If you already know that the infectious agent is either a bacterium or a virus, method III (culturing the substance on nutritive medium, away from any plant cells).
And method IV (treating the sample with proteases that digest all proteins and then determining whether the substance is still infectious virus) would allow you to distinguish between these two possibilities. Culturing the substance on nutritive medium would allow infectious agent you to grow bacterial cells, while viruses cannot grow on their own, they need to infect a host cell to replicate. Method IV would allow you to identify whether the infectious agent is composed of proteins or not, as proteases would digest proteins but not the nucleic acids of a virus.
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bacterial contamination can spread quickly because if the conditions are right, bateria can multiply in:
Bacterial contamination can spread quickly because if the conditions are right, bateria can multiply in 15 to 20 minutes.
Bacterial contamination is the term used to describe when bacteria accumulate on food and cause it to spoil. You may become ill after consuming that meal, either as a result of the toxins the bacteria emitted or as a result of the germs themselves.
The incidence, fate, movement, survival, and multiplication of pathogens in the multiple sites where they are found are all influenced by a number of factors, including contaminated manure, irrigation water, soil, cattle, and wildlife.
Knowing the dire repercussions if they don't, food makers must take every precaution to prevent contamination and deliver safe products. Physical, biological, chemical, and allergic contamination are the four different types of food contamination. This blog describes these categories and offers advice on how to stay away from them.
Food that has been contaminated by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, mould, fungi, and poisons is said to have undergone microbial contamination. This can happen in a number of ways, like A particular type of bacterium called campylobacter can grow on undercooked chicken.
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From the multiple choices below, select the most appropriate culture medium for optimum recovery and differentiation of Salmonella and/or Shigella.
Hektoen enteric (HE) agar
Hektoen enteric (HE) agar is considered the most appropriate culture medium for optimum recovery and differentiation of Salmonella and/or Shigella.
HE agar is a selective and differential medium that is specifically designed to isolate and differentiate Salmonella and Shigella species from other enteric bacteria. The medium contains bile salts and a pH indicator (phenol red) that inhibit the growth of most gram-positive bacteria and other enteric organisms, while allowing Salmonella and Shigella to grow. The bile salts promote the formation of characteristic green colonies, while the acid produced by Salmonella and Shigella causes a color change in the medium from yellow to red or pink. Other culture media such as MacConkey agar, XLD agar, and SS agar are also used for the isolation and differentiation of Salmonella and Shigella, but HE agar is considered the most effective medium for this purpose.
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the skeletal system includes all the bones and joints in the body. each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of , , and . (choose three.)
The skeletal system includes all the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of cartilage, tendons, muscle.
What is skeletal system?
The skeletal system is the body's support system that consists of the bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons that work together to ensure the body can move and function properly. Bones provide the body with stability, and are composed of a hard outer layer called cortical bone and a spongy interior called trabecular bone. Muscles are attached to the bones by tendons, and provide movement and locomotion. Ligaments are fibrous bands of connective tissue that hold bones and organs together and provide stability. The skeletal system helps to protect our organs and enables us to move and perform everyday tasks. It also provides a structure for muscles to attach to, and creates leverage for movement. The skeletal system also produces blood cells and stores minerals. Without the skeletal system, our bodies would not be able to function.
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Which things are living, and which are nonliving?
Answer:
Things that are living is :trees,humam being,plants,animals etc
Things that are non living is:book,chair,bag,machine etc
An analysis is performed to determine the proportions of each of the four nucleotide bases in the DNA of several tissue samples from various species. The results appear in the table. % Adenine % Guanine % Thymine % Cytosine (A) (T) (C) Human 31 30 20 19 28 21 22 Chicken Yeast E. coli 18 32 26 29 33 24 17 25 25 Which conclusions can be drawn from this data? The proportion of A is roughly equal to the proportion of T. The proportion of pyrimidines is roughly equal to the proportion of purines. | The proportion of C is roughly equal to the proportion of G. The proportion of G-C base pairs is roughly equal to the proportion of A-T base pairs.
