Read the following excerpt from Federalist #15 by Alexander Hamilton.

Government implies the power of making laws. It is essential to the idea of a law, that it be attended with a sanction; or, in other words, a penalty or punishment for disobedience. If there be no penalty annexed to disobedience, the resolutions or commands which pretend to be laws will, in fact, amount to nothing more than advice or recommendation.

According to Hamilton, what was a failure of the Articles of Confederation that would be corrected by the new Constitution?

The government could not make laws under the Articles, but would be able to under the Constitution.
The government could make laws under the Articles, but would be able to enforce them under the Constitution.
The government could collect taxes under the Articles, but could now lawfully spend money under the Constitution.
The government could not collect taxes under the Articles, and would still not be able to under the Constitution.

During this period, Charles Finney was known as a passionate and a revolutionary preacher who's religious views led him to promote social reforms.

Reforms such as equal rights and education for women, equality for the African Americans, and the acceptance of students without any regard to race or sex. The antebellum period in the history of southern United States spread over the time of the end of the war I  1812. It is characterized by the culture it fostered and also the use of slavery. Finney, Charles. Charles Grandison Finney was a lawyer, theologian, and college president who was also the most well-known revivalist of the Second Great Awakening. He didn't only lead revivals; he actively promoted, marketed, and packaged them.

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It is important we understand that in an absolute monarchy, the monarch rules with unlimited power but in constitutional monarchy, there in an elected government that runs the country. In this case, the monarch has very little power.

Constitutional monarchy was considered a better form of government in Britain from the 1500s to the 1800s because it provided a balance of power between the monarch and the Parliament, allowing for greater stability and a more representative government. It also helped to limit the power of the monarch and prevent tyranny.

Today, constitutional monarchy is still considered a better form of government in Britain because it provides a stable and symbolic head of state, while also allowing for democratic decision-making by an elected parliament.

The monarch's role is largely ceremonial, while the elected officials make important decisions and set policy. Additionally, the monarchy provides a sense of national identity and continuity that many Britons value.

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Galileo found the rotation period of the sun was approximately a month.

Galileo did not actually discover the rotation period of the Sun. He did, however, make important observations of the Sun that helped to further our understanding of its nature and behavior. Galileo was the first person to observe sunspots, which are dark areas on the Sun's surface that are caused by its magnetic fields.

Galileo made these observations using a telescope that he had built himself, and he was able to use the movements of sunspots to track the Sun's rotation. However, his observations were not precise enough to determine the exact rotation period of the Sun, and it was not until much later, in the 19th century, that astronomers were able to make more accurate measurements of the Sun's rotation.

Today, we know that the Sun rotates once every 27.3 days at its equator, while the poles take about 35 days to complete a rotation. This differential rotation is caused by the Sun's internal magnetic fields and has important implications for the behavior of the Sun's atmosphere and the formation of sunspots and other solar phenomena.

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Many of the technological advancements that contributed to the Industrial Revolution were developed in Britain, where it all started around the year 1760.

The Industrial Revolution was the shift to new industrial techniques that took place in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States between roughly 1760 and 1820–1840.

The invention of machine tools, the switch from manual to automated production methods, the creation of the mechanized factory system, and new techniques for producing chemicals and iron were all part of this transformation.

Production significantly rose, which led to an exceptional rise in population and population growth rate. One of the main causes of the Industrial Revolution was the growth of trade and business.

Because the textile sector was the first to adopt modern manufacturing techniques, it quickly overtook other industries in terms of employment, output value, and capital invested.

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In Europe and the US in the 19th century, proposed causes of mental illness fell into two categories: somatogenic and psychogenic.

As per the question given,  

The somatogenic theory of mental illness proposed that mental illnesses were caused by physical factors, such as brain damage, infections, or chemical imbalances in the body. This theory was supported by the development of new technologies that allowed scientists to study the brain and nervous system, such as the microscope and the electroencephalogram (EEG). The somatogenic theory led to the development of physical treatments for mental illness, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), insulin shock therapy, and psychosurgery.

