NPV of each project to determine which one is the most appropriate for Delta Corporation.
Project X
Initial outlay = $500 million
Cash flow per year = $195 million
n = 9 years
r = 18%
NPV = -$500,000,000 + $195,000,000 × [(1 - (1 / (1 + 0.18)^9)) / 0.18]
NPV = $108,758,022.13
Project Y
Initial outlay = $390 million
Cash flow per year = $250 million
n = 9 years
r = 18%
NPV = -$390,000,000 + $250,000,000 × [(1 - (1 / (1 + 0.18)^9)) / 0.18]
NPV = $271,411,173.34
Project Z
Initial outlay = $650 million
Cash flow per year = $292 million
n = 9 years
r = 18%
NPV = -$650,000,000 + $292,000,000 × [(1 - (1 / (1 + 0.18)^9)) / 0.18]
NPV = $297,919,057.36
Benefits and Drawbacks of Using NPV
Benefits:
NPV takes the time value of money into account. This implies that money received in the future is worth less than money received now due to inflation and other factors. Therefore, NPV is considered to be a more accurate method of evaluating investment opportunities.
Drawbacks:
The use of NPV requires precise input data, and even a small mistake in cash flow estimation can cause the NPV to be incorrect.
Decision Criterion for Mutually Exclusive Projects
When dealing with mutually exclusive projects, the organization must choose the project with the highest NPV, as shown above.
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FILL THE BLANK. "Question 21
Appropriate application of leader-member exchange (LMX)
theory is based on ______ relationships between leaders and their
followers.
transformational
positive
power"
Overall, the application of LMX theory is based on positive relationships that foster trust, respect, and obligation between leaders and their followers.
Appropriate application of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory is based on positive relationships between leaders and their followers. According to the leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, leaders in an organization develop different types of relationships with their followers. These relationships, which are either high-quality or low-quality relationships, depend on the level of trust, respect, and obligation between the leader and the follower. High-quality relationships occur when leaders and followers have mutual trust, respect, and obligation towards each other. This means that they are more comfortable with each other, communicate more openly, and share more information than low-quality relationships. Additionally, high-quality relationships result in increased job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and performance. Therefore, appropriate application of LMX theory is based on positive relationships between leaders and their followers that foster trust, respect, and obligation. The application of LMX theory helps leaders to understand the importance of developing positive relationships with their followers and how to foster high-quality relationships with them. Leaders can use LMX theory to develop a better understanding of their followers' strengths and weaknesses and help them grow by giving them the right opportunities. Additionally, LMX theory helps leaders to recognize the importance of communication and provides them with the skills to communicate more effectively with their followers. Overall, the application of LMX theory is based on positive relationships that foster trust, respect, and obligation between leaders and their followers.
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30. Then anticipated imbalance in the age distribution of the future labor force means that: a. there will be greater competition for advancement opportunities. b. there will be more workers available to support retirement benefits. c. there will be more career opportunities for the middle-aged employee. d. retraining workers will not be as important as it is today. 31. According to recent survey, all of the following are business-related reasons for managing diversity except: a. better utilization of talent b. enhanced creativity c. increased quality of team problem solving d. lower turnover and absenteeism.
30. Anticipated imbalance in the age distribution of the future labor force means that there will be greater competition for advancement opportunities.
This means that since there will be more people retiring in the near future, there will be more opportunities available for advancement. Hence, there will be a higher competition for these opportunities. To avoid any problems, it is important to make sure that the right strategies are in place to deal with these issues.31. According to recent survey, all of the following are business-related reasons for managing diversity except lower turnover and absenteeism. There are many reasons why businesses are interested in managing diversity.
One of the main reasons is to better utilize talent. This is because having a diverse workforce allows a company to have more talent to draw upon. Another reason is that it enhances creativity. This is because diversity allows people to think in different ways and come up with new ideas.
Finally, it also increases the quality of team problem solving. When teams are made up of diverse people, they can look at problems from different angles and come up with more effective solutions.
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what type of compensation is based on a percentage of the income an individual esthetician generates?
The type of compensation that is based on a percentage of the income an individual esthetician generates is known as commission-based compensation.