The correct options are:
· The proportion of pyrimidines is roughly equal to the proportion of purines.
· The proportion of C is roughly equal to the proportion of G.
· The proportion of T is roughly equal to the proportion of A.
Adenine and guanine are purines.
Thymine and cytosine make up pyrimidine.
According to the table above, the purine content in human, chicken, yeast, and E. coli is 51%, 49%, 50%, and 51%, respectively, while the pyrimidine content is 49%, 51%, 50%, and 49%.
The number of G-C base pairs does not equal the fraction of A-T base pairs, as can be seen from the preceding table.
The proportion of pyrimidines is therefore nearly equal to the fraction of purines, the proportion of C is roughly equal to the proportion of G, and the proportion of T is roughly equal to the proportion of A, according to the statistics provided.
What is purine?
A heterocyclic aromatic chemical molecule called purine has two rings that are bonded together. It dissolves in water. The broader class of compounds known as purines, which includes substituted purines and related tautomers, also bears the term purine. They are the heterocycles with nitrogen that are most prevalent in nature.
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in some chickens, the gene for
feather color is controlled by
codominance. The allele for black is
B and the allele for white is W. The
heterozygous phenotype is known
as
erminette What possible
outcome would it be in crossing
erminette chicken/checkered and
black chicken?
Black
White
Erminett
BB
ww
BW
Phenotype
Genotype​
If a erminette chicken/checkered and a black chicken were crossed, the resulting offspring would have a phenotype of black, white, and erminette.
The genotypes of the offspring would be BB, ww, and BW. This is because the alleles for black (B) and white (W) are codominant and so the heterozygous phenotype (BW) would be erminette.
What is genotypes?
Genotypes are the genetic makeup of an organism, which is determined by the combination of alleles it carries for a particular trait. These alleles are inherited from the organism's parents, and the genotype will determine the physical characteristics (phenotype) of the organism.
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true/false. the grim reality is that plague in the capital is as common as the stench of the cesspits and almost as unavoidable. you cannot predict where it will strike: people living next door to infected houses are left unaffected. some people are not touched even when others in their own house have it.
The statement the grim reality is that plague in the capital is as common as the stench of the cesspits and almost as unavoidable is False.
What is plague?Plague is a serious, contagious bacterial infection caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria. It is best known for causing the Black Death in Europe during the 14th century, a pandemic that killed an estimated 75-200 million people. Plague is typically spread through infected fleas, rodents, and sometimes through direct contact with infected animals or humans. Symptoms of plague typically include fever, chills, headache, weakness, and swollen lymph nodes, and may progress to pneumonia, septic shock, and death if not treated promptly with antibiotics.
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What are sex cells? Where are they found? Provide examples
Answer:
Sex cells, also known as gametes, are reproductive cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as other body cells. They are found in both male and female reproductive organs. Examples of sex cells are sperm in males and eggs in females.
Explanation:
A metabolic bone disorder, characterized by acceleration of the rate of bone resorption while the rate of bone formation slows down, which results in a loss of bone mass. involves the skeletal, digestive, and reproductive systems
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder, characterized by acceleration of the rate of bone resorption while the rate of bone formation slows down, which results in a loss of bone mass. involves the skeletal, digestive, and reproductive systems.
What is Osteoporosis?Osteoporosis makes bones weak and brittle, so brittle that a fall or even minor stresses like bending over or coughing can result in a fracture. Hip, wrist, and spine fractures brought on by osteoporosis most frequently occur.
Bone is a living tissue that is constantly being destroyed and replaced. Osteoporosis develops when the production of new bone is inadequate to replace the loss of existing bone.
Men and women of all races can develop osteoporosis. However, older, postmenopausal white and Asian women are most at risk. Medication, a balanced diet, and weight-bearing exercise can all help stop bone loss or strengthen already brittle bones.
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Complete question:
__________ is a metabolic bone disorder, characterized by acceleration of the rate of bone resorption while the rate of bone formation slows down, which results in a loss of bone mass. involves the skeletal, digestive, and reproductive systems.
