A cash payment of NP + D, followed by a cash payment of P + D, P + 2D, P + 2D, etc., and ending with a cash payment of P + D after n payments is known as an n-payment annuity-immediate with payments NP + D, P + D, P + 2D, P + 2D, etc. where n is an even integer.
The formula for the present value of an n-payment annuity immediate is as follows:
PV = (Pai + Pai / (1 + i) n) / 2
Where a = (1 + i) and v = 1 / (1 + i)
So, let's plug in the given values in this formula.
Firstly, we will find the values of a and v.
a = 1 + i
v = 1 / (1 + i)
The present value of the n-payment annuity immediate can then be calculated as follows:
PV = (Pai + Pai / (1 + i) n) / 2
On simplification, it can be expressed as follows:
PV = P(1 - vn+1) / (1 - v) + D[1 - (v²n+1 + v²) / (1 + v)²] / (1 - v)
Now let's simplify this expression further.
PV = Paul+D (²+1) & hol v Pani kv²k k=1 [10]
Hence, the present value of an n-payment annuity-immediate with payments NP + D, P + D, P + 2D, P + 2D, etc.
where n is an even integer and the effective rate per period is i is given by Paul+D (²+1) & hol v Pani kv²k k=1.
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Assignment
A few years ago, my CEO asked the senior team to look at "out of the box" opportunities within each one of our portfolios to save money. Human resources is generally not a revenue generating department, and it was slightly over budget. I thought about outsourcing our attendance management program to a third party. At the time, there were many organizations whose primary role was to manage an organization’s sick time. After all, managing sick time is time-consuming, expensive, and oftentimes, frustrating for an individual human resources department to deal with. After looking into the idea further, and despite significant projected savings, senior leadership decided not to proceed. Some of the main reason why we decided not to go down this path was strong resistance from our bargaining units and the perception of our staff having to deal with a third party. Despite our decision our decision not to proceed, many organizations have gotten out of the attendance/disability management business and outsourced that discipline to organizations that specialize in it.
MINI CASE STUDY INSTRUCTIONS
Using the internet or a personal experience, please provide a current (within the past 5 years) example of outsourcing in Ontario. What were the risks and benefits for the organization? Review and reflect on the overall pros and cons of the outsourcing decision in your scenario. Your written paper should be in Word, Pages, or PDF format, at least one full page in length, but no more than two (font size 10-12ppt), and with your full name and student ID printed on the top of the first page. This mini case study is worth 5% of your final grade.
One example of outsourcing in Ontario within the past 5 years is the outsourcing of IT services by a government agency.
In recent years, the Ontario government agency responsible for IT services decided to outsource its IT operations to a third-party service provider. The main benefit of this decision was cost savings, as the agency could leverage the expertise and resources of the external provider at a lower cost than maintaining an in-house IT department. Additionally, the outsourcing arrangement allowed the agency to focus on its core functions while leaving the IT management to the specialized vendor.
However, there were also risks associated with outsourcing. One of the major risks was the potential loss of control over IT operations and security. The agency had to ensure that the third-party provider adhered to strict data protection measures and maintained a high level of security. Another challenge was the need to manage the transition from the internal IT team to the external provider, including the transfer of knowledge and maintaining effective communication channels.
In conclusion, the outsourcing decision in this scenario presented both benefits and risks. While cost savings and access to specialized expertise were advantageous, the loss of control and potential security concerns required careful management. Each organization considering outsourcing should carefully evaluate the specific risks and benefits in their context to make an informed decision.
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Which statement about social change organizations is true? Single organizations are successful because they have the resources, perspectives and skills to address the problems. Service delivery cannot solve problems rooted in deep-seated cultural and institutional arrangements. Single issue movements are able to muster electoral power to effect social change.
The statement about social change organizations that is true is: Service delivery cannot solve problems rooted in deep-seated cultural and institutional arrangements. Option b is Correct.
Single organizations, even those with resources, perspectives, and skills, may not be able to address problems that are deeply rooted in cultural and institutional arrangements. These types of problems require a broader, systemic approach that involves changing the underlying structures and institutions that create and sustain those problems.
Single issue movements may be able to muster electoral power to effect social change, but they may not be able to address the root causes of a problem. Social change requires a multifaceted approach that involves organizations, movements, and other actors working together to bring about lasting change.
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An increase in domestic interest rates can be expected to: improve both the financial capital account and the current account of the balance of payments; worsen both the financial capital account and the current account; improve the financial capital account but worsen the current account; worsen the financial capital account but improve the current account.
An increase in domestic interest rates can be expected to worsen the financial capital account but improve the current account. In the balance of payments, the current account measures the inflow and outflow of goods and services from one country to another.
On the other hand, the financial capital account shows the flow of investment and money between countries. Domestic interest rates and exchange rates can influence the balance of payments.
Higher interest rates tend to attract foreign capital as investors seek higher returns on their investments. This inflow of foreign capital leads to an increase in the financial capital account as foreign investors purchase domestic assets. This inflow of foreign investment would cause an increase in demand for the domestic currency, which causes the value of the currency to appreciate. A stronger currency would cause exports to become more expensive and imports cheaper. This leads to a decrease in exports and an increase in imports, causing the current account to deteriorate.
However, an increase in domestic interest rates will also lead to higher interest rates on loans, credit cards, and other forms of credit. This, in turn, would cause a decrease in domestic demand for goods and services. Since domestic consumers are less likely to buy goods and services, the imports would decrease. Moreover, the higher interest rates on loans would encourage saving, resulting in an increase in domestic savings. This increase in savings would lead to an increase in investment, which would improve the financial capital account.
Therefore, an increase in domestic interest rates can be expected to worsen the financial capital account but improve the current account.
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Which is the top wine-related destination in the U.S.? O a. New York O b. North Carolina O c. c. California O d. Florida
The correct option is c. California. The top wine-related destination in the U.S. is California.
California is known for its wine industry and is the largest producer of wine in the United States. Some of the most famous wine regions in California include Napa Valley, Sonoma County, and the Central Coast. These regions are home to numerous wineries and vineyards, offering visitors the chance to taste some of the world's finest wines and learn about the winemaking process. In addition to its wine industry, California offers a wide range of other tourist attractions, such as its beaches, national parks, and cities like Los Angeles and San Francisco.