The psychogenic theory of mental illness, on the other hand, proposed that mental illnesses were caused by psychological or emotional factors, such as childhood trauma, stress, or faulty learning. This theory was supported by the work of early psychologists, such as Sigmund Freud, who developed theories of the unconscious mind and psychoanalysis. The psychogenic theory led to the development of psychotherapy and other forms of talk therapy as treatments for mental illness.

While these two theories were often presented as opposing views, they were not necessarily mutually exclusive, and many mental health professionals today recognize that mental illness can have both physical and psychological causes. Modern treatments for mental illness often combine both approaches, using medication and other physical interventions to address underlying physical causes of mental illness, and psychotherapy to address psychological and emotional factors.

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21. A C D F

22. B

23. D

24. C

25. C

26. B

27. Part A) A

27. Part B) C

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21.

Cooperation between the U.S. and USSR happened in world war 2

USSR boycotted the UN Security Council because Taiwan (non-Communist) instead of Mainland China (Communist) sat as China in the UN Security Council. But this meant they couldnt vote against UN fighting for South Korea

22.

Technically the United States & North Korea are still technically at war but are in a truce

North Korea almost lost the war until 1950 when China entered the Korean War pushing American troops back to roughly the middle of the country

There was a mineral issue of Tungsten which lies roughly at the middle of the country (38th parallel) where the truce was signed

23.

Marshall Plan helped rebuild Europe

Counterculture movement happened in America in the 1960s

24.

Public investments in education, decreased barriers to international trade, military, science, transportation, housing and technology made America an economic and military superpower

25.

America also helped rebuild Asian countries like Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. They in turn made, bought from and sold products to America

Establishment of the New York Stock Exchange happened in 1792

NAFTA free trade agreement among the United States, Mexico, and Canada happened in 1994

Large percentage of the U.S. workforce received free or cheap university education from the GI Bill

Escalation of the military conflict in South Vietnam started in the 1950s when Vietnam got independence from France. But then the Communist North wanted and eventually took over the South by 1975 when the United States abandoned the war due to anti war protests within the United States and the resignation of Richard Nixon

After 9/11 the Patriot Act allowed the government to monitor communications, even though others saw it as an infringement of personal privacy

In 1946 League of Nations failed because United States did not take part in it  & it failed to prevent WW2

The best description of politics is A. An effort to control or influence the conduct and policies of government.

Politics can be defined as the effort to control or influence the conduct and policies of government. It involves the activities and processes by which individuals and groups attempt to shape and direct the actions of the government and its leaders.

This can involve activities such as running for office, lobbying, advocacy, and public protest, among others. Politics is a central aspect of governance and decision-making in societies and is concerned with issues such as the distribution of power and resources.

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Answer:Manetho

Explanation:

C. Manetho is the earliest source for dividing ancient Egyptian kings into dynasties. Manetho was a third-century BCE Egyptian priest and historian who wrote a comprehensive history of Egypt in Greek, which is now lost but was extensively quoted by later authors such as Josephus and Eusebius. Manetho's division of the ancient Egyptian kings into dynasties remains the standard system used by Egyptologists today.

The Ming dynasty in China was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋),  served as its first emperor. He had a tough and turbulent existence before he was made emperor and given the name Hongwu.

Zhu was born in 1328 in a little Chinese hamlet called Anhui. His parents and siblings passed away in a famine when he was only 16 years old, and his family was not wealthy. Zhu spent years traversing the nation begging for food after being compelled to become a Buddhist monk.

Zhu enlisted in a rebel army in 1352 that was engaged in conflict with the Mongol-controlled Yuan dynasty that was in power. Zhu advanced swiftly through the ranks of the rebel army to achieve military leadership success. In the end, he rose to the position of general, and in 1361 he crowned himself King of Wu. Zhu and his army fought against the Yuan empire for several more years before finally taking control of Dadu (today's Beijing) and ending the Yuan dynasty in 1368. Zhu then assumed the name Hongwu and proclaimed himself the ruler of the Ming dynasty.

