reaction mechanisms usually involve only unimolecular and/or bimolecular elementary steps. is this generally true or false and give a statement as to why?

No substance's Lewis structure will ever show an unfinished octet.

With fewer than eight valence electrons, certain atoms of specified elements can form stable bonds. When this occurs, the atom of the element included in the molecule is thought to retain a partial octet.

Boron, aluminum, beryllium, and hydrogen are typical examples of these elements, all of which are stable with just two valence electrons (stable with only 6 valence electrons). For all other periods below period 1, this is comparable to the octet rule, with the exception of hydrogen, where a noble gas structure should be assigned two valence electrons instead (like He).

The valence electrons in stable compounds that do not have a noble gas structure can be produced by covalent compounds in groups 2 and 3.

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The number of molecules present in 34.20 grams of sugar is 6.02*10²⁴.

Solution:

1 mole of any compound contains Avogadro's number of molecules.

Number of moles = mass/molar mass

Number of moles = 34.2/342

Number of moles = 0.1

Number of molecules in 1 mole of sugar = 6.02*10²³

Number of molecules 0.1 moles of sugar = 0.1/6.02*10²³

Number of molecules = 6.02*10²⁴

To determine the number of molecules needed first determine the molecular weight of one mole of the substance then divide the molar mass value by the molecular weight and multiply by the Avogadro constant. The molar mass of a substance is the mass of 6.022 × 1023 atomic molecular or formula units of that substance. The number of grams in a mole is always equal to the number of atomic mass units representing atomic molecular and formula masses.

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Answer:

Answer:

The major similarities between molecules of carbon monoxide, diatomic oxygen and carbon dioxide is that they all exist in gaseous states in their natural forms. Each of them also have low molecular weight of less than 70g/mol.

The difference between them is that the carbon monoxide is formed from incomplete combustion and is a toxic gas while carbon dioxide is an end product of respiration and is used by plants for photosynthesis. Oxygen on the other hand is essential for respiration and is the end product of photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide and Carbon monoxide look most alike as they have the same elements which include Carbon and Oxygen but only different in the number of atom composition

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Explanation:

Covalent bonds have a low melting point and high boiling point, but ionic bonds have very high melting and boiling points.

When two atoms exchange an electron pair, they form an interatomic connection known as a covalent bond in chemistry. The electrical interaction of their protons for the identical electrons is what causes the binding.

A covalent bond is formed when two atoms exchange one or even more pairs of electrons. The two two atoms are concurrently drawing these electrons to them. When the difference in two atoms' electronegativities is too low for an electron transfer to happen, a covalent bond is created.

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Answer:

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are the four types of organic molecules that all organisms require; life is impossible without any of these substances.

Fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and other naturally occurring molecules are included in the large class of molecules known as lipids. Lipids have a variety of roles in the body, including energy storage, signaling, and serving as structural elements of cell membranes.

Lipids have three main biological activities in the body: they are essential signaling molecules, structural elements of cell membranes, and energy storage facilities.

Four different categories of carbon-based compounds make up every living thing: Carbohydrates. Lipids. Proteins. DNA and RNA.

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four main types of organic substances that are present in all living things. Carbohydrates are used as energy sources by almost all organisms. Additionally, some carbs act as building blocks.

Thus, the four types of carbon molecules (organic compounds) found within living organisms are Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

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The isotope of an atom containing 31 protons and 39 neutrons suddenly has two neutrons added to it. Isotope is created: is: Gallium-72.

What is isotope?

Isotopes are two or more atom types that share the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei), location in the periodic table, and chemical element but have distinct nucleon numbers (mass numbers) as a result of having a different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Although the chemical properties of each isotope of a given element are nearly identical, they differ in their atomic weights and physical characteristics.

The name "isotope" refers to the fact that different isotopes of a single element occupy the same position on the periodic table. The term "isotope" is derived from the Greek words isos ("equal") and topos ("place"), which together mean "the same place."

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11 electrons make up sodium. Consequently, sodium's electrical arrangement is (2,8,1).

The negatively charged components of an atom are called electrons. A positive proton, a negative electron, and a neutral neutron make up an atom. Electrons are atom-revolving, negatively charged particles.

The earth has about 118 different elements. Sodium is a crucial component. Sodium has an atomic number of 11. In sodium, the first shell has two electrons, the second shell has eight, and the third shell will have one electron.