6. Why do you think that Pavlovian-conditioned
fish that were not shown the light (PAV-NL)
performed more poorly than the
unconditioned fish (UNP) when facing PAV-L
fish?
7. Do you think conditioning aggressiveness in
other types of animals or humans would show
similar results? (highlight/circle One) YES
or NO Explain your answer.
Explain:
8. In addition to conditioning, what other
explanations are possible for the finding that
winners
keep winning?
Answer:
6. It is likely that the Pavlovian-conditioned fish (PAV-NL) performed more poorly than the unconditioned fish (UNP) because the conditioned fish had not been exposed to the light stimulus and therefore had not developed the conditioned response.
7. Yes, conditioning aggressiveness in other types of animals or humans would likely show similar results. This is because conditioning is a learned behavior, and animals and humans can be conditioned to respond to certain stimuli in a certain way.
8. Other explanations for the finding that winners keep winning could include that they have better physical abilities, better strategies, or better access to resources. Additionally, winners may have a psychological advantage due to their past successes, which can lead to further success.
Explanation:
Other than potential negative health effects on humans, which of the following is a disadvantage of using chemical pesticides to eliminate crop pests?
Choose matching term
O Incorporating antibiotics into the feeding regimens of densely concentrated livestock
O Pesticides may harm organisms other than the target crop pests through biomagnification in the food web.
O the increase in the spread of infectious diseases
O Providing tax breaks for companies that use recycled materials
Pesticides may harm organisms other than the target crop pests through biomagnification in the food web.
What is Pesticides?
Pesticides are chemical substances used to control or kill pests, such as insects, rodents, fungi, and weeds. These chemicals are used in both agricultural and non-agricultural settings to protect crops, livestock, and people from pests. Pesticides can be applied directly to the target pest or indirectly to the environment. Proper use of pesticides is important to ensure safety and effectiveness.
Therefore, Pesticides may harm organisms other than the target crop pests through biomagnification in the food web.
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What event causes the myosin cross-bridges to release from actin following the power stroke?
The event that causes the myosin cross-bridges to release from actin following the power stroke is the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by the myosin ATPase enzyme.
This hydrolysis reaction provides the energy needed for the power stroke to occur and also causes a conformational change in the myosin head that allows it to release from actin.
During muscle contraction, the myosin cross-bridges bind to actin and undergo a power stroke, which results in the movement of the actin filament. This power stroke is powered by the hydrolysis of ATP by the myosin ATPase enzyme.
When ATP binds to the myosin head, it causes a conformational change that allows the myosin head to bind to actin. Once the myosin head binds to actin, it undergoes a power stroke, which results in the movement of the actin filament.
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Which of your body structures was the sensory receptor in the reaction time test? What was the stimulus?
a. Reactions are voluntary responses whereas reflexes are involuntary
b. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.
c. interval between the stimulus delivery and the response to the stimulus
d. mechanoreceptors, the sound was the stimulus. The receptor is stimulated by mechanical deformation of receptor
Sensory receptors often react to one of four types of primary stimuli: Chemicals (chemoreceptors) (chemoreceptors) Temperature (thermoreceptors) (thermoreceptors) Pressure (mechanoreceptors) (mechanoreceptors) Light (photoreceptors) (photoreceptors).
What part of your body have the sensory receptor?Internal organs as well as specialised organs like the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth include sensory receptors. A single perceptual frame is finally formed by the combination of the distinct sensory modalities transmitted by each type of receptor.
What constitutes a sensory stimulus, specifically?A sensory stimulus is any event or thing that is detected by the senses and prompts a response in a person. The stimulus can take many different forms, including light, heat, sound, touch, and internal elements.
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which of the following is a viral infection spread through saliva? polycythemia mononucleosis eosinophilia trypanosomiasis
Mononucleosis is a viral infection spread through saliva.
