The relative time of divergence from a common ancestor can be estimated by comparing the nucleotide/protein sequence.
What is sequence homo-logy?In molecular biology, sequence homo-logy means the degree of similarity between sequences due to a common ancestor.
A sequence is a given fragment of a single DNA strand where nucleotides are arranged in a specific linear order.
Divergence or separation between lineages is directly proportional to the level of sequence homo-logy.
In conclusion, the relative time of divergence from a common ancestor can be estimated by comparing the nucleotide/protein sequence.
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Control group is important for scientific study ? and why ?
1. What are the independent and dependent variables in each of the experiments?
2. What information should be added to the diagram to give the reader a better understanding of how these experiments
were conducted?
3. What items should have been CONTROLLED in the experiments?
4. How much confidence would you have in the conclusion of experiment 3 if you found out that the temperature was not
controlled? Explain your reasoning.
5. Create your own flow chart to answer a causal question.
When possible, scientists take a look at their hypotheses through the use of managed experiments. A managed test is a systematic take look at executed below-managed conditions, which means that simply one (or a few) elements are modified at a time, even as all others are saved consistently. We'll appear carefully at managed experiments within side the subsequent section.
In the three experiments, the dependent variable is evaporation, as it changes with the change in another variable.The independent variable in experiment 1 is temperature, experiment 2 is airflow, and experiment 3 is light.
The experiment can be understood better with the representation of the schematic that shows the setup to analyze how the experiment was performed. Therefore the diagram must add the schematic of the experiment.The controlled items in the experiment are the variables that are set at the particular unit to form the result. the controlled item in experiment 1 is temperature, experiment 2 is airflow from the fan, and experiment 3 is the intensity of light.The result of experiment 3 is based on the dependence on the intensity of light keeping temperature constant and controlled. If the temperature is not controlled in the experiment then it may lead to an alteration in the results as it depends on both light and temperature.The flow chart for the increase in pressure affecting the evaporation is given in the image attached.Read more about variables :
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Regarding the factors of true labor: distortion of the myometrium increases the sensitivity of the skeletal muscle layers. the fetal pituitary releases oxytocin in response to estrogens. placental estrogens decrease the sensitivity of the muscle cells of the myometrium. maternal oxytocin release is inhibited by high estrogen levels.
Regarding the factors of true labor, the the fetal pituitary releases oxytocin in response to estrogens.
What is oxytocin?It should be noted that oxytocin means a hormone that is involved in childbirth. It is associated with trust and empathy.
In this case, regarding the the factors of true labor, the the fetal pituitary releases oxytocin in response to estrogens.
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Why do calculations of recombination frequencies between loci that are far apart on chromosomes underestimate the true genetic distance between the loci?.
This is the complete question
A. Recombination frequencies cannot exceed 50% and asymptotically approach 50% as the distance between genes increases because only one crossover can occur per chromosome. B. As the distance between loci increases, some multiple crossovers go undetected such that the relationship between recombination frequency and map distance ceases to be linear. C.Loci that are far apart on a chromosome often recombine to produce combinations of alleles that result in a lethal phenotype and such recombinants are not recovered or identified. D. Loci that are far apart on a chromosome are often susceptible to a form of chromatic interference that results in reduced crossing over, and this interference does not occur for loci that are closer together. E. If two crossovers occur between two loci, then only nonrecombinant gametes are produced; therefore, recombination frequencies actually begin to decrease for more distant pairs of genes.
As the distance between loci increases, some multiple crossovers go undetected such that the relationship between recombination frequency and map distance ceases to be linear. Thus, option "B" is correct.
How, explain your answer briefly?When calculating recombination frequencies, and hence, map distances, we might notice that these distances are not completely additive. They might vary. For example, let us say that we have three genes, A, B, and C, in that order. We calculated that the distance between A and B equals 5.9 MU and that B and C are 19.5 MU apart. According to this, we might say that the total distance between A and C is 25.4 MU (5.9 + 19.5). However, after a two-point calculation between A and C, the value equals 23.7 MU.
The recombination frequency between these two genes located in the extremes and far apart underestimates the actual genetic distances between them because there might occur other crossing-overs that were not detected. This is when calculating the distance between A and C, we probably will not detect the occurrence of a double recombinant between them, and hence, we might sub-estimate the real distance.
The relationship between the actual map distance (number of crossing overs) and the recombination frequency between two loci, is not lineal. The farther apart are the two genes, the worse is the distance estimation.
Thus, option "B" is correct.
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Did you model weathering, erosion, or both in this lab? Give an example of a step of the lab in which you modeled a process to support your statement. If you say that you did not model one process, describe a way in which you could model that process using the same graham cracker setup.
Modeling of weathering and erosion can be performed in lab.