A metal is sodium. It will become a cation after losing that one electron. It changed to Na+.

We are aware that sodium has an atomic number of 11. This informs us that sodium possesses 11 protons and 11 electrons due to its neutral state.

Sodium therefore has 11 electrons. Consequently, sodium's electrical arrangement is (2,8,1).

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The partial pressure of each gases is dependent on the mole fraction of the gases. If gas b has higher partial pressure than the a , then the number of moles of b will be higher in the container.

Partial pressure of an individual gas in a mixture of gases is the contribution of that gas to the total pressure of the gas mixture. Thus if Pa be the partial pressure of gas A and Pb is the partial pressure of gas b, then the total pressure of mixture AB will be Pa + Pb.

Given that the two gases a and b are taken in a container 5 g each. The partial pressure of b is twice that of a. Thus,

Pb = 2 Pa. and total pressure = Pa + 2Pa = 3Pa

Here, the mass, volume and temperature all equal for the two gases, however their partial pressure differs and it is due to the difference in number of moles . Thus the mole fraction of gas b will be grater than that of gas a.

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In the reaction

2Mg(s)+CO₂(g)→2MgO(s)+C(s)

The reactant which is going to oxidised is Mg(s) and the reactant which is going to reduce is CO₂(g).

Oxidation is defined as the loss of electron from the element, whereas reduction is defined as the gain of electron done by the element. When any element is present in solid form, its oxidation state is zero. Hence, the oxidation state of Mg(s) and C(s) is zero. The oxidation state of O is -2. On product side, the oxidation state of Mg is

x+(-2)=0

x-2=0

x=+2

The oxidation state of Mg is increased from zero(0) to 2. Hence, Mg(s) is oxidised.

The oxidation state of C in CO₂(g) is

x+2(-2)=0

x+(-4)=0

x-4=0

x=4

The oxidation state of C is decreased from +4 to 0. Hence, C in CO₂ is reduced in the reaction.

Therefore, the reactant which is going to oxidised is Mg(s) and the reactant which is going to reduced is CO₂(g).

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The element you would get after fusion process of two carbon-12 atoms is Mg.

A magnesium-24 nucleus (Z = 12, A = 24) has the same nucleons as two carbon-12 nuclei (Z = 6, A = 12). The reaction is therefore a fusion of two carbon-12 nuclei, and no other particles are produced:  [tex]^{12}_{6}C +^{12} _{6} C ------ > ^{24}_{12}Mg[/tex]

Nuclear fusion process: A reaction known as nuclear fusion occurs when two or more atomic nuclei fuse to create new atomic and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons). Energy is released or absorbed depending on how much mass there is between the reactants and products. The difference in nuclear binding energy between the atomic nuclei before and after the reaction is what causes this mass difference. Large amounts of energy are generated during nuclear fusion process, which fuels active stars, main sequence stars, and other high-magnitude stars.

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.

The dropper bottles containing the anions to be studied, were all sodium salt solutions.

Salt compounds can be divided into two types based on their water solubility. They are soluble salts and insoluble salts. The main difference between soluble and insoluble salts is that soluble salts are soluble in water at room temperature whereas insoluble salts are not soluble in water at room temperature.

Insoluble salts are ionic compounds that cannot be dissolved in water but form suspensions, .e. salts continue to exist as solids rather than being dissolved in liquids, whereas soluble salts are ionic compounds that dissociate components during interaction with solvents to form concentrations of at least 0.1 mol/liter at room temperature. form a solution.

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Sodium sulfate is an ionic moiety that is completely dissociated into sodium cations and sulfate anions. Such dissociated ionic species, when interacting with water, a polar protic solvent, present two strong intermolecular forces.

Firstly in water, the hydrogens are attached to highly electronegative oxygen making the H atoms electron-deficient. To make up for this deficiency they seek electron-rich atoms like the oxygens of sulfate ion which share their lone pair of electrons with the electron-deficient H atoms and thus stabilize themselves as well as the H atoms. This IMF is called hydrogen bonding and apart from existing between sulfate ions and water, exists between water molecules themselves.