What is saliva?Saliva is a clear, watery fluid secreted by glands in the mouth. It is composed mostly of water as well as electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, enzymes, and antibacterial compounds. Saliva is essential for digestion, as it helps to break down food particles and lubricate the food for easier swallowing. Saliva also helps to protect against infections in the mouth, as the antibacterial compounds act to inhibit bacterial growth. Additionally, saliva helps to neutralize acids in the mouth and neutralize acids produced by bacteria. Saliva also plays a role in taste, as it helps to dissolve food particles and transport them to the taste buds. Finally, saliva helps to keep the mouth moist and comfortable.
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Oysters produce a million eggs of which only a few find suitable habitat to live. They are said to be A. density-dependent. B. K-strategists. C. r-strategists. D. near carrying capacity
Oysters a small percentage of the million eggs that oysters generate find a place to live. They're considered r-strategists.
What is the name of the measurement that is used to identify a population's resources and dispose of its wastes?Environmental Footprint EF is basically a measurement of how much natural resources have been appropriated by humans, and it is defined as space of land and water to feed an indefinite human population in terms of supplying all the energy and material resources needed and absorbing all the waste produced.
Which of the above claims regarding how factors affecting population growth are reliant on and independent of density?The right response is When there are more people, things that are density-dependent have a higher impact; those that are density-independent have an equal impact on everyone.regardless of how many there are. By how density of population affects a population, population limiting variables are categorized.
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a. how are conditions demonstrated in experiments a, b, and c causing the global trend seen in the table?
Because of the circumstances shown in A, B, and C, the global trend can be noticed in the table's data, which is decreasing as the data rises. The trend in the table indicates that you are examining data across time for the same group at various times in time.
You will research the factors that are causing global change in this lab exercise, including increased global warming, growing ocean temperatures, melting land and sea ice, and rising sea levels. Explaining how climate change drivers have sparked other global changes, such as harsh weather, less habitable land, and ecological damage, will be possible once you have compared your data to actual data. The formation of greenhouse gasses causes the heat from the sun to be trapped on Earth. The rate of global warming is currently increasing more quickly than ever. The natural order is being disrupted by changing weather patterns brought on by rising temperatures.
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Incomplete question was given. The complete question is:
How are conditions demonstrated in experiments A, B and C causing the global trend seen in the table? The conditions demonstrated in A, B and C causes the global trend is seen in the table because as the data increases while the table's data decreases. In this lab activity, you will investigate the drivers of global change: enhanced global warming, warming ocean temperatures, melting land and sea ice, and rising sea levels. Comparing your data to real-life data will allow you to explain how climate change drivers have initiated additional global changes, such as extreme weather, less habitable land, and ecological disruption.
Contrast the following activities in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Replication of DNA, Transcription, Gene Regulation, Cell DivisionIn the replication of DNA, Eukaryotes have multiple origins and have telomeres while prokarytoes have 1 origin and no telomeres.In transcription, Eukaryotes process dna and have a initiation called initiation factors, while prokaryotes do not process DNA and have a initiation called sigmar.In gene regulation, Eukaryotes have no operons and mainly use positive controls, while prokaryotes use operons and use both positive and negative controls.In cellular division, Eukaryotic cells go through either mitosis or meiosis and use spindle fibers, while prokaryotic cells do not go through mitosis or meiosis and do not use spindle fibers.
Prokaryotic DNA replication happens through a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic DNA replication occurs through numerous replication origins.The main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication is this.
Cells without a nucleus and other organelles make up prokaryotes, which are types of organisms. Two distinct subgroups of prokaryotes with purportedly independent evolutionary histories, bacteria and archaea, are distinguished. The majority of prokaryotes are tiny, one-celled, primitive creatures.
Organisms called eukaryotes to have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles in their cells. Eukaryotic creatures come in a great variety, including most algae, all animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Eukaryotes are multicellular or unicellular organisms.
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Compare and contrast hydrolytic enzymes to enzymes that do dehydration synthesis
Hydrolytic enzymes, also known as hydrolases, catalyze the breakdown of larger molecules by adding water molecules to them, resulting in the formation of smaller molecules.