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Person-focused pay is becoming more prevalent in companies, however, person-focused pay programs are not always an appropriate basis for compensation. Discuss the conditions under which incentive pay is more appropriate than person-focused pay programs. Be sure to include your justification. 2) As discussed in the chapter, person-focused pay programs are not suitable for all kinds of jobs. Based on your understanding of person-focused pay concepts, identify at least one job for which this basis for pay is inappropriate. Be sure to provide your rationale. Rubric: 1- Please answer question from your own understanding. 2- The answers for each question should not exceed 5 lines. 3- Use font (Times New Roman Heading CS, 12) for the answers. 4- Use word format for your answers. Other format from smart devices are not accepted. 5- This is an individual assignment. Do not share your answers to any other students. 6- Similar Answers between students will be subject for mark deductions.
Incentive pay is more appropriate than person-focused pay programs when the job is task-oriented, and measurable outputs can be identified. Incentive pay can be used as a motivating factor to increase productivity in workers who have control over output, such as salespeople, production workers, and service providers.
Performance measurement metrics can be easily established, and incentives can be tailored to match job demands, which can aid in goal attainment. On the other hand, person-focused pay programs, which concentrate on a worker's traits and behavior, can be difficult to apply to task-oriented jobs since they do not account for output control. Therefore, if an employee has little influence over their output and is still paid based on personal traits, it might be unfair to other employees who may have more control over output.
Person-focused pay is not appropriate for jobs that require teamwork. For jobs that require a high level of teamwork, person-focused pay is not ideal because it promotes individualism and may lead to conflicts among team members. Additionally, since the employee's personal characteristics rather than output drive pay, it may not be a motivating factor for workers to work in groups, and it might even result in decreased productivity. A group reward or team-based incentives would be more appropriate in this case, as it would encourage workers to work together to attain a common objective. As a result, person-focused pay is not an appropriate pay system for jobs that need teamwork.
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Research has led the economists to believe that equity portfolios performance can be affected by changes in some specific macroeconomic variables , as an investor which macroeconomic factors in your opnion would affect your portfolio risk and retum and explain why
As an investor, several macroeconomic factors can significantly impact the risk and return of equity portfolios. Some key variables to consider are interest rates, inflation, GDP growth, and geopolitical factors.
Interest rates play a crucial role in determining the attractiveness of different investment options. When interest rates rise, the cost of borrowing increases, which can lead to decreased consumer spending and reduced profitability for businesses. This can negatively impact equity markets and lower portfolio returns. Conversely, falling interest rates can stimulate economic growth, increase borrowing and spending, and potentially boost company earnings, positively impacting equity portfolios.
Inflation is another macroeconomic factor that affects portfolio risk and return. Rising inflation erodes the purchasing power of money, reducing real returns. As prices increase, the value of future cash flows decreases, impacting the valuation of equities. Anticipating and managing inflation risk is crucial for maintaining portfolio performance.
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During the next 4 months the SureStep Company is forecasted the following demands for pairs of shoes Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Demand 3000 5000 2000 1000 At the beginning of month 1.500 pairs of shoes are on hand (already produced previously and not sold). and SureStep has 100 workers. A worker is paid E 1500 per month. Each worker can work up to 160 hours a month before he or she receives overtime. A worker may be forced to work up to 20 hours of overtime per month and is paid E 13 per hour for overtime labor. It takes 4 hours of labor and E 15 of raw material to produce a pair of shoes. At the beginning of each month, workers can be hired or fired. Each hired worker costs E 1600, and each fired worker costs E 2000. At the end of each month, a holding cost of E3 per pair of shoes left in inventory is incurred. Production in a given month can be used to meet that same month's demand. Back ordering is allowed and comes at the cost of E5 per pair of shoes due to administrative costs. Draw up three possible aggregate plans (one level plan, one chase plan with overtime, one chase plan without using overtime), and give your advice to SureStep's operations manager which one to follow and why.
Three aggregate plans should be considered for SureStep Company: one level plan, one chase plan with overtime, and one chase plan without overtime. Advice should be given based on the evaluation of these plans.
1. One Level Plan: This plan aims to maintain a constant workforce level throughout the four-month period. The production is set to match the average demand over the months, resulting in a consistent production rate. This plan reduces the need for hiring and firing workers but may lead to excess inventory and holding costs.
2. Chase Plan with Overtime: This plan adjusts the workforce level to match the fluctuating demand each month. Overtime is utilized to meet high-demand months, allowing the company to produce enough shoes to meet customer orders. While this plan reduces the risk of excess inventory, it increases labor costs due to overtime pay.
3. Chase Plan without Overtime: Similar to the previous plan, the workforce level is adjusted based on monthly demand. However, in this plan, overtime is not used, and the company hires or fires workers as needed. This approach minimizes labor costs but may lead to potential delays in meeting demand during high-demand months.
Advice to SureStep's operations manager should consider factors such as cost implications, inventory management, and customer satisfaction. Evaluating the trade-offs between labor costs, holding costs, and backordering costs, the best plan will depend on the company's financial position, production capabilities, and customer expectations. A comprehensive analysis of these factors will help determine the most suitable plan for SureStep Company.
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According to the A. Keynesian B. classical OC. neo-Marxist OD. modem monetarist economists, those who are not working have chosen not to work at the market wage.
According to classical economists, those who are not working have chosen not to work at the market wage. Classical economics emphasizes the role of individual rationality and market forces in determining labor supply and demand. According to this perspective, individuals make choices based on their own preferences and calculations of costs and benefits. If someone is not working, it is seen as a voluntary decision based on factors such as personal preferences, available alternatives, or the perceived inadequacy of the market wage.
Keynesian economists, on the other hand, would provide a different explanation. Keynesian theory emphasizes the role of aggregate demand in determining employment levels. According to Keynesian economics, unemployment can arise due to insufficient aggregate demand in the economy. In this view, individuals may be willing to work, but if there is a lack of demand for goods and services, businesses may not hire them.
Neo-Marxist economists would offer a different perspective yet. They would argue that the decision not to work at the market wage is influenced by structural factors and power dynamics in the capitalist system. Neo-Marxists focus on issues of exploitation, inequality, and class struggle. They would argue that individuals may choose not to work at the market wage due to a recognition of unfair labor conditions or a desire to resist exploitation.
Modern monetarist economists, who emphasize the role of monetary policy and the quantity of money in the economy, would likely not directly address the issue of individuals choosing not to work at the market wage. Their focus is primarily on the impact of monetary factors on inflation, economic growth, and stability.
It is important to note that economists within each of these schools of thought may have varying perspectives, and there are different theories and interpretations within each framework. Economic theories can evolve and be subject to debate and revision over time.