The second IMF is the ion-dipole interaction between the partially negative charge-bearing O atom of water and the cation sodium of sodium sulfate. This interaction is similar to the electrostatic attraction between sodium and sulfate but does not involve complete electron transfer. The ion-dipole interaction can be seen as a type of H-bonding, only involving cations instead of electron-deficient hydrogen atoms. By their number, these two IMF between sodium sulfate and water allows the former to sequester water molecules in diethyl ether.

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In this particular problem, the molar concentration of cd2 in the original water sample 0.0822 M.

Explain how molar concentration comes 0.0822M

Considering:-

Normality= Molarity*n-factor

So, Given that:-

Molarity of Na3po4  = 1.28 M

n-factor of Na3po4  = 3

So,  

Normality of Na3po4 = 3*1.28 N = 3.84 N

Considering:-

At equivalence point

Gram equivalents of  Cd2+ = Gram equivalents of Na3po4

Given that:

Normality Na3po4 = 3.84N

VolumeNa3po4 = 77.1 ml

Volume cd2+ = 1800 ml

So,  

Normality cd2+ * 1800 = 3.84*77.1

Normality cd2+ = 296.064/ 1800 = 0.16448N

So,.

Molarity = Normality/ n-factor

           = 0.16448/ 2

           = 0. 0822M

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If heat is supplied to the reaction, it is endothermic reaction. If heat is evolved during a reaction it is called exothermic reaction.

In every chemical process, energy is involved. When new bonds form in products, energy is produced. Energy is used to break bonds in reactants.

When new bonds form in the products of some chemical reactions, known as endothermic reactions, less energy is released than is required to break bonds in the reactants.

Exothermic reactions work the other way around. It requires less energy to break bonds in the reactants than is produced when new bonds form in the products in an exothermic reaction.

Exothermic reactions characterize all combustion processes. A substance burns when it reacts with oxygen in a combustion reaction. Burning materials often release energy in the form of heat and light.

Therefore, If heat is supplied to the reaction, it is endothermic reaction. If heat is evolved during a reaction it is called exothermic reaction.

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Molar ratio of acid to base for the neutralization reaction between HCl and NaOH is 1:1

A mole ratio is the ratio between the amount in moles of any two compounds involved in a balanced chemical reaction and the neutralization of hydrochloric acid by sodium hydroxide the mole ratio of acid to base is 1:1 and one mole of HCl would be fully neutralized by one mole of NaOH and a neutralization reaction is the chemical reaction in which an acid and base quantitatively react together to form a salt and water the reaction is

1 NaOH + 1HCl → 1NaCl + 1 H₂O

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Electrolytes in the body are essential to proper body function as they are the minerals in our body that have electric charge. common electrolyte used by athletes are sodium, magnesium , calcium and potassium.

Electrolytes are the minerals which present in our body  that have the  electric charge. electrolytes are important because :

sodium , potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, chlorides all the electrolytes we get from the food we eat.

Thus, Electrolytes in the body are essential to proper body function as they are the minerals in our body that have electric charge. common electrolyte used by athletes are sodium, magnesium , calcium and potassium.

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The charge on the following element symbols are as follows:

a) Al : +3

b) F : -1

c) Li : +1

d) Be : +2

e) Se : +2

f) Rb : +1

g) I : -1

h) C : ±4

i) Group 2 : +2

j) Group 14 : +4 and +2

k) Group 17 : -1

l) Group 13 : +3 and +1

The charge on each element is the number of electrons gained or donated by the atom in order to reach a stable noble gas configuration.

These charges can be positive if the electrons are donated. For example, sodium(Na) has 11 electrons and if it donate 1 electron to achieve the electronic configuration of Neon (Ne) and result in +1 charge on sodium.

Similarly if an atom lose electron(s) to reach a stable configuration the atom will have a negative charge.

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The parts of dog skeleton is pelvis, femur, fibula, fibril, tarsus, metatarsus and phalange.

Skeleton is defined as the structure of vertebrate creatures that supports their soft tissues and shields many of their internal organs. Ligaments keep it together, and muscles that are connected to it move it at the joints.

The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton are the two sections of the canine skeleton. The vertebral column and the rib cage make up the axial skeleton. The pectoral girdle/limb and the pelvic girdle/limb make up the appendicular skeleton.

Thus, the parts of dog skeleton is pelvis, femur, fibula, fibril, tarsus, metatarsus and phalange.