They do this by cleaving bonds between atoms, often through the addition of a water molecule. Examples of hydrolytic enzymes include proteases, which break down proteins, and lipases, which break down fats. Dehydration synthesis enzymes, also known as condensation enzymes, catalyze the formation of larger molecules by removing water molecules from smaller molecules.
They do this by creating new bonds between atoms, often through the removal of a water molecule. Examples of dehydration synthesis enzymes include ligases, which join two molecules together, and synthases, which form new bonds between atoms.
In summary, hydrolytic enzymes break down larger molecules into smaller ones by adding water, while dehydration synthesis enzymes build larger molecules from smaller ones by removing water.
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which of the following represents the gametes of an individual with genotype aabb if crossing over does not occur?
AAbb would be the same mix of alleles present in all gametes if the genotype of the individual were AAbb.
What type of gametes would result from the genotype AaBb? AAbb would be the same mix of alleles present in all gametes if the genotype of the individual were AAbb.Only agouti, black, and albino are available as distinct hair color variants.Because of epistasis, the person who has the genotype recessive for both features, i.e., aabb, shares the same albino phenotype as the people who have aaBB and aaBb.Two genes will be coinherited if recombination does not happen between them.The likelihood of coherence between two genetic markers on the same DNA molecule depends on how closely they are spaced from one another.A gene's linkage is determined by how frequently two genes co-occur.To learn more about genotype AaBb refer
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why are those at the top of a food chain affected if a species at the bottom of the food chain consumes a toxin? question 7 options:
Option A Is correct - Toxins are enjoyed by species at the bottom. Toxins remain in the tissues of animals at each trophic level of the food chain, so toxin concentrations are highest in the body tissues of animals at the top of the food chain.
Because of a process known as biomagnification, animals near the top of the food chain are frequently the most affected.
Many of the most dangerous toxins sink to the seafloor and are then consumed by organisms that live or feed on bottom sediments. They are taken up by organisms at the bottom of food chains and accumulate at higher levels. Bioaccumulation is the name given to this process.
The organisms at the top of the food chain perish if the lethal dose is reached.
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Complete Question-
Why are those at the top of a food chain affected if a species at the bottom of the food chain consumes a toxin?
A. species at the bottom enjoy toxins
B. fat soluble compounds biomagnify
C. species at the top eat more
D. water availability decreases
all of the stages that a cell goes through in its lifetime make up the cell,includes interphase and the mitoic phase(mitosis and cytokinrsis)
Answer:
A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. A cell spends most of its time in what is called interphase, and during this time it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division. The cell then leaves interphase, undergoes mitosis, and completes its division.Explanation:
hope it helps<3Explain with globalization is and what the cost and benefits of globalization are in the world
Globalization enables goods to be produced in different parts of the world where greater specialization enables lower average costs and lower prices for consumers.
What is Globalization?Globalization is defined as the process by which people and goods move easily across borders which is an economic concept showing the integration of markets, trade and investment with the aim of slowing the flow of products and services between nations.
For businesses, the benefits of globalization can include cost savings, international recruitment, specific market opportunities, and diffusion of risk, while its disadvantages of globalization include potential monopolies, structural unemployment, interdependence, and tax avoidance in world economies.
Thus, Globalization enables goods to be produced in different parts of the world where greater specialization enables lower average costs and lower prices for consumers.
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Show graphically how positive and negative feedback differ
An example of positive feedback is when oxytocin, a hormone, is released during labor to intensify and speed up contractions. Negative feedback decreases the output by inhibiting the effect.
What is hormone explain?Hormones are your body's chemical messengers. They travel in your bloodstream to tissues or organs. They work slowly, over time, and affect many different processes, including: Growth and development. Metabolism - how your body gets energy from the foods you eat.
What hormones do to your body?Which body tissues make hormones Specialized glands that make up your endocrine system make and release most of the hormones in your body. A gland is an organ that makes one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat or tears.
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When the hormone oxytocin is produced during childbirth to amplify and speed up contractions, this is an illustration of positive feedback. Positive feedback inhibits the effect, lowering the output.