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Complete Question- According to the economists...........those who are not working have chosen not to work at the market wage.
A. Keynesian
B. classical
C. neo-Marxist
D. modem monetarist
Sandhill Music Company sells three principal types of musical instruments, with varying percentages of gross profit on cost.
Harps Violins Cellos
Gross profit percentage 30% 35% 40%
On May 9, 2017 a fire destroyed Sandhill’s office and the warehouse in which it stored the instruments. To file a report of loss for insurance purposes, the company must know what the inventories were immediately preceding the fire. Unfortunately Sandhill Music Company did not maintain any perpetual inventory records. A general ledger was kept and computer records related to the ledger were backed up to the cloud nightly. You were able to ascertain the following from the general ledger.
Harps
Violins
Cellos
Inventory, Jan. 1, 2017 $ 184,000 $ 110,400 $ 138,000
Purchases to May 9, 2017 138,000 46,000 69,000
Sales Revenue to May 9, 2017 269,100 136,620 218,960
Submit your estimate of the inventory amounts immediately preceding the fire.
To estimate the inventory amounts immediately preceding the fire, you can use the following steps:
Calculate the cost of goods sold (COGS) for each type of instrument by multiplying the sales revenue by (100% - gross profit percentage). This will give you the cost of the instruments sold up to May 9, 2017.
Subtract the COGS from the purchases made up to May 9, 2017 to determine the cost of the remaining inventory as of that date.
Add the remaining inventory cost to the inventory amount at the beginning of the year (January 1, 2017) to estimate the inventory amounts immediately preceding the fire.
Here's an example calculation for the harps:
COGS for harps = Sales revenue for harps * (100% - 30%)
= $269,100 * 70%
= $188,370
Remaining inventory cost for harps = Purchases for harps - COGS for harps
= $138,000 - $188,370
= -$50,370 (a negative value indicates that the cost of goods sold exceeds the purchases, which may indicate a shortage of inventory or errors in recording)
Estimated inventory amount for harps immediately preceding the fire = Inventory at the beginning of the year + Remaining inventory cost
= $184,000 + (-$50,370)
= $133,630 (estimated inventory amount)
Repeat the same calculation steps for violins and cellos using their respective gross profit percentages and available data.
Please note that this is a simplified explanation and you may need to consider additional factors or make certain assumptions based on the specific requirements of the problem.
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Pick a target market the watch would appeal to, then re-position the watch by changing it so it would appeal to a second market. Describe your decision-making for each element of the mix to reach the first target market, and then do it again to create a completely new offering for the second target market.
Use the headings product, price, placement, and promotion for each watch. For example, you should describe:
Product—materials, branding, features, etc.
Pricing—price point and strategies
Place—where and how it would be sold
Promotion—what you would do to communicate value to your customers
Product:In order to appeal to the first target market of businessmen, the watch should be styled with leather straps, silver casing, and a sophisticated display.
This watch will have a stopwatch, date, and time settings, and an alarm. The watch's branding should be engraved into the metallic casing, with a formal and simple logo design. The watch should be sleek and formal, with a small display for the date and time.On the other hand, to appeal to the athletic target market, the watch should be made out of rubber or a durable plastic material. The casing should be resistant to scratches, and a larger digital display that can be read easily even during physical activity. The branding will be in bright and bold colors, while the design will have sporty details such as stopwatch, heart rate monitor, and GPS features.Price:The first target market of businessmen will likely require a higher price point due to the sophisticated and formal design. The watch should be placed in a moderate to high price range to attract consumers who are looking for quality and reliability, with occasional promotions during peak holiday seasons to increase demand. This price should also reflect the material quality and additional features such as alarm and stopwatch.For the second target market of athletes, the watch should be sold in the low to mid-price range. The watch should be placed in sports stores, fitness equipment stores, and online marketplaces like Amazon and other specialty sports retailers to reach the target audience. Placement:The watch for the first target market of businessmen should be placed in high-end jewelry stores, boutique shops, and department stores that appeal to men's formal wear. The watch should be displayed in a sophisticated and simple manner to fit in with the design of the store. A good strategy for the business market is to have a small digital screen playing in the background with pictures of businessmen in suits wearing the watch.On the other hand, the watch for the athletic market should be placed in sports stores, fitness equipment stores, and online marketplaces like Amazon and other specialty sports retailers. The watch should be displayed in an area where the target audience can easily see it and recognize its brand. The display should be more vibrant, and the watch should be paired with fitness equipment like running shoes, fitness bands, and workout gear.Promotion:To promote the watch to the first target market of businessmen, we need to showcase the watch's sophisticated features. The advertisements should be in publications such as GQ, Men's Health, and Esquire. Other promotional tactics that can be used include sponsoring business conferences and events.To promote the watch to the athletic target market, we need to showcase the watch's durability, GPS features, and heart rate monitor. The advertisements should be in publications such as Runner's World, Shape, and Men's Fitness. Other promotional tactics include sponsoring sports teams and advertising in sporting events.
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rose gift shop borrows money on a short-term basis by pledging its inventory as collateral. this is an example of an
The given statement, "rose gift shop borrows money on a short-term basis by pledging its inventory as collateral." is an example of a secured loan.
What is a secured loan?
A secured loan is a form of debt where a borrower pledges collateral to the lender. This is a common kind of loan in which the borrower agrees to forfeit a particular property, referred to as collateral, in the event of default on the loan, which is why it is often known as a collateral loan.
In the given statement, the rose gift shop pledges its inventory as collateral to borrow money on a short-term basis.
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Sometimes, the behaviour of firms is examined when the firm is both a perfect competitor on input markets and a perfect competitor on its output market. In this case, firms can be assumed to be malding decisions where they always choose a most profitable production plan from the production set. Let us suppose the following profit function for this industry:
where p is the market price of its output, & is capital which is fixed in the short-run and its price is also fixed at while w, is the price of the variable input. Assume further that the firms are identical and that each firm faces the same market prices for both its output and its inputs.
a) Explain whether the firm is operating in the short run or long run and further determine the supply function for each firm.
b) Derive the firm's input demand functions, determine their degree of homogeneity as well as the impact of a change in the input prices.
c) Derive the short-run market supply function.
d) If the market price of output (p) is 12, the market price of the input (w) is 3, that of (w₂) is 12, k = 80 and a = B = 1/2. If the total market supply is 4,000, how many firms are operating in this market?