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Washing it with sodium carbonate can lessen the organic layer's solubility in the aqueous layer. The organic layer can be separated more easily as a result.

C4H10O + 24NaHCO3 → 28CO2 + 17H2O + 24Na

A popular reagent with the chemical formula NaHCO3 is sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, bicarbonate of soda, or "baking soda." Sodium bicarbonate is an amphoteric molecule that often takes the form of a fine white powder or tiny crystals. It can function as both an acid and a base in distinct chemical reactions, though it is typically thought of as a base.

Carbon dioxide can be bubbled into a concentrated sodium carbonate solution to produce sodium bicarbonate. Filter and let the sodium bicarbonate precipitate air dry after cooling the solution till it does. Because sodium bicarbonate decomposes beyond 50 °C, do not boil the bicarbonate solution.

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A technician mixes 80 ml of a 5% solution with 10 ml of water.  the final percentage strength of the solution prepared is 40 %.

given that :

8 ml of a 5 % solution mix with 10 ml . that means the 80 mL of 5 % solution is diluted with water of 10 mL

therefore, 80 × 5 = 10 × x %

x % = 40 %

Therefore, the final percentage strength of the solution is 40 %

Thus, A technician mixes 80 ml of a 5% solution with 10 ml of water.  the final percentage strength of the solution prepared is 40 %.

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The weight percent of vitamin c in a solution is 4.51%

When calculating the weight percentage of a solution, divide the total mass of the solute and solvent in the solution by 100 to get the percentage.

Percent by weight is another name for percent by mass. Measurements of a soluton's concentration include percent by mass (percent by weight) and mass fraction (weight fraction). A solution's mass fraction (or weight fraction) is the proportion of one component's mass to the overall mass of the solution.

Weight percent = mass solute/mass solute + mass solvent ×100

Weight percent = 2.6/2.6+55 ×100

Weight percent = 4.51% of vitamin c.

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62.22L volume of oxygen gas is produced throughout the electrolysis process of 100.0 ml of water.

Equation:

Volume of water equals 100.0 ml.

Water has a density of 1.000g/ml.

Mass of water = Density x volume

Mass of water = 1.000g/ml x 100ml

= 100g.

Water has a molar mass of 18 g/mol.

Mass / molar mass

= 100/18

= 5.55 moles of water.

Using the partial equation

2H2O ------> O2 + 4H+ + 4e- (oxidation)

At STP, 1 mole of oxygen gas is created from 2 moles of water.

Therefore, at STP,

5.55 moles of water will result in

⇒1/2 x 5.55

= 2.77 moles of oxygen.

One mole of oxygen takes up 22.4L at STP.

Therefore, 2.77mol will take up

⇒2.77 x 22.4

= 62.22 Liters.

As a result, 62.22L of oxygen gas were produced throughout the electrolysis process.

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ΔTf KCL > ΔTf glucose .

What is  freezing point?

The precise temperature at which a liquid solidifies is known as its Freezing Point. The freezing point, like the melting point, rises with increasing pressure.

The freezing point of mixtures and individual organic compounds is lower than the melting point. When these mixes begin to freeze, the solid that forms at first has a different composition than the liquid.

Freezing-point Depression is a decrease in the temperature at which a substance freezes caused by the addition of a smaller amount of another, non-volatile substance. Adding salt to water (used in ice cream makers and to de-ice roads), alcohol in water, ethylene or propylene glycol in water (used in car antifreeze), adding copper to molten silver (used to make solder that flows at a lower temperature than the silver pieces being joined), or mixing two solids such as impurities into a finely powdered drug are some examples.

This creation significantly alters the composition of the remaining liquids, usually in a way that gradually lowers the freezing point.

Freezing point depression is higher in KCL so freezing point of glucose will be higher than freezing point of KCL.

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Hydrogen is able to bond with itself hydrogen doesn't obey the rule of octet because it requires only 2 electrons to have its outer shell filled and gain stability.

so the bond is formed when the 2 atoms come closer  and their electrons are attracted to the proton of the other atoms hence bonding covalently

covalent bond is a type of bond in which a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms

Helium cannot form covalent bonds this is because it has a complete shell of electrons and in this state, the atom cannot readily accept any additional electrons or join with any element or atoms to make a bond also the gas is a noble its valence shell is full and it gains no stabilizing effect forming covalent bonds.