How do hormones work?In your body, hormones act as chemical messengers. They go to your cells or organs through your blood. They gradually have an impact on a number of processes, including growth. Your metabolises food into energy through metabolism.
How do hormones affect the body?which bodily organs produce hormones The majority of the hormones produced are produced and released by specialized glands that are part of your endocrine system. An organ that produces hormones, digestive fluids, perspiration, or tears is referred to as a gland.
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an experiment is designed to compare the effects of glucose and sucrose on the osmotic potential of a model cell. two dialysis bags are used, one filled with a solution of 5% by mass glucose and the other with a 5% by mass sucrose solution. a given membrane is permeable to water but impermeable to glucose and sucrose. each membrane bag is then placed in a beaker of distilled water for two hours. the change in mass of the glucose bag is recorded below: (10 points)
Due to its sufficient solubility in water, glucose can pass through semi-permeable membranes where other molecules can. Due to solubility factors, molecules can pass through.
The semipermeable membrane is the membrane through which half of the molecules pass. The molecules are present only in certain places.
Semi-permeable membranes include cell membranes. Larger molecules like sucrose, proteins, and starch cannot directly enter cells, but smaller molecules like oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, and glucose can.
A few molecules also aid in transport, where a select few ions, channels, and molecules are taken up by the membrane through the chosen ion transportation.
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In order for a pathway to produce its products, it must have sufficient inputs. Which of the answer choices must be directly supplied to the citric acid cycle for it to proceed? Select all that apply. O acetyl-CoA O NAD O FAD O ADP O NADH ATPO PyruvateO glucose (or other sugar)
Acetyl-CoA, NAD, FAD, ADP, ATP, and Pyruvate must all be directly supplied to the citric acid cycle for it to proceed.
What is acid cycle?The Acid Cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, is a metabolic pathway that is used to convert food into energy. It is a series of chemical reactions that take place in the mitochondria of cells and involve the oxidation of nutrients such as glucose and fatty acids. During the cycle, carbon dioxide is released and energy is produced in the form of ATP. The cycle is named after Sir Hans Krebs, who first discovered it in 1937. During the cycle, electrons are transferred from the nutrient molecules to a chain of molecules called the electron transport chain, which ultimately produces ATP. The cycle is essential for the production of energy in living cells and is the foundation of aerobic respiration.
Glucose (or other sugar) is not required for the cycle to proceed, but is required for the formation of Acetyl-CoA. NADH is a product of the cycle and is not required for it to proceed.
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Which of the following characteristics of the structure of DNA was determined directly from X-ray diffraction photographs of crystallized DNA? the length of a given DNA molecule the sequence of nucleotides the double helical structure the frequency of A versus T nucleotides
'The double helical structure' of DNA was determined directly from X-ray diffraction photographs of crystallized DNA.
What do you mean by DNA?
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, which is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. DNA is made up of two strands that are coiled around each other in a double helix, and is composed of four different chemical bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
X-ray diffraction is a technique that uses X-ray beams to measure the angles and intensities of the scattered radiation from a sample. When X-ray beams are shone on a crystallized sample of DNA, the individual strands of the double helix scatter the X-rays in a pattern that can be used to identify the structure of the molecule. By analyzing the X-ray diffraction photographs, the arrangement of the atoms and the relative distance between them can be determined, revealing the double helical structure of DNA.
Hence, option C is correct.
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Correct form of question:
Which of the following characteristics of the structure of DNA was determined directly from X-ray diffraction photographs of crystallized DNA?
a. the length of a given DNA molecule.
b. the sequence of nucleotides.
c. the double helical structure.
d. the frequency of A versus T nucleotides.
move the terms to the correct category to review examples of inflammatory mediators and other cytokines.
Mediators Lymphocyte Growth and Activation Regulating Cytokines Vasoactive Agents Interleukin Serotonin (IL) TNF (tumour necrosis factor) (TNF) Histamine Interleukin-7 Erythropoietin.
What are cytokines ?