Lab: Investigate Weathering and ErosionIn this lab, we will be modeling the processes that break down rock using graham crackers as the crust and water and ices erosion agents.
Materials:Graham crackers: at least 2 identical rectangular sectionsPlastic knifeFrostingBowl3 clear glassesEyedropper/medicine dropperWaterIce cube tray or similar freezable containers smaller than a graham crackerAdditional materials as needed for your investigation, such as more graham crackers, hot water, ice, lemon juice, or a drinking strawProcedure of Modeling Weathering and Erosion using graham cracker:
1. Fill the ice cube tray or other tiny containers with 100 drops of water in each of the two or three cells using the eyedropper. Make the water entirely solid by freezing it for however long(for 3-4 hrs.).
2. Insert one graham cracker section into the bowl. To create a ramp-like structure out of the Graham Cracker, place one end on the bowl's lip and the other end at the bottom. To secure the cracker to the side of the bowl, dab some icing on the back of the cracker.
3.Add water to the eyedropper. Hold the dropper at a height of about 1 inch above the cracker's top. the dropper over the cracker in the middle. Apply 100 drips, always aiming for the same area.
4.Keep an eye on what the cracker does. Keep a record of your findings.
5. Pour the water into a glass that is clear after removing the Graham cracker. Make notes about the water, grading its cloudiness among your observations.
6.In the same manner as in step 2, clean and dry the bowl and add a Graham cracker to it. Grab an ice cube and wipe it over the graham cracker until it melts completely.
7.Remove the graham cracker and pour the melted water into the clear glass.
Result:Appearance of water collected after is moved across graham cracker.
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Anemia is a medical condition in which the affected person lacks enough red blood cells. What two effects will such a condition have on the patient?
The two effects will such a condition have on the patient are as follows:
The patient will have less hemoglobin in the blood.The patient will have a reduced oxygen supply to the cells.What is Anemia?Anemia may be defined as a condition that leads to a deficiency of hemoglobin or Red blood cells in the blood.
The complete question is as follows:
The patient will have less hemoglobin in the blood.The patient will have less immunity against bacteria.The patient will have a reduced oxygen supply to the cells.The patient will have a thicker blood composition.The patient will have increased platelets in the body.Red blood cells are accountable for carrying oxygen to cells and when a patient is suffering from anemia it leads to a reduced oxygen supply throughout the body.
Therefore, the correct options are A and C.
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Two different bacterial samples, a and b, were inoculated onto sim media. What can you conclude based on your observations?
The conclusion that can be made here is that:
A is motileSpecimen A gave indoleSpecimen B does not hydrogen sulfide (H2S)Specimen B does not have indoleWhat is a sim media inoculation?This is a type of laboratory practical that isb used to see if organisms are motile through the use of single stabs.
An organism is motile when there is a radiation from the stab mark which makes the tube it is in to turn turbid.
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Arrange the following events in the order in which they occurred.
Answer:
1→4→5→3→2
∙
Mitotic cell division starts with the condensing of chromosome accompanied by splitting of the centrosome and its movement towards the opposite poles.
∙
As the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear, spindle fibres arise from the centrosomes and start binding to the condensed chromosomes at the centromeres.
∙
The chromosomes bound by the spindle fibers are then arranged in the middle of the cell forming the equatorial metaphase plate.
∙
Next the centromere splits and the sister chromatids are pulled away towards the poles by the contraction of spindle fibres.
∙
Following this, a cleavage furrow starts to develop in the middle of the cell while the nuclear membrane starts to reappear around the separated chromatids.
∙
The condensed chromatids start thinning into chromatin fibre along with reappearance of the nucleolus and the cleavage furrow deepening further.
∙
Finally as the nuclear membrane becomes fully intact, the cleavage furrow deepens and split the cells from middle into two daughter cells.
What does the author predict about the future of the Earth's mantle? Do you support his educated guess? Use complete sentences to answer.
Because this region is immune to human meddling, the earth's mantle won't change in the future.
What transpires in the mantle of the Earth?We can determine the Earth's topography thanks to the heat and material transport taking place in the mantle. Plate tectonics is shifted by mantle activity, which also causes earthquakes, volcanoes, seafloor spreading, and the formation of mountains.
Therefore, since this area is protected from human interference, we can draw the conclusion that the earth's mantle won't alter in the future.
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in analyzing the number of different bases in a DNA sample, which result would be consistent with the base-pairing rules?
In analyzing the number of different bases in a DNA sample, the result would be consistent with the base-pairing rules is A+G = C+T.
What is the RNA base pairing rule?Base pairing occurs precisely: a purine base binds to a pyrimidine – adenine (A) on one chain pairs with thymine (T) on the other and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C).
In this case, the base pairing rule states that the number of adenine is equal to number of thymine. Similarly, the number of guanine is equal to number of cytosine.