Despite coming from modest beginnings, Hongwu was able to unite the nation and found a new dynasty that would survive for more than 250 years.

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Madame C.J. Walker hair care products for Black women help her achieve success ,“the first Black woman millionaire in America” .

Madam C. J. Walker (1867-1919) was “the first Black woman millionaire in America” and made her fortune thanks to her homemade line of hair care products for Black women.

An advocate of black women's economic independence, she opened training programs in the “Walker System” for her national network of licensed sales agents who earned healthy commissions. Ultimately, Walker employed 40,000 African American women and men in the US, Central America, and the Caribbean.

Still, the company carried on after A'Lelia's death in 1931, continuing for decades until it eventually closed in 1981. The building has been renamed the Madam Walker Legacy Center. where the company was housed has since become a designated historical landmark .

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The freeing of Serfs from Russia was the  1861 event which prompted the europeanization of Siberia , 1861 event prompted the europeanization of siberia.

After the freeing of the serfs in 1861, some 13 million Russians and Ukrainians migrated to Siberia, where they overwhelmed the native population of the region, while millions more settled in Central Asia.

Europeanization refers to the mutual influence of the European Union (EU) and its member states, to interactions within and between member states driven by the EU, and to the effect of the EU on EU applicant states. It affects domestic politics, policy, and polity and therefore is relevant for citizens and businesses.

Europeanization as changes in external territorial boundaries. This involves the territorial reach of a system of governance and the degree to which Europe as a continent becomes a single political space. For example, Europeanization is taking place as the European Union expands its boundaries through enlargement.

Siberia is a geographic and historic region and not a political entity, there is no single precise definition of its territorial borders. Traditionally, Siberia extends eastwards from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and includes most of the drainage basin of the Arctic Ocean.

The Siberia Government was actually  laid out in 1708 as a feature of the managerial changes of Peter I. In 1719, the governorate was partitioned into three areas, Vyatka, Solikamsk and Tobolsk.

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One economic benefit that colonial territories derived from imperialism was access to global markets. Imperial powers often used their colonies as sources of raw materials, such as rubber, minerals, and agricultural products, which were then sold on the global market.

Imperialism contributed to global migrations in the nineteenth century by forcibly transporting people from one place to another. The slave trade is one example of how imperialism led to the mass migration of people, as Africans were forcibly brought to the Americas to work on plantations.

Imperialism affected the development of the domestic economies of imperial states by providing them with new sources of raw materials and markets for their goods. Imperial powers could extract resources from their colonies at low cost, which allowed them to produce goods more cheaply than their competitors.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Claim: The Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) and Alexander Hamilton's point of view in Federalist Paper #78 both emphasize the importance of the judicial branch in maintaining the balance of power within the government and protecting the rights of citizens.

Evidence from Marbury v. Madison: In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review, which gives the courts the power to declare laws unconstitutional if they violate the Constitution. This decision reinforced the idea that the judiciary is a check on the power of the legislative and executive branches, ensuring that the government remains limited and that individual rights are protected.

Evidence from Federalist Paper #78: In Federalist Paper #78, Alexander Hamilton expresses his belief that the judiciary is an essential component of the federal government, serving as a bulwark against tyranny and oppression. He argues that the judiciary is well-suited to this role because it operates independently of the other branches, allowing it to make impartial and well-reasoned decisions. Hamilton also notes that the judiciary is essential to the maintenance of the rule of law, as it ensures that the government acts within the bounds of the Constitution.

In both Marbury v. Madison and Federalist Paper #78, the authors emphasize the crucial role of the judiciary in preserving the balance of power within the government and protecting the rights of citizens. Through the principle of judicial review and the independence of the judiciary, the Supreme Court and Hamilton both recognize the important role that the courts play in ensuring that the government remains limited and that individual rights are protected.

The woman in the world who competed in two Olympic games in 1956 and 1960 was Wilma Rudolph.