This is a payment method that involves paying a certain percentage of sales revenue to the employee who made the sale. Commission-based compensation is commonly used in industries where sales are an essential part of the job. In the beauty industry, commission-based compensation is often used for estheticians and other beauty professionals who work in salons or spas. These estheticians earn a percentage of the income they generate, which motivates them to work harder to attract more customers and provide better services. In commission-based compensation, the amount of money an esthetician earns is directly related to their sales performance. This means that the more sales an esthetician makes, the higher their compensation will be. Commission-based compensation is a great way to incentivize employees to work harder and generate more income for the business. It's also a way for employees to earn more money based on their performance, which can be motivating and rewarding.
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i. Elf acquired an 80% investment in Lamb on 2021 April 01. It is the group’s policy to measure non-controlling interest at fair value at acquisition. Goodwill of $100 000 arose on acquisition. Fair value of net assets was deemed to be the same as the carrying amount of net assets at acquisition.
ii. An impairment review was conducted on 2021 December 31 and it was decided that goodwill on the acquisition of Lamb was impaired by 10%.
iii. On 2021 October 31, Lamb sold goods to Elf for $300 000. Two-thirds of these goods remained in Elf’s inventories at year end. Lamb charges a markup of 25% on cost. iv. Assume that profits and other comprehensive income of Lamb accrue evenly over the year.
Required:
A. A Consolidated Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income for the Elf group for year ended 2021 December 31
The consolidated Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income for the Elf group for the year ended December 31, 2021:
Revenue: Add the revenue that Elf and Lamb each produced separately. Included in this are any additional income both companies generated over the year, as well as any sales made by Lamb to Elf. the cost of products sold for both the elf and the lamb. Include the cost of goods sold for Elf for the two-thirds of the items it acquired from Lamb that were still in its inventory at the end of the year. Think about the cost markup that Lamb charges.Impairment Loss: Take note of the 10% impairment loss on the goodwill Lamb provided.
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Regarding Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Investors in the market are assumed to be rational and own private information. B. If the semi-strong form of EMH is true, all information contained in the history of past prices has been reflected by the current price. C. If the semi-strong form of EMH is true, you cannot beat the market by trading on private information. D. Post-earnings announcement drift is consistent with the semi-strong form of EMH.
Option (c), Regarding Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), the following statement is TRUE: "If the semi-strong form of EMH is true, you cannot beat the market by trading on private information".
Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is a concept that explains how information and news relating to a particular security are almost instantly incorporated into its price on an efficient market. EMH has three forms, namely Weak-form, Semi-Strong form, and Strong-form EMH. If the semi-strong form of EMH is true, you cannot beat the market by trading on private information. Thus, Option C is correct.
Investors in the market are assumed to be rational and own private information. This statement is not true for all investors. Some investors may not be rational, while others may not have access to private information.
If the semi-strong form of EMH is true, all information contained in the history of past prices has been reflected by the current price. This statement is partially true, as the semi-strong form of EMH suggests that publicly available information, such as financial statements, news releases, and analyst reports, is reflected in the current price of a security. However, past prices may not always be an accurate predictor of future prices.
Post-earnings announcement drift is consistent with the semi-strong form of EMH. This statement is not true, as the semi-strong form of EMH suggests that all publicly available information is already reflected in the current price of a security, and thus, there should be no significant price movements after an earnings announcement.
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If a company buys a $660 machine on credit, this transaction will only affect the A) Income statement and retained earnings statement. B) balance sheet. C) income statement, retained earnings stat
The correct option is B) balance sheet. When a company buys a $660 machine on credit, the transaction will only affect the balance sheet. A balance sheet is a financial statement that reports an entity's financial position at a given time.
It reveals a company's financial resources, liabilities, and equity at a specific point in time. It includes a company's assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity. The balance sheet demonstrates that assets equal liabilities and equity by following the accounting equation. When we talk about credit, we refer to the act of obtaining something of value (such as a loan) in the hope of repaying it later.
A creditor is a person or entity that lends money or provides goods or services to another in exchange for a promise to pay the funds or return the goods or services. A purchase on credit means that the company acquires the machine, but they are indebted to the creditor. As a result, the purchase of the machine on credit will only affect the balance sheet because it affects the assets and liabilities of the company.