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Consider the diagram of an internal feedback mechanism that the body uses to help maintain homeostasis.
The internal feedback mechanism is shown. Stimuli goes to the receptor to the coordinator to the effector to the response and then to feedback.
What is the role of the central nervous system in this model?
a) coordinator
b) effector
c) response
d) stimuli
The role of the central nervous system in this model is as coordinator (Option a).
What is the central nervous system?The central nervous system is a fundamental body system that acts by sending and receiving signals from the environment.
The central nervous system can act as a coordinator by modulating signals and thus maintaining the internal equilibrium (homeostasis).
In conclusion, the role of the central nervous system in this model is as coordinator (Option a).
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how many nanometers is the best resolution achieved with using a light microscope?
The best resolution that can be achieved with light microscopes is; 200nm
What is the resolution of the microscope?The light microscope is also called optical microscope and it is a type of microscope that primarily uses visible light and a system of lenses to produce magnified images of smaller objects.
The best resolution that can be achieved with light microscopes is about 0.2 microns or 200nm because the maximum useful magnification it can provide is approximately 1,000x.
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1. When mRNA moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm it attachs to another RNA
called rRNA, a protein assembly site referred to
mRNA moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and attaches to another RNA called rRNA, a protein assembly site referred to as the ribosome.
What is Ribosome?This is referred to an organelle which is responsible for protein synthesis in cells.
The mRNA is used as a template for the rRNA to attach at this point to aid in protein translation and production. rRNA ensures that the appropriate amino acids are added and also form part of the ribosome which are involved in catalysis of the reaction.
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describe 4 differences between a bactrial cell and a plant cell
Answer:
Genetic material, cell wall, photosynthesis, and ribosomes.
Extras: vacuole, flagella
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What environmental impacts does green roofs and double window glazing have?
Answer:
A green roof can increase building efficiency and help reduce electricity costs.
Explanation:
I hope this helps!
An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform _____ functions in a multicellular organism
Answer:
a certain functions
Explanation:
from about 450 to 300 million years ago, ______ dominated earth's vegetation, and then about 300 million years ago, ______ began to become more prominent.
From about 450 to 300 million years ago, bryophytes dominated the earth's vegetation, and then about 300 million years ago, gymnosperms began to become more prominent.
Evolution of plantsAbout 450 to 300 million years ago, most of the plants as we currently have them are yet to evolve according to evolutionists.
Instead, seedless vascular plants such as bryophytes were around. Many years after, these seedless plants evolved into vascular plants with seeds that are not enclosed in fruits.
Vascular plants with seeds but without fruits are known as gymnosperms. Plants whose seeds are enclosed in fruits, angiosperms, evolved thereafter.
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which statement is false about base stacking when nucleic acids are in a double-stranded conformation?
The statement that is false about base stacking is; B. Stacking interactions are hydrophilic in nature.
What is the truth about Base Stacking?Base stacking is defined as a common arrangement of nucleobases that are found in the three dimensional structure of nucleic acids. Bases (or base pairs) are planar, and these planes stack at contact distance , excluding water and maximizing Van der Waals interactions.
Looking at the given options, the only one that can be said to be false about the defined base stacking above as regards nucleic acids is option B.
The missing options are;
A. Stacking interactions occur when two or more bases are positioned with their rings parallel to each other.
B. Stacking interactions are hydrophilic in nature.
C. Stacking involves a combination of van der Waals and dipole-dipole interactions between bases.
D. Base stacking helps to minimize contact of the bases with water.
E. Base stacking interactions are important in stabilizing the three-dimensional structure of nucleic acids.
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In a scientific investigation, the term “quantitative data” refers to numbers that are usually followed by
units.
graphs.
written descriptions.
photos of measurement.
Quantitative data in scientific investigations are numbers usually followed by units. The first option is the correct one.
What are quantitative data?In relation to scientific investigation, quantitative data are attributes that are measurable or quantifiable. Thus, they can be assigned numerical values.
Because of the measurability, variables within quantitative data usually have units attached to them.
For example, height is measured in meters, feet, centimeters, etc.
Quantitative data is opposed to qualitative data because the latter cannot be assigned a numerical value.
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Answer:
A. units.
Explanation:
i got it right
What does integrin do?
Integrin acts as transmembrane linkers and mediates the interactions between the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix.
What is Integrin?
They are proteins which possesses catalytic and structural functions in the body of organisms.
This is done through their ability to regulate different reactions which occur in cells.
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The chart below shows the three main types of plant tissues and associated tissues.
The chart shows the 3 main types of plant tissues and associated tissues. Plant tissue is divided into dermal, ground, and 1. Ground is divided into 2, Collenchyma, 3. 1 is divided into 4 and 5.