She was an American track and field athlete who overcame childhood illnesses and physical disabilities to become an Olympic champion. In the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne, Rudolph won a bronze medal in the 4x100m relay.

Four years later, at the 1960 Olympics in Rome, she won three gold medals in the 100m, 200m, and 4x100m relay events, making her the first American woman to win three gold medals in a single Olympic Games.

Rudolph's achievements as a black woman in a time of racial segregation and discrimination inspired many people and paved the way for future female athletes. She remains an icon of perseverance and determination.

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Germany was the most significant and persistent menace to all the allies. As a result, War Plan Orange represented Japan, Red represented Britain, and so on.

Due to the fact that only Germany was regarded as a genuine long-term danger, the allies chose a "Europe first" strategy. The cornerstone of a grand strategy adopted by the United States and the United Kingdom during World War II was this tactic, sometimes known as "Germany first." Nazi Germany was a serious threat to the UK, thus they both dedicated the majority of their resources to defeat it first in Europe. The Allies adopted a "Europe First" strategy because they believed that Nazi Germany and Italy posed a greater military threat. The US developed several pre-war plans that outlined what to do in a hypothetical conflict with each genuine power.

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Answer: In explanation

Explanation:

During Reconstruction, African Americans were elected to hold political office in the Southern United States. This was a significant development, as African Americans had previously been excluded from political participation due to slavery and the discriminatory laws of the Jim Crow era. During Reconstruction, African Americans were elected to positions such as state legislators, congressmen, and even lieutenant governors, marking a major step forward in the fight for equality and civil rights. These elections represented a shift in the political power structure and provided African Americans with a voice in shaping the policies and laws that affected their lives. However, despite these gains, many African Americans continued to face significant obstacles and challenges, including violence, intimidation, and economic discrimination, in their pursuit of full citizenship and equal rights.

Answer:

state legislatures

Explanation:

In all, 16 African Americans served in the U.S. Congress during Reconstruction; more than 600 more were elected to the state legislatures, and hundreds more held local offices across the South.

Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He played a key role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs.

King is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. He inspired millions of people around the world with his famous "I Have a Dream" speech, delivered during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963.

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A comparison between how the actions of women were viewed by the American and British press is highlighted below.

Women were crucial in organizing fundraising drives, giving supplies to the troops, working in military camps, and tending to sick soldiers throughout the American Revolution. One of the most well-liked ways that women contributed to the war effort was by producing home-spun, handcrafted cloth that took on revolutionary symbolism when the colonies imposed boycotts on British goods, including textiles. There are known instances of at least one woman dressing as a man to fight in the conflict, and some women even served as spies.

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Answer:In this milestone decision, the Supreme Court ruled that separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional.

Explanation:

In this milestone decision, the Supreme Court ruled that separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional.

The role of a truant officer is to identify students who are not attending school as required by law, or are otherwise not complying with the rules of their school, and intervene as necessary to ensure they return to classes.

The role of a truant officer is to identify students who are not attending school as required by law, or are otherwise not complying with the rules of their school, and intervene as necessary to ensure they return to classes.

Truant officers may contact parents, offer counseling or problem solving assistance, and even impose legal penalties if necessary.

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According to this source, the French are the main target of the Germans' ire regarding the treaty's conditions. This is evident from the cartoon's title, "Clemenceau the Vampire," in which the French president is portrayed as a vampire-like figure suckling blood from a frail woman.

Germany Additionally, this source implies that Germany believes the stipulations will render them helpless and defenceless. This is apparent from the way that Germany is shown as being feeble and lying on a bed, with useless armaments by her side. This is a reference to the treaty's military clauses. According to the source, the government perceives the Spartacists negatively and as a threat.

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The official Religion of the Soviet Union was Atheism.

The communist party of the soviet union, which was also  know known by many other names throughout the history, was not only  the founder tof the Soviet Union but it was also the sole governing  party till 1990.