In the given scenario, the firm is assumed to be operating in the short run as the capital (fixed input) is fixed and its price is also fixed. The supply function for each firm can be determined by maximizing the profit function, taking into account the market price of the output (p) and the input prices (w and w₂). To determine the number of firms operating in the market, we need to compare the market supply with the individual firm's supply.
(a) The firm is operating in the short run because the capital input (fixed input) is fixed and its price is also fixed. In the short run, firms are unable to adjust their capital inputs. The supply function for each firm can be determined by maximizing the profit function with respect to the variable input (labor). The profit function represents the relationship between the market price of the output (p), the fixed capital input (k), the variable input price (w), and the variable input quantity (l). By solving the profit maximization problem, we can obtain the firm's supply function.
(b) To derive the firm's input demand functions, we need to differentiate the profit function with respect to the input prices (w and w₂). The resulting equations will represent the firm's input demand functions, showing how the firm's demand for inputs is influenced by changes in their prices. The degree of homogeneity of the input demand functions can be determined by examining their exponents. If the exponents are all equal to one, the functions are linear and have a constant elasticity of substitution. A change in input prices will impact the input demand accordingly.
(c) The short-run market supply function is derived by summing up the individual firm's supply functions. Since the firms are assumed to be identical and facing the same market prices, their supply functions will be the same. Adding up the individual firm's supply quantities at each price level will give us the short-run market supply function.
(d) To determine the number of firms operating in the market, we need to compare the market supply with the total market supply given in the question. The market supply is determined by multiplying the quantity supplied by each firm at the given prices by the number of firms. By dividing the total market supply by the market supply per firm, we can calculate the number of firms operating in the market.
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the labor time constraint is a resource availability constraint. what will happen to the dual value (shadow price) if the right-hand-side for this constraint decreases to 400?
The labor time constraint is a resource availability constraint. In linear programming, the dual value of a constraint specifies the rate at which the objective function would increase if the constraint were to be relaxed. The shadow price is also referred to as a dual price.
The impact of reducing the right-hand side of the constraint on the dual value (shadow price) is the focal point of this problem. If the right-hand side of the constraint decreases to 400, the shadow price will change. The change in the shadow price will be the result of the changes to the labor time constraint's right-hand side. The shadow price, also known as the dual price, reflects how much the objective function's value changes for each unit increase in the resource quantity. It is a measure of the constraint's importance in determining the optimal solution.Suppose, the labor time constraint is defined as follows:6x1 + 4x2 ≤ 2400. The labor time constraint limits the total number of hours of labor available to 2400 hours. If the right-hand side is decreased to 400, then the constraint becomes:6x1 + 4x2 ≤ 400. Now, it limits the total number of hours of labor available to only 400 hours. Because of the decreased availability of the resource, the labor time constraint becomes more binding.This, in turn, results in an increase in the shadow price of the labor time constraint. The shadow price will increase because reducing the right-hand side by one unit will now lead to a larger decrease in the objective function's value due to the increased importance of the labor time constraint. As a result, the shadow price of the labor time constraint will increase if the right-hand side of the constraint decreases to 400.
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CLARA is a producer in a monopoly industry. Her demand curve, total revenue curve, marginal revenue curve cost curve and marginal cost curve are given as follows: P=40-Q [or, Q = 40 -P] TR=40Q-Q2 MR=40-2Q TC=20+Q² MC = a) Find the profit-maximizing level of output for CLARA. b) Find the level of profit. c) Can CLARA earn a positive long-run economic profit? Why? Why not? 2
(a) The profit maximizing output can be calculated by equating the marginal revenue and marginal cost, i.e.,
MR = MC. The marginal revenue is given by MR = 40 - 2Q. Equating MR and MC gives:
40 - 2Q = MC = d/dQ(TC) = 2Q. Solving for Q,
we get: 3Q = 40 and Q = 40/3.
(b) The corresponding price can be calculated using the demand equation: P = 40 - Q = 40 - 40/3 = 80/3. The total revenue can be calculated by multiplying the price and quantity: TR = (80/3) * (40/3) = 3200/9. The total cost can be calculated by substituting the output level into the total cost equation: TC = 20 + Q² = 20 + (40/3)² = 506.67. The profit can be calculated as: π = TR - TC = (3200/9) - 506.67 = 644.44/9. (c) In a monopoly, positive long-run economic profit is not possible because there are no close substitutes for the product. In the long run, new firms can enter the market and produce similar products, which would increase the competition and reduce the monopoly power of the existing firm. As a result, the demand curve would become more elastic, and the price would decrease. Therefore, the long-run equilibrium of a monopoly is characterized by zero economic profit, where the price is equal to the average total cost.
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The arcs of integration are:
a. am's fength and partnership
b. Broad and harrow
c Vertical and horizontal
d. None of the above
None of the above. The arcs of integration refer to the limits of integration in calculus. When solving a definite integral, the limits of integration specify the range over which the function will be integrated.
The two limits of integration are represented by vertical lines, which are sometimes referred to as the "arcs of integration." These lines can be located at any point along the x-axis, and the area under the curve between them represents the definite integral of the function. The limits of integration can be broad or narrow, depending on the range of the function being integrated, but they are not referred to as "broad and narrow." Similarly, the terms "am's fength and partnership" are not related to the concept of arcs of integration in calculus. Therefore, the correct answer is d) None of the above.
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A manufacturing company, VMTC PLC, makes the product, blitz. Monthly sales for the first five months of 2022 have been estimated as: Month Units January 210 000 February 180 000 March 210 000 April 220 000 May 200 000 Additional Information: i. Actual units sold in 2021 November and December were 190 000 and 220 000, respectively. ii. One unit of blitz requires 2 kg of material at $3.50 per kg. iii. One unit of blitz requires half an hour of direct labour at a rate of $12 per hour. iv. Based on past experience, 60% of cash is received in the month of sale, 25% the following month, 10% two months after and 5% is usually irrecoverable. Selling price is $18 per unit. vi. The company intends to have finished stock at the end of each month equivalent to 15% of the following month's budgeted sales. The policy regarding stock of raw materials is to have 25% of the following month's production requirements. V. vii. Stocks at 2022 January 01 are estimated to be 22 000 units of finished goods and 104 000 kg of raw materials. Produce, for 2022 January, February and March: A. production budget in units. B. raw materials purchased budget. C. a direct labour budget. D. a cash collection schedule for sales. (3 marks) (7 marks) (3 marks) (7 marks)
Cash received the following month $18 360 000 x 25% = $4 590 00010% cash received two months after $18 360 000 x 10% = $1 836 0005% is usually irrecoverable $18 360 000 x 5% = $918 000.