Which row (A, B, C, or D) best completes the chart above?
1
2
3
4
5
A
Vascular
Xylem
Parenchyma
Phloem
Sclerenchyma
B
Xylem
Phloem
Vascular
Sclerenchyma
Parenchyma
C
Parenchyma
Vascular
Xylem
Phloem
Sclerenchyma
D
Vascular
Sclerenchyma
Parenchyma
Xylem
Phloem
A
B
C
D
The plant tissues can be subdivided in the chart as Vascular Sclerenchyma Parenchyma Xylem Phloem. Thus, the correct option is D.
What role does the sclerenchyma play?Sclerenchyma's primary job is to offer mechanical support. They are made up of lengthy, slender cells that have a thick lignified wall. They lack protoplast and are largely dead.
The complete chart and table are given in the image attached.
A basic permanent tissue known as parenchyma makes up a large portion of the ground tissues of plants, where vascular tissues and other tissues are attached. They are non-vascular and made up of undifferentiated, primitive living cells that have undergone modifications to carry out distinct tasks.
Xylem, along with phloem and cambium, is a key component of vascular tissue. Its primary functions include providing mechanical support and storage as well as moving water and solutes from the plant-soil interface to the stems and leaves.
Parenchyma cells, are also a component of phloem and are essential for the storage of water, non-structural carbohydrates, and storage proteins.
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Answer: it’s D
Explanation: truss
_______ uses a rigid or flexible scope, which is inserted through the urethra and advanced into the renal pelvis and ureter.
The blank space in the task content should be filled with; Ureteroscopy.
What is a Ureteroscopy?The ureteroscopy examination, involves inserting a thin, flexible scope into the patients bladder and ureter (the urine-carrying tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder). This is done in a bid to detect abnormalities such as kidney stones.
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The process during which a cell eats itself is referred to as.
How does dermal tissue help plants on a hot day?
It releases substances so plants can absorb more water from the soil.
It has a waxy material that prevents the loss of water to the environment.
It has guard cells that open to prevent the loss of water to the environment.
It contains chemical substances that allow plants to use water more quickly.
which part of the body contains enyzmes that break down protein
Answer: Stomach
Explanation:
The stomach produces pepsin which is an enzyme that digest proteins.
Answer:
In the stomach, pepsin is the main digestive enzyme attacking proteins.A bird's wing and the wing of an insect are examples of
A birds wing and the wing of an Insect are examples of; analogous organs
What are the organs of the animal?A birds wing and the wing of an Insect are examples of analogous organs.
Analogous organs are the opposite of homologous organs and they are defined as are those organs of different animals that look different in structure but perform a common function.
An example of an analogous trait is the wings of insects and birds that evolved independently in each lineage separately after diverging from an ancestor without wings.
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An organ is a part of the body composed of two or more tissue types and is designed to perform at least one specific physiological function
Accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity will most likely cause:
According to the research, accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity will most likely cause distention.
What is distention?It is the dilated state of organic cavities (abdomen), hollow organs (intestine, stomach, pericardium, abdomen, bladder, gallbladder, vena cava) and solid organs (hepatic capsule, etc.).
In this state the abdominal cavity can experience a certain degree of enlargement of its contents without rupturing.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity will most likely cause distention.
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An immunocompromised host is one who shows a decrease in ______.
An immunocompromised host is one who shows a decrease in the ability to mount an immune defense to infection because the immune system is damaged and it is weak which can not fight infections.
What is immunocompromised host?An immunocompromised host refer to a person whose immune system is weak or damage and does not have tye ability to fight incoming infections.
Therefore, An immunocompromised host is one who shows a decrease in the ability to mount an immune defense to infection because the immune system is damaged and it is weak which can not fight infections.
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Can you think of a physiologic process that is not under the control of a homeostatic reflex system?.
Hair and nail growth are not homeostatically controlled. There is no miracle in using exuberance to handle these procedures. The disadvantage is that they can produce very long and interrupt normal activities.
Hair and nail growth are not homeostatic ally controlled. The disadvantage is that they can produce very long and interrupt normal activities.
What is homeostasis ?It is a physiological process where body to maintain the internal environment in response to changes in outer external environment.
Internal environment means the interstitial fluids while external environment refers to the environment in which organisms live.
Any fluctuation in homeostasis leads to death or a disease of an organism, called as homeostatic imbalance.
The diseases include diabetes, dehydration, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, gout etc.
The controlling factors of homeostasis are stimulus can be any physical, chemical or environmental factors leads to deviation of normal body’s environment
Receptor receives the stimulus and pass to the control center like neuron.
Regulator can control coordinator center receives and processes information from the receptor like Hypothalamus.
Effector can control commands from stimulus like Glands, muscles
Response refers to any reaction response to the stimulus.
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