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The correct equation to use when performing calculations involving the dilution of a solution is Option c) Mconc × Vconc = Mdil × Veil.

Dilution is the procedure of reducing the concentration of a solute in an answer, usually truly by way of blending with an extra solvent like including more water in the solution. To dilute a solution approach to feature greater solvents without the addition of greater solute.

Dilution is the manner of lowering the concentration of a given solute in its answer. The chemist can do it surely by way of blending with more solvent. as an example, we are able to upload water to the focused orange juice to dilute it till it reaches a concentration so that it will be great to drink.

Dilution is the method of lowering the attention of a solute in an answer, usually certainly by mixing with a greater solvent like including more water in the solution. To dilute a solution way to feature more solvents without the addition of greater solute.

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Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete, please see below for the complete question.

Which is the correct equation to use when performing calculations involving the dilution of a solution?.

a) Mconc/Vconc = Mdil/Vdil

b) Mconc × Vdil = Mdil × Vconc

c) Mconc × Vconc = Mdil × Vdil

d) Vconc/Mconc = Vdil/Mdil

The de broglie wavelength of a hydrogen atom traveling at 435 m/s is 911 pm.

De-Broglie wavelength of a particle shows the length scale at which wave-like properties are important for that particle. The de Broglie wavelength is usually denoted by the symbol (λ). For a particle with momentum (p), the de Broglie wavelength can be expressed as:

λ = hp

where, h is Planck constant

Given, speed of electron: 435 m/s

Momentum = Planck's Constant / wavelength

Also, Momentum = mass of atom × speed of atom

So, Planck's Constant / wavelength = mass of atom × speed of atom

6.62 × 10⁻³⁴ m².kg.s⁻¹ /λ =  1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ g × 435 m/s

λ = 6.62 × 10⁻³⁴/ 1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ × 435

λ = 0.00911 × 10⁻⁷ m

λ = 911 pm

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The weaker the forces between the particles, the father apart the particles will be. The attraction between the particles is due to the intermolecular force of attraction between them.

What are intermolecular forces?

The intermolecular force is an attractive force between the positive component of one atom to the negative component of another atom. There are 4 types of attractive forces namely, hydrogen bonds, dispersion, dipole-dipole and ion-dipole.

The particles are attracted to each other due to the intermolecular force between them. the stronger the force of attraction, the nearer the particles will be.

Therefore, the weaker the intermolecular forces between the particles, the farther apart the particles will be.

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The cell where there is an absence of homologous chromosomes is Gamete.

Chromosomes in a couple – commonly one inherited from the mother and one from the daddy. For example, the two copies of Chromosome 1 in a cell could be called homologous chromosomes.

This organism is diploid, however only has a 1 pair of chromosomes. these are homologous chromosomes, because they create the same genes. however, they can deliver distinct alleles of every gene, proven by their inner pattern.

Homologous chromosomes are matched pairs containing the identical genes in equal places along their period. Diploid organisms inherit one reproduction of every homologous chromosome from every discern; all together, they may be considered a complete set of chromosomes.

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The empirical formula for the compound is CH₂

The empirical formula is a formula that states the ratio of the number of elements that make up the simplest molecule. While the molecular formula is the actual formula that states the number of elements that make up a molecule.

Calculated the number of moles of different atoms.

Number of moles of Carbon:

n = (given mass of  carbon)/(molar mass of carbon)

= 2.64 g/12.011 gmol⁻¹

= 0.220 mol

Number of moles of Hydrogen:

(given mass of hydrogen)/(molar mass of hydrogen)

= 0.444 g/1.008 gmol⁻¹

= 0.440 mol

Ratio of carbon:

= 0.220/0.220

= 1

Ratio of hydrogen:

= 0.444/0.220

= 2

The ratio of C : H : O = 1 : 2

So, the empirical formula is CH₂

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The substances would take up more space as gas than as a solid.

We know that a solid has a definite shape and a definite volume. We know what the space that a solid is going to occupy is because the space that it can occupy is fixed. This is quite important to be at the back of our minds as we discuss.

A gas does not take up a definite space. We know that a gas does take up the volume of the object thus we can be bold to say that the gas is going to take up more space than the solid in all the cases.

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