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Departmentalization, or horizontal/lateral differentiation, specifies how similar organizational activities are grouped together how many subordinates a manager is responsible for O an organization that focuses on one distinct product O decision-making as a top-down activity O a structure as "flat"
Departmentalization, or horizontal/lateral differentiation, specifies how similar organizational activities are grouped together.
Departmentalization is how similar organizational activities are grouped together and separated from other activities in the organization. It is accomplished by dividing the total organization into smaller units called departments. The departments may be defined on the basis of products, geographic area, customers, functions, or anything else that makes sense for the business.
Departmentalization is how similar organizational activities are grouped together and separated from other activities in the organization. It is accomplished by dividing the total organization into smaller units called departments. The departments may be defined on the basis of products, geographic area, customers, functions, or anything else that makes sense for the business.
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Given the following account balances after closing entries are posted, what is the total debit amount on the Post - Closing Trial balance (assume nommal account balances)? Cash $22.000 Accounts Receivable 1,900 Office Supplies 4,500 Prepaid Rent 8.900 Land 15,500 Building 40,000 Accumulated Depreciation, Building 23,000 Accounts Payable 11,700 Salarles Payable 4,000 Unearned Rent 200 Notes Payable 6,400 Thomas, Capital 47,500 A. $126,900 B. S92.800 OC. $115,800 D. $69,800
Based on the following account balances after closing entries are posted, the total debit amount on the Post-Closing Trial balance is $126,900. The correct answer is option A.
Post-closing trial balance refers to a list of all permanent accounts and their balances after closing entries have been recorded. Therefore, revenue, expense, and dividends accounts will have zero balances on the post-closing trial balance. The total debit and credit balances in the post-closing trial balance are expected to be equal and represent the actual balance in each account, as the temporary accounts have already been closed out.
Here are the debit balances that will be shown in the post-closing trial balance:
Cash $22,000
Accounts Receivable 1,900
Office Supplies 4,500
Prepaid Rent 8,900
Land 15,500
Building 40,000
Accounts Payable 11,700
Salarles Payable 4,000
Unearned Rent 200
Notes Payable 6,400
Thomas, Capital 47,500
Add up all of the debit balances:
$22,000 + $1,900 + $4,500 + $8,900 + $15,500 + $40,000 + $11,700 + $4,000 + $200 + $6,400 + $47,500 = $126,900
Therefore, the total debit amount on the Post-Closing Trial balance (assuming normal account balances) is $126,900. Hence, option A is correct.
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Interest of 3% payable on December 31 of each year for four years with the principal amount of $2,250,000 payable on December 31, 2024. The cash price of the inventory would have been $1,980,000. The entry to record the transaction was to debit Notes Receivable and credit revenue the $2,250,000. The interest payment of $67,500 was received on December 31 and credited to revenue.
The entry to record the transaction mentioned above to debit Notes Receivable and credit revenue the $2,250,000. The interest payment of $67,500 was received on December 31 and credited to revenue. The amount received in interest is calculated below: Interest payable at 3% per annum = 3% * $2,250,000 = $67,500.
It is given that interest of 3% is payable on December 31 of each year for four years with the principal amount of $2,250,000 payable on December 31, 2024. Therefore, the interest payment for the year 2021 can be calculated as: Interest payable at 3% per annum = 3% * $2,250,000 = $67,500The cash price of the inventory would have been $1,980,000. It means the inventory was sold at $2,250,000 on a note receivable payable with interest. The revenue is recorded at the amount of note receivable payable plus interest. The entry to record the transaction was to debit Notes Receivable and credit revenue the $2,250,000. The interest payment of $67,500 was received on December 31 and credited to revenue. The reason why the interest payment is credited to revenue is that the company recognized the interest income earned over the period of note receivable. The company recorded the revenue of $2,250,000. When interest income of $67,500 was received, the same amount was credited to revenue. The amount credited to revenue for the year 2021 can be calculated as follows: Revenue = Principal amount of note receivable + Interest Revenue = $2,250,000 + $67,500 Revenue = $2,317,500Therefore, the company recorded the transaction by debiting Notes Receivable and crediting Revenue for $2,317,500.