A. Production Budget in Units Month Budgeted
Sales Desired Closing Stock
Total Units Required Production Required
January 210 00031 500241 500
February 180 00027 000207 000
March 210 00031 500241 500
April 220 00033 000253 000
May 200 00030 000230 000
Total Units1 020 000153 0001 172 500
Raw materials required = 2kg per unit, 1 172 500 units, = 2 345 000kg Material requirement = 2 345 000 kg
Budgeted Cost = 2 345 000 kg × $3.50 per kg = $8 207 500 C.
Direct Labor Budget Hours Rate Amount
January 105 000$12$1 260 000
February 90 000$12$1 080 000
March 105 000$12$1 260 000
April 110 000$12$1 320 000
May 100 000$12$1 200 000 Total510 000$6 120 000
D. Cash Collection Schedule for Sales Month Sales Revenue Cash received
January $18 x 210 000$3 780 000
February$18 x 180 000$3 240 000
March$18 x 210 000$3 780 000
April$18 x 220 000$3 960 000
May$18 x 200 000$3 600 000
Total $18 x 1 020 000$18 360 00060%
cash received in the month of sale $18 360 000 x 60% = $11 016 00025%
cash received the following month $18 360 000 x 25% = $4 590 00010%
cash received two months after $18 360 000 x 10% = $1 836 0005% is usually irrecoverable$18 360 000 x 5% = $918 000.
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Fosnight Enterprises prepared the following sales budget: Month Budgeted Sales March $8,000 April $14,000 May $11,000 June $12,000 The expected gross profit rate is 30% and the inventory at the end of February was $6,000. Desired inventory levels at the end of the month are 30% of the next month's cost of goods sold. What is the desired ending inventory on May 31? A. $2,310 B. $8,400 C. $2,520 D. $1,080
The desired ending inventory on May 31 is $2,520 (Option C), which represents 30% of the cost of goods sold for June.
To calculate the desired ending inventory on May 31, we need to determine the cost of goods sold for May and then apply the desired inventory level formula. The cost of goods sold for May can be calculated using the budgeted sales and the expected gross profit rate. We multiply the budgeted sales for May ($11,000) by the reciprocal of the gross profit rate (1 - 0.30 = 0.70) to find the cost of goods sold:
Cost of Goods Sold = Budgeted Sales for May / (1 - Gross Profit Rate)
Cost of Goods Sold = $11,000 / 0.70 = $15,714.29
Next, we calculate the desired ending inventory on May 31, which is 30% of the next month's cost of goods sold:
Desired Ending Inventory = 30% of Cost of Goods Sold for June
Desired Ending Inventory = 0.30 * $12,000 = $3,600
Therefore, the desired ending inventory on May 31 is $2,520 (Option C).
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The labor market on Starkiller Base is described using the following supply and demand curves for labor: W = -1/15 Lᴰ + 400/15
W = 1/10 Lˢ + 10
Suppose there are 600 non-institutionalized adults in this economy. Question 9: If there is no minimum wage, how many people are unemployed in the neoclassical labor model?
Question 10 If the minimum wage is $22, how many people are hired on Starkiller Base?
Question 11 If the minimum wage is $22, what is the labor force participation rate? The answer is in percentage form, do not include % symbol.
Question 12 If the minimum wage is $22, what is the unemployment rate? The answer is in percentage form, do not include % symbol. Route to the nearest full percent. ie: 12.70 = 13
To answer the questions, if the minimum wage is $22, 120 people would be hired on Starkiller Base.without additional information on the labor supply and demand.
The supply curve for labor is represented by W = -1/15 Lᴰ + 400/15, where W is the wage rate and Lᴰ is the quantity of labor supplied.
The demand curve for labor is represented by W = 1/10 Lˢ + 10, where Lˢ is the quantity of labor demanded.
Question 9: If there is no minimum wage, how many people are unemployed in the neoclassical labor model?
To find the level of unemployment, we need to determine the equilibrium quantity of labor. This occurs when the quantity of labor demanded equals the quantity of labor supplied. We can set the supply and demand equations equal to each other:
-1/15 Lᴰ + 400/15 = 1/10 Lˢ + 10
Simplifying the equation:
-1/15 Lᴰ = 1/10 Lˢ - 1/3
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Genius PLC has grown rapidly since its stock market flotation five years ago. Despite its rapid growth the company has been able to finance all its new development from retained earnings and employs no debt in its capital structure. The company’s earnings for the year that has just ended was 80€ MILLION, a new high, and with 200 million shares outstanding this produced EPS (earnings per share) of 40p. Last year the company re-invested 80% of its earnings and recorded a rate of growth of earnings 32%, well above the minimum rate of return of 20% sought by investors in its sector of the market. Exactly this growth is also expected for next year for the earnings. The company has now opened stores in all the larger cities in the UK and new stores it plans to open will be located in towns with smaller markets that will produce lower turnover and profits per store. For the next 4 years or so it is anticipated that expansion will continue to be profitable, but less so than in the past even if the process is managed with the same degree of efficiency that has characterised the company’s development over the last few years. As the coverage of the UK market becomes more complete it is planned to reduce the amount of annual investment. It is anticipated that the company will again invest 80% of its earnings next year, 60% of its earnings the following year and 40% the subsequent year. It is expected that the rate of return on new investment will fall to 35% next year, 30% the year after, and 25% three years from now. After the next three years management believes that there is unlikely to be scope for any investment offering internal rates of return of more than 20%. With the disappearance of opportunities for profitable growth it is intended in 4 years time to increase the dividends to 75% of earnings.
a. Estimate the value of the company using both the dividend and earnings based models, as well as the current price of the company’s shares. Set out the assumptions on which the models are based and discuss how appropriate they appear to be in this context. Determine the contribution of Growth opportunities to the estimated value of the company.
b. How would the value of the company change if the required Rate of Return was 15% ? Alternatively if it was 25% ? Comment on your reply.
c. Determine the expected price/earnings ratio today. Explain the determinants of the PE in reference to the two valuation models used.
d. A member of the board suggests identifying an appropriate price-earnings ratio for Genius PLC and using this as a multiplier to derive a value for the company. Comment on this suggestion.
e. The government issued a 15 year bond offering an interest rate of 12 per cent 10 years ago. Since then interest rates have fallen sharply. The bond now has five years to run to maturity and the government has just issued a five year bond offering an interest rate of 6 per cent. Determine a value for the bond that has five years to run to maturity, assume the bond has a face value of £100 and interest is paid annually. Explain your answer.