It was  completely based on the Democratic centralism. This principle focuses on the open and democratic discussion of the policies within the party. It was founded on January 1912, by Vladimir Lenin. It was based on the ideology of communalism, Marxism, and Leninism.

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The fascist regimes that ruled Germany and Italy in the 1930s and 1940s adopted a number of policies and practices aimed at consolidating power, promoting nationalism, and suppressing dissent.

The following were some of the main characteristics of fascist regimes at the time:

Totalitarianism: Totalitarian governments dominated both Germany and Italy, attempting to exercise total control over all facets of society, including the economy, the media, and the personal lives of residents.

Fascist regimes prioritized nationalism, which was frequently based on legends of past greatness or racial purity.

Militarism: Fascist governments frequently adopted aggressive expansionist agendas and exalted military might.

The regimes used propaganda to sway public opinion and regulate the flow of information, frequently employing the media and public gatherings to do so.

Repression: To put down political rivals and dissenters, fascist regimes frequently utilized violence, incarceration, and other types of repression.

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The complete statement in relation to political parties the US is given as follows:

Between 1816 and 1824, the Federalist Party was the party in power. No other party had any power.

The Democratic-Republicans were not united. Party leaders picked one candidate, but states or areas of the country nominated their favorite sons. Other candidates included:

A political party is a group of people who share similar political beliefs and goals, and who come together to contest elections and gain political power.

Political parties organize and mobilize voters, articulate policy positions, and hold their elected representatives accountable to their constituents.

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Answer:

By promoting the idea of American exceptionalism and the need to form a new nation to realize its promise, Paine's pamphlet not only attracted public support for the Revolution, but put the rebellion's leaders under pressure to declare independence

Richard nixon  signed the national environmental policy act (nepa). In this case  Option b is correct

The President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) was established by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), a piece of environmental legislation in the United States that encourages environmental improvement.

On January 1st, 1970, the law was passed. [2] More than 100 countries have adopted national environmental policies based on NEPA as of this writing. [3]

Governmental organizations were mission-driven before NEPA. Choosing the shortest route between two points on a highway is an illustration of mission orientation. NEPA was necessary to mandate that Federal agencies assess how their actions will have an environmental impact. [4]: 2–3 The most important result of NEPA was the requirement that environmental impact statements and environmental assessments be created by all executive Federal agencies.

These reports outline the possible environmental impacts of proposed Federal

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Answer: D and E since The day after the attacks, the number of people enlisted in the Armed Forces was a record, and those who did not set out to fight for the country collaborated with the industrial production of armaments and supplies for the United States Armed Forces, in order to collaborate to win the war.

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

The Syrian Civil War has been ongoing since 2011 and is a complex conflict with multiple sides involved, including the government of Syria, various rebel groups, and foreign powers.

The conflict started as a peaceful protest movement demanding democratic reforms and the release of political prisoners. However, the government's violent response to the protests escalated the situation into a full-blown civil war.

Over the course of the war, the various parties have engaged in a number of military operations, resulting in significant destruction of cities and infrastructure and a large number of civilian casualties.

The Syrian government, with the support of its allies, including Russia and Iran, has been able to regain control of much of the territory that was lost to rebel groups and militants. However, pockets of resistance remain, and sporadic violence continues to occur in some parts of the country.

The war has also led to one of the largest humanitarian crises in the world, with millions of people displaced from their homes and in need of aid. Additionally, the conflict has created a breeding ground for extremist groups, such as the Islamic State, which has carried out a number of devastating attacks in Syria and other countries.

Efforts to find a political solution to the conflict have been ongoing, but so far, a lasting peace agreement remains elusive.

Answer:

“Investigative Journalism is a form of journalism in which reporters go in-depth to investigate a single story that may uncover corruption, review government policies or of corporate houses, or draw attention to social, economic, political or cultural trends.

Explanation:

Reasons that cities boomed during the Middle Ages:

Cities grew rapidly during the Middle Ages for a variety of reasons, including:

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