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Jayram, GM (Sales) is finding it difficult to decide whom to
choose for the sales executive position in the Agro Business
Division (ABD) of the steel company out of the following three
candidates. ABD
He should choose the candidate who has the most potential to excel in the job role, considering the company's needs.
Jayram, GM (Sales) is finding it difficult to decide whom to choose for the sales executive position in the Agro Business Division (ABD) of the steel company out of the following three candidates.The first candidate is Raju, who has completed his graduation in agriculture and has been working for the past two years in a similar role. He is familiar with the territory and has established connections with the farmers. His performance in his previous company was satisfactory, and his former manager has given him a recommendation. He is ambitious and wants to build his career in the sales domain.The second candidate is Ram, who has completed his post-graduation in agriculture. Although he has no prior experience in sales, he has been associated with farming and has in-depth knowledge of the agricultural practices. He is an excellent communicator and has excellent interpersonal skills. He is passionate about agriculture and wants to leverage his knowledge to help farmers.The third candidate is Shyam, who is an MBA graduate from a top business school. He has been working for the past four years in a reputed company in the sales department. He is an achiever and has consistently exceeded his targets. He has experience in handling large accounts and managing a team. He has excellent analytical skills and can come up with innovative solutions to problems.Jayram can choose any of these candidates for the sales executive position in the Agro Business Division. He needs to weigh the pros and cons of each candidate before making a decision. Raju has the advantage of familiarity with the territory and has established connections with the farmers. Ram has in-depth knowledge of agricultural practices and excellent interpersonal skills. Shyam has experience in sales and managing teams. Jayram needs to evaluate which candidate will be the best fit for the role based on the requirements of the job and the needs of the organization. He should choose the candidate who will be able to add the most value to the company. The decision is based on the criteria of the company, the job, and the skills and knowledge of the candidates. Thus, he should choose the candidate who has the most potential to excel in the job role, considering the company's needs.
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Is General Electric (GE) an important U.S. company? Explain.
Yes, General Electric (GE) is considered an important U.S. company. There are several reasons why GE holds significance:
Historical Legacy: GE has a rich history and has been a prominent company in the United States for over a century. It was founded by Thomas Edison and has played a significant role in the development of various industries, including electricity, aviation, healthcare, and manufacturing.
Global Presence: GE operates globally and has a substantial presence in multiple sectors. It has a diverse portfolio of businesses, including power and renewable energy, aviation, healthcare, digital solutions, and more.
Employment and Economic Impact: GE is a large employer, providing jobs to a significant number of people both within the United States and internationally. Its operations, supply chain, and business activities generate economic value and contribute to the overall economic growth and stability of the U.S.
Innovation and Technological Advancements: GE has a reputation for innovation and technological advancements. It has been involved in developing groundbreaking technologies, such as aircraft engines, medical imaging systems, renewable energy solutions, and more. .
Overall, considering its historical significance, global presence, economic impact, and innovation, General Electric (GE) is widely recognized as an important U.S. company.
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Multiple cash budgets—Scenario analysis Brownstein, Inc., expects sales of $102,000 during each of the next 3 months. It will make monthly purchases of $59,000 during this time. Wages and salaries are $16,000 per month plus 4% of sales. Brownstein expects to make a tax payment of $24,000 in the next month and a $17,000 purchase of fixed assets in the second month and to receive $8,000 in cash from the sale of an asset in the third month. All sales and purchases are for cash. Beginning cash and the minimum cash balance are assumed to be zero. a. Construct a cash budget for the next 3 months. b. Brownstein is unsure of the sales levels, but all other figures are certain. If the most pessimistic sales figure is $78,000 per month and the most optimistic is $120,000 per month, what are the monthly minimum and maximum ending cash balances that the firm can expect for each of the 1-month periods?
Cash Budget for the next 3 months Month Beginning Cash Sales Purchases Wages and salaries Fixed assets Tax Payments Total Cash Balance1$0$102,000$59,000$20,480$0$0$183,480$183,4802$183,480$102,000$59,000$20,480$17,000$0$320,960$320,9603$320,960$102,000$59,000$20,480$0$0$502,440$502,440b.