In this scenario, Genius PLC has experienced rapid growth and has been able to finance its development through retained earnings without employing debt. The company's earnings for the previous year reached a new high of €80 million, resulting in an EPS of 40p.
To estimate the value of the company, dividend and earnings-based models can be used. The dividend model calculates the value based on expected dividends and the required rate of return. The earnings-based model estimates the value based on future earnings and the expected rate of return. The assumptions made for these models include the growth rate of earnings, the percentage of earnings reinvested, the rate of return on new investments, and the dividend payout ratio. The appropriateness of these assumptions depends on the company's historical performance, market conditions, and future growth prospects. The contribution of growth opportunities to the estimated value of the company will indicate the significance of future expansion for its overall value.
The value of the company will change if the required rate of return is adjusted. A lower required rate of return, such as 15%, would increase the value of the company, as investors would be willing to pay a higher price for each unit of earnings. Conversely, a higher required rate of return, such as 25%, would decrease the value of the company. The change in value reflects the risk and return expectations of investors. A lower required rate of return indicates a higher confidence in the company's future prospects and profitability, while a higher required rate of return suggests higher perceived risk.
The expected price/earnings (P/E) ratio can be determined by dividing the current share price by the earnings per share (EPS). The determinants of the P/E ratio in reference to the two valuation models used are the expected growth rate, the required rate of return, and investor sentiment. A higher growth rate and a lower required rate of return would result in a higher P/E ratio, indicating that investors are willing to pay a premium for the company's expected future earnings. Conversely, a lower growth rate or a higher required rate of return would lead to a lower P/E ratio, suggesting a lower valuation for the company.
Using a price-earnings ratio as a multiplier to derive a value for the company can be a valid approach if the chosen ratio accurately reflects the market's perception of the company's value. However, selecting an appropriate P/E ratio requires careful consideration of various factors, such as industry benchmarks, comparable companies, growth prospects, and risk. Relying solely on a single ratio may oversimplify the valuation process and may not capture all the relevant factors that contribute to the company's value. A more comprehensive analysis, incorporating multiple valuation models and factors, would provide a more robust estimate of the company's value.
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A small manufacturer developed a new high-speed packaging system that
could be appealing to food processing firms like Pillsbury and general Mills.
This new packaging system is far more efficient but must be priced 15
percent higher than competitor's products. Since purchasing manager
evaluate the "total cost of ownership" of major purchase, what selling points
should the business marketer emphasize on demonstrate the superiority of
this new product?
Leading service companies such as AT&T and FedEx measure customer
satisfaction on a quarterly basis across the global market. Discuss the
relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty.
The selling points the business marketer should emphasize on demonstrating the superiority of the new product are that this product is more efficient, that it reduces the total cost of ownership, and that it can give a competitive edge to the food processing firms.
The new high-speed packaging system developed by a small manufacturer is more efficient than its competitors. The price of this new product is 15 percent higher than its competitors, but it reduces the total cost of ownership, which makes it more cost-effective in the long run. Purchasing managers evaluate the "total cost of ownership" of major purchases.
The new high-speed packaging system is more efficient than its competitors. It can process more packages in less time and with fewer errors. This will result in a faster and more efficient process, reducing the time and labor required to produce, package, and distribute the product.
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tour company uses two measures of activity, routes and passengers in its cost formulas used for budgeting and performance evaluation. The cost formula for tour operating costs is $56,860 per month plus $2,880 per route plus $14 per passenger. The company expected in August to perform 87 routes and serve 257 passengers, but the actual activity was 98 routes and 264 passengers. The actual tour operating costs in August was $305,100. The spending variance for tour operating costs in August would be closest to:
Multiple Choice
$37,696 Unfavorable
$37,696 Favorable
$5,918 Unfavorable
$5,918 Favorable
$31,778 Favorable
The spending variance for tour operating costs in August would be closest to $5,918 Unfavorable.
To calculate the spending variance for tour operating costs, we need to compare the actual costs with the expected costs based on the given cost formula and activity levels.
The cost formula for tour operating costs is:
Fixed cost: $56,860 per month
Variable cost per route: $2,880
Variable cost per passenger: $14
Expected activity levels in August:
Routes: 87
Passengers: 257
Expected tour operating costs:
Fixed cost: $56,860
Variable cost for routes: $2,880 * 87 = $250,560
Variable cost for passengers: $14 * 257 = $3,598
Total expected costs: $56,860 + $250,560 + $3,598 = $311,018
Actual activity levels in August:
Routes: 98
Passengers: 264
Actual tour operating costs: $305,100
To calculate the spending variance:
Spending variance = Actual costs - Expected costs
Spending variance = $305,100 - $311,018 = -$5,918
Since the spending variance is negative, indicating that the actual costs are lower than expected, the answer would be $5,918 Unfavorable.
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Zero-based budgeting allows organizations to address questions of the and for costs and services.
Zero-based budgeting is an innovative technique used by organizations to allocate funds where there is a pressing need and ensure that the company is utilizing resources effectively. In this budgeting method, the company starts at zero and all expenses must be justified. It is done by analyzing all activities, services, and programs to determine if they are effective, essential, or redundant.
Zero-based budgeting allows organizations to address questions of “why” and “how” for costs and services. Companies can quickly identify wasteful spending and reduce costs. Zero-based budgeting helps to link budgeting to strategy and planning and is a valuable tool for implementing changes in a company.
It also helps to align different functions of the organization toward a common goal. Zero-based budgeting can be labor-intensive, but it's an excellent budgeting technique for organizations that aim to minimize costs and promote efficiency. It is a useful approach for companies that want to increase their accountability and transparency to shareholders.
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Zero-based budgeting (ZBB) is a methodology that allows organizations to tackle questions about what they spend and what they get for that money.
ZBB requires that expenses start from a "zero base," requiring that every item in a budget be justified based on needs and costs.The objective of zero-based budgeting (ZBB) is to challenge the status quo of current expenses and ensure that all expenses are justified. It makes management start from the ground up and build their expense assumptions every year. This is an approach that brings a new level of transparency and scrutiny to the budgeting process by forcing managers to account for every dollar in the budget.ZBB is a budgeting strategy that can assist companies to be more efficient by focusing on the budget components that matter most to their operation. It aids in the identification of the expenses that can be reduced or removed. Furthermore, it encourages executives to think critically about the company's business model and operations, allowing for more strategic planning and decision-making.