Cytokines are a wide collection of proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins that are released by immune system cells. Cytokines are a kind of signalling molecule that regulates and mediates immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Cytokines are generated by cells of various embryological origin throughout the body. Cytokine is a generic term; other names are assigned based on their presumed function, secretion cell, or target of action. Lymphocyte-produced cytokines, for example, are also known as lymphokines. Many lymphokines are also known as interleukins (ILs), since they are not only released by leukocytes but also have the ability to influence leukocyte cellular responses. Monokines are cytokines released by monocytes or macrophages. Chemokines are cytokines that have chemotactic properties.
To study instances of inflammatory mediators and other cytokines, move the words to the appropriate category. Nonspecific Inflammation and Immunity Mediators Lymphocyte Growth and Activation Regulating Cytokines Vasoactive Agents Interleukin Serotonin (IL) TNF (tumour necrosis factor) (TNF) Histamine Interleukin-7 Erythropoietin Discussion
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Complete Question is given below:
FILL IN THE BLANK A newly discovered multicellular organism obtains food by digesting dead organisms. Such an organism is most likely a member of the kingdom ______.
Answer:
Fungi
Explanation:
Fungi digest dead organisms and residual organic matter by decomposing dead plants and animals. They get their nutrients directly from what they are absorbing. They are some of the main decomposers of any ecosystem/environment.
Assuming normochromic and normocytic red cells, a blood sample with a hemoglobin of 15 g/dL would be expected to show a hematocrit of ___%
A blood sample with a hemoglobin of 15 g/dL would be expected to show a hematocrit of c. 45%
generally, the ratio of hematocrit to hemoglobin in healthy people is typically 3 to 1, this ratio can help us find a patient with hemoconcentration and also to get plasma volume.
we can find the hematocrit by knowing the value of hemoglobin, by multiplying the value of hemoglobin X 3, we get the value of hematocrit.
In the question, Hb = 15g/dL
hematocrit percentage = 15 X 3 = 45%
vice versa, by dividing hematocrit by 3, we get the value of HB.
if we know both Hb and hematocrit, we can calculate MCHC
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based on the data identify which cap structure is most likely to protect the end of the mrna from degradation
1. The cap structure is essential for RNA splicing, export and stability, and allows the ribosomal complex to recognize mRNAs and ensure their efficient translation.
2. Uncapped RNA molecules are degraded in cytoplasmic granular compartments called processing bodies and may be detected as 'non-self' by the host cell, triggering antiviral innate immune responses through the production of interferons.
3. Conventional RNA capping (that is, of mRNAs from the host cell and from DNA viruses) requires hydrolysis of the 5′ γ-phosphate of RNA by an RNA triphosphatase, transfer of a GMP molecule onto the 5′-end of RNA by a guanylyltransferase, and methylation of this guanosine by an (guanine-N7)-methyltransferase. Subsequent methylations on the first and second transcribed nucleotides by (nucleoside-2′-O)-methyltransferases form cap-1 and cap-2 structures.
4. Viruses have evolved highly diverse capping mechanisms to acquire cap structures using their own or cellular capping machineries, or by stealing cap structures from cellular mRNAs.
5. Virally encoded RNA-capping machineries are diverse in terms of their genetic components, protein domain organization, enzyme structures, and reaction mechanisms and pathways, making viral RNA capping an attractive target for antiviral-drug design.
A cap structure, which consists of a N7-methylated GTP molecule connected to the DNA very first transcribed nucleotide by such a 5′-5′ triphosphate bond, protects the 5′ ends of mRNAs.
A 5' cap structure as well as a 3' poly adenine tail shield mRNA from degradation after it is exported to the cytoplasm. Exonucleases gradually shorten the polyA tail in the deadenylation reliant mRNA decay pathway. The 5′ terminus of DNA pol II-transcribed RNA is modified significantly by methylation to form the mRNA cap. The RNA is shielded from deterioration, complexes essential in RNA processing, export, and translation initiation are recruited, and cellular mRNA is labelled as "self" to evade the innate immune system's detection.
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