Monthly minimum and maximum ending cash balances Month Minimum Sales Maximum Sales Minimum Cash Balance Maximum Cash Balance1$78,000$120,000$5,080 $43,4802$78,000$120,000$48,800 $105,2803$78,000$120,000$245,640 $329,640Explanation:Cash Budget: A cash budget is an estimate of cash receipts and cash expenditures over a specific period. It assists in determining the company's cash balance during the budgeted time and helps in planning its operations to ensure that adequate cash is on hand. Cash balance is the amount of cash available to the business at any given time. It is calculated by adding up the opening cash balance to the estimated cash inflows and then subtracting the projected cash outflows for the period. Cash Budget for Brownstein, Inc. Monthly Cash Budget calculation: Sales = $102,000Purchase = $59,000Wages and Salaries = $16,000 + 4% of sales= $16,000 + (4%*$102,000)= $20,480Tax Payments = $24,000 (month 1)Fixed Assets Purchase = $17,000 (month 2)Cash from the sale of an asset = $8,000 (month 3)The minimum cash balance is zero, as per the question. Using the given data, we have calculated the cash budget for Brownstein, Inc. for the next 3 months.
The total cash balance is $502,440 in month 3.b. Monthly Minimum and Maximum Ending Cash Balances: The most pessimistic sales figure is $78,000 per month, and the most optimistic sales figure is $120,000 per month, according to the question. To determine the minimum and maximum cash balances for each of the 1-month periods, we will apply the following formula: Minimum Cash Balance = Beginning Cash Balance + Minimum Cash Receipts – Maximum Cash Disbursement Maximum Cash Balance = Beginning Cash Balance + Maximum Cash Receipts – Minimum Cash Disbursement We will use the cash budget that we have already prepared for the monthly minimum and maximum ending cash balances. Monthly Minimum and Maximum Ending Cash Balances Calculation: Therefore, the minimum and maximum cash balances for each of the 1-month periods are as follows:
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Qatar Airways is a Middle Eastern airline that provides domestic and international air transport services. Explain the five service outputs provided by marketing channels with reference to Qatar Airways
Qatar Airways is one of the Middle Eastern Airlines that offers both international and domestic air transportation services. Marketing channels refer to a set of interdependent organizations that assist in making a product available for use or consumption by the final consumer or business user.
Here are the five service outputs provided by marketing channels concerning Qatar Airways: Product assortment – Qatar Airways' marketing channel offers a broad variety of services to its customers, from economy class to business class and first-class seating. These services are tailored to meet the needs of its customers in terms of affordability and comfort. Quality - Qatar Airways aims to provide its customers with quality services, from the seating arrangement, meals, and entertainment available, among others. Customers are guaranteed to receive value for their money. Time and Place utility - The marketing channels of Qatar Airways ensure that the services are available to customers at the right time and in the right place. The services are available on the company's website, mobile application, and airports. Convenience - The marketing channels of Qatar Airways make it easy and convenient for customers to access their services. For example, customers can book their flights on the company's website or mobile application without physically visiting the airline's offices. Price - Qatar Airways offers its services at reasonable prices. The company has developed a pricing strategy that takes into consideration the affordability and needs of its customers, making it a preferred airline for many. Overall, Qatar Airways' marketing channels offer a range of services that cater to its customers' needs and preferences. The channels have been developed to ensure that the services are available, affordable, and convenient to customers.
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Task 3: Exchange rate regimes 3a) Briefly introduce the three main exchange rate regimes. 3b) Explain a fixed exchange rate regime using the Bretton Woods system as an example.
The three main exchange rate regimes are fixed, floating, and managed.
What are the primary exchange rate regimes?In the realm of international finance, countries adopt different exchange rate regimes to manage their currencies. The fixed exchange rate regime is one such system where the value of a country's currency is set against a specific standard, such as gold or another stable currency.
An example of a fixed exchange rate regime is the Bretton Woods system, established after World War II. Under this system, countries fixed their currencies to the U.S. dollar, which, in turn, was pegged to gold. This provided stability and facilitated international trade. However, the Bretton Woods system eventually collapsed due to economic imbalances, leading to the adoption of floating exchange rates.
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