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Which of the following would effectively increase the money multiplier?
An increase in cash drain to the public
A decrease in the required reserve ratio
An increase in the excess reserves held by commercial banks
An increase in interest rates in the economy
A decrease in the marginal propensity to consume
To effectively increase the money multiplier, the key factor is a decrease in the required reserve ratio.
The money multiplier refers to the extent to which a change in the monetary base (such as cash reserves) leads to a larger change in the money supply. The reserve ratio determines the portion of deposits that banks are required to hold as reserves. By decreasing the required reserve ratio, banks are allowed to lend out a larger proportion of their deposits, thereby increasing the money multiplier and expanding the money supply.
On the other hand, an increase in cash drain to the public or an increase in excess reserves held by commercial banks would decrease the money multiplier as fewer funds are available for lending. An increase in interest rates tends to reduce borrowing and lending, which also decreases the money multiplier. Additionally, a decrease in the marginal propensity to consume, while influencing overall spending, does not directly impact the money multiplier. Therefore, the most effective way to increase the money multiplier is by decreasing the required reserve ratio.
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Which of the following European put options has the highest
value? Put Option S0 E expiration σ A 55 50 40 days 30% B 50 55 40
days 30% C 50 55 40 days 25% D 50 55 35 days 30% E 55 55 40 days
30%
Question 5 Which of the following European put options has the highest value? Put Option So E expiration o A 55 50 40 days B 50 55 40 days с 50 55 40 days D 50 55 35 days E 55 55 40 days 30% 30% 25%
To determine which European put option has the highest value, we need to consider the combination of the stock price (So), the exercise price (E), the expiration period, and the volatility (σ).
Comparing the options given:
A: S0 = 55, E = 50, expiration = 40 days, σ = 30%
B: S0 = 50, E = 55, expiration = 40 days, σ = 30%
C: S0 = 50, E = 55, expiration = 40 days, σ = 25%
D: S0 = 50, E = 55, expiration = 35 days, σ = 30%
E: S0 = 55, E = 55, expiration = 40 days, σ = 30%
To determine the value of a European put option, we need to consider the relationship between the stock price, exercise price, time to expiration, volatility, and the risk-free rate. Since the risk-free rate is not provided, we cannot make an accurate calculation. However, based on the given options, we can compare the options by looking at their intrinsic value.
The intrinsic value of a put option is the maximum of 0 or the difference between the exercise price and the stock price (E - S0). The higher the intrinsic value, the higher the option value.
Comparing the options:
A: Intrinsic value = max(0, 50 - 55) = 0
B: Intrinsic value = max(0, 55 - 50) = 5
C: Intrinsic value = max(0, 55 - 50) = 5
D: Intrinsic value = max(0, 55 - 50) = 5
E: Intrinsic value = max(0, 55 - 55) = 0
Based on the intrinsic value comparison, options B, C, and D have the highest value, as their intrinsic value is 5.
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2 Investment and Capital Stock (15 points) When disucssing the business cycles, and introducing the IS curve, we stated that investment demand is the most volatile part of expenditure. In this exercise, you are going to work through an example that helps explaining why investment might be so volatile, and sheds some light on how the IS curve is based on the actual optimizing decisions made by firms.
Consider a simple model of a representative firm, similiar to the one we discussed in Chapter 4. The firm currently has a stock of capital K and has to decide about its stock of capital in the next period (say, year - let’s call it period 2), K0 . The firm determines the desired level of K0 based on two parameters: expected future productivity z, and the real interest rate R it faces. Once the firm decides how much capital next period it wants (what is the desired level K0 ), the firm undertakes investment I to achieve this level of capital. K0 is determined through a standard law of motion for capital, like the one we used in the Solow model:
K0 = (1 − δ)K + I where δ is the depreciation rate.
Next period, the firm uses the capital stock K0 it achieved to produce output Y using a Cobb-Douglas production function: Y = z(K0 ) α - we assume that the labor input N is constant over time, so we don’t have to worry about it. From Chapter 4, we know that the marginal product of capital (MPK) for this production function is given by: MPK = αz(K0 ) α−1 . It can be shown that the the optimal amount of capital is given by the standard condition: MPK = R .
a. Use the optimality condition (MPK = R) to derive the optimal level of future capital K0 for this firm as a function of parameters and prices (K, α, z, R, and δ). This should take the form of an equation where you have K0 on the left-hand side, and all the parameters on the right-hand side. Does the optimal amount of capital in period 2 (K0 ), depend on the initial value of capital (K)?
The optimal level of future capital (K0) for the firm can be derived using the optimality condition (MPK = R) and the given parameters. The equation for K0 is [R / (αz)] ^ (1 / (α-1)). Additionally, the optimal amount of capital in period 2 (K0) does not depend on the initial value of capital (K).
What is the optimal level of future capital (K0) for the firm in the given model?
The optimal level of future capital (K0) for the firm can be derived using the optimality condition MPK = R, where MPK represents the marginal product of capital and R represents the real interest rate.
From the given production function Y = z(K0)α, we can calculate the MPK as αz(K0)α-1. Setting MPK equal to R, we have αz(K0)α-1 = R. Rearranging this equation, we can solve for K0:
K0 = [R / (αz)] ^ (1 / (α-1))
The optimal amount of capital in period 2 (K0) depends on the parameters α, z, and R, but it does not depend on the initial value of capital (K).
The decision for the firm regarding the desired level of capital in the next period is based on expected future productivity (z) and the real interest rate (R), rather than the current level of capital.
The firm's optimization is focused on maximizing its output given the expected productivity and interest rate, rather than considering the initial capital stock.
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A !!! CAM/C 4. For C 8-9 Co Consid DME FATIGU Gears A m/c capital Straigh Conter C Chegg File | C:/Users/pdaks/Downloads/Engineering%20Economics%20and%20Management%20(IHS%20241).pdf + DY 2 of 2 2B A piece of machinery costs $7500 and has no salvage value after it is installed. The 05 manufacturer's warranty will pay the first year's maintenance and repair costs. In the second year, maintenance costs will be $900, and this item will increase on a $900 arithmetic gradient in subsequent years. Also, operating expenses for the machinery will be $500 in the first year and will increase on a $400 arithmetic gradient in the following years. If interest is 12%, what is the economic service life for this machine? ←→ Ơ Smita P Er X 10 + 60 I
To determine the economic service life of a machine, we need to calculate the point at which the present worth of the costs associated with the machine equals its initial cost.
In the first year, the manufacturer's warranty covers the maintenance costs, so the cost is $0. From the second year onwards, the maintenance costs increase on a $900 arithmetic gradient, which means they increase by $900 each year. Similarly, the operating expenses increase on a $400 arithmetic gradient.
To find the economic service life, we can use the present worth formula to calculate the present worth of the costs. The present worth is calculated by discounting each cost using the interest rate of 12% and summing them up. We need to find the point at which the present worth of costs equals the initial cost of $7500.
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For $100 US government bond let the interest rate be 11% (so price is $90) and on an Italian government issued bond let the interest rate be 25% (so p-$80). Let all prices be in dollars and ignore any exchange rate movements. Suppose you feel the interest rate spread (25-11-14%) is too high and wit narrow. To make money on a narrowing spread you should ____ US bonds and ___ Italian bonds. a. Short, short b. Buy, short c. Short, buy d. Buy, buy
To make money on a narrowing spread, you should buy US bonds and short Italian bonds. The correct option is B.
The spread refers to the difference in interest rates between two bonds. In this case, the interest rate spread is 25% - 11% = 14%. If you believe that the spread is too high and will narrow in the future, you can take advantage of this by implementing a pair trade strategy.
By buying US bonds, you benefit from the expectation that their price will increase as the spread narrows. At the same time, by shorting Italian bonds, you profit from the expectation that their price will decrease as the spread narrows.
So the correct answer is b. Buy, short.
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A local coffee shop requires 802 ounces of coffee beans every week. The shop buys coffee beans from its supplier for $6 per ounce, plus $50 per order. However, the supplier only sells coffee beans in batches of 100 ounces each (in other words, the shop can only place orders of quantities that are multiples of 100 ounces). Suppose that the holding cost is $0.19 per ounce per week. There are no order lead times, no backorders allowed, and no quantity discounts. (a) (4 points) What are the EOQ parameters c, D, K, and h (assuming time is measured in weeks)? (b) (12 points) Based on the basic EOQ model, how many ounces of coffee beans should the shop purchase from the supplier per order? Note the restriction on feasible order quantities. (c) (5 points) For the order quantity in (b), what is the associated total cost per week? (d) (5 points) For the order quantity in (b), what is the associated cycle time? (e) (4 points) Based on your answer to (b), is the following statement true or false? "The exact EOQ optimal quantity should always be rounded to the nearest feasible quantity."
a) holding cost per unit per week = $0.19
(b) The shop should purchase 1300 ounces of coffee beans per order.
(c) Total cost per week =$79.87
(d) Plugging in the values, we get:
T = 1300 / 802 = 1.6234 weeks
(e) False.
a) The EOQ parameters are:
c = ordering cost per order = $50
D = demand per week = 802 ounces
K = total annual holding cost = h * c / Q * D / 2, where Q is the order quantity and h is the holding cost per unit per week. Since there are 52 weeks in a year, we have K = 0.19 * Q / 2 * 802 * 52
h = holding cost per unit per week = $0.19
(b)
The optimal order quantity can be calculated using the EOQ formula:
Q* = sqrt(2cD/h)
Plugging in the values, we get:
Q* = sqrt(250802/0.19) = 1331.72
Since the supplier only sells coffee beans in batches of 100 ounces each, the feasible order quantities are multiples of 100 between 100 and 1300. Therefore, the shop should purchase 1300 ounces of coffee beans per order.
(c)
The total cost per week for the order quantity of 1300 ounces is:
Total cost per order = ordering cost + holding cost per week = 50 + (0.19 * 1300 / 2) = $129.50
Number of orders per week = D / Q* = 802 / 1300 = 0.61692
Total cost per week = Total cost per order * Number of orders per week = 129.5 * 0.61692 = $79.87
(d)
The cycle time is the time between two consecutive orders, which can be calculated as:
T = Q* / D
Plugging in the values, we get:
T = 1300 / 802 = 1.6234 weeks
(e)
False. The exact EOQ optimal quantity may not always be a feasible order quantity. In this case, the optimal EOQ quantity is 1331.72 ounces, which is not a feasible order quantity since the supplier only sells coffee beans in batches of 100 ounces each. Therefore, we need to round up to the nearest feasible order quantity, which is 1300 ounces. However, in some cases, the optimal EOQ quantity may be a feasible order quantity, in which case rounding is unnecessary.
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You are the chief financial officer at your company. You see
many numbers. Which one would you be most likely be pleased to see
increase?
As a chief financial officer, I would be most likely pleased to see an increase in contribution margin. For that reason, the correct option is the last.
The (last option) contribution margin is defined as the amount by which a company's sales revenue exceeds its variable costs. It can be calculated on a per-unit basis or for the company as a whole.
It provides an insight into the profitability of a product. In order to calculate the contribution margin, one must take into account the variable costs that are incurred in the production of the product.
Once these costs have been calculated, they can be subtracted from the sales revenue to determine the contribution margin. This figure will tell the company how much money it is making from each sale after variable costs are taken into account.
Contribution margin is an essential metric in the field of accounting. It allows a company to determine the profitability of its products and services and adapt its operations accordingly.
It is especially important in times of economic uncertainty or fluctuations in demand, as it provides management with the judgment and information necessary to make accurate decisions about how to allocate resources and make changes in response to economic conditions.
In conclusion, the contribution margin is the most important number to increase because it tells a company how much money it is making from each sale after variable costs are taken into account. It is an essential metric in the field of accounting and allows a company to adapt to economic conditions and fluctuations in demand.
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When the inflation rate is positive, the:
a) Nominal interest rate is zero,
b) Real interest rate is less than the nominal interest rate,
c) Real interest rate is greater than the nominal interest rate,
d) Real interest rate equals the nominal interest rate.
When the inflation rate is positive, the real interest rate is less than the nominal interest rate. Why does real interest rate less than nominal interest rate when inflation is positive.
When the inflation rate is positive, the purchasing power of money decreases, which implies that the same quantity of money can purchase fewer items. The nominal interest rate is calculated based on the current market rate, and it is the interest rate that is written into the loan contract. The real interest rate, on the other hand, is adjusted for inflation. As a result, when the inflation rate is positive, the nominal interest rate would be higher than the real interest rate. In a nutshell, when the inflation rate is positive, the real interest rate will be less than the nominal interest rate. So, the correct option is b) Real interest rate is less than the nominal interest rate.
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