Solve the following differential equation by using integrating factors. xy' = y + 4x ln x, y(1) = 9

Given identity is `csc x (csc x + 1) = (sinx+1)/ sin^2 x

To verify the identity `csc x (csc x + 1) = (sinx+1)/ sin^2 x`, we will use the identities:

`cosec θ = 1 / sin θ`and `1 + tan^2 θ = sec^2 θ`

In order to use the identity, we first have to convert `cosec θ` into `sin θ`.`

cosec θ = 1 / sin θ

``1 / (cosec θ + 1) = sin θ`

We will replace `cosec θ` with `1 / sin θ` in the left side of the given identity.

`csc x (csc x + 1) = (sinx+1)/ sin^2 x`

We replace `csc x` with `1 / sin x` to get the new identity.

`1/sinx (1/sinx + 1) = (sinx + 1) / sin^2 x`

Now, we will replace `1 / (sin x + 1)` with `cos x / sin x` (from the identity `1 + tan^2 θ = sec^2 θ` with `θ` as `x`).

`1 / sin x + 1 = cos x / sin x``1 / sin x (cos x / sin x) = (sinx + 1) / sin^2 x`

On simplifying, we get:

`cos x + 1 = sin x + 1`

This is true. Thus, we have verified the identity `csc x (csc x + 1) = (sinx+1)/ sin^2 x`.

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An ellipse is a closed curve in a plane, defined as the set of all points for which the sum of the distances from two fixed points, called the foci, is constant.

The major semi-axis of an ellipse is the distance from the center to the farthest point on the ellipse along the major axis, and the minor semi-axis is the distance from the center to the farthest point on the ellipse along the minor axis.

In this case, the center of the ellipse is at the origin (0, 0) of the Cartesian coordinates. The major semi-axis is 8, and the minor semi-axis is 10.

To find the coordinates of the foci of the ellipse, we can use the formula c = sqrt(a^2 - b^2), where c is the distance from the center to each focus, and a and b are the lengths of the major and minor semi-axes, respectively.

For the given ellipse, a = 8 and b = 10. Plugging these values into the formula, we have c = sqrt(8^2 - 10^2) = sqrt(64 - 100) = sqrt(-36).

Since the value under the square root is negative, it means that the foci of the ellipse are imaginary. Therefore, the ellipse does not have real foci.

Now let's find the intercepts of the line 2x + y = 3 with the ellipse (x - 1/2)^2 + (y + 1)^2 = 4.

To find the intercepts, we substitute y = 3 - 2x into the equation of the ellipse:

(x - 1/2)^2 + (3 - 2x + 1)^2 = 4

Expanding and simplifying, we get:

(x^2 - x + 1/4) + (4x^2 - 8x + 4) = 4

Combining like terms:

5x^2 - 9x + 9/4 = 0

To solve this quadratic equation, we can use the quadratic formula:

x = (-b ± sqrt(b^2 - 4ac)) / (2a)

For our equation, a = 5, b = -9, and c = 9/4. Plugging these values into the quadratic formula, we have:

x = (-(-9) ± sqrt((-9)^2 - 4 * 5 * (9/4))) / (2 * 5)

x = (9 ± sqrt(81 - 45)) / 10

x = (9 ± sqrt(36)) / 10

x = (9 ± 6) / 10

We get two solutions for x:

x = 3/2 or x = 3/5

Substituting these values back into the equation 2x + y = 3, we can find the corresponding y-intercepts:

For x = 3/2:

2 * (3/2) + y = 3

3 + y = 3

y = 0

So the point of intersection is (3/2, 0).

For x = 3/5:

2 * (3/5) + y = 3

6/5 + y = 3

y = 3 - 6/5

y = 15/5 - 6/5

y = 9/5

So the point of intersection is (3/5, 9/5).

Therefore, the intercepts of the line 2x + y = 3 with the ellipse (x - 1/2)^2 + (y + 1)^2 = 4 are (3/2, 0) and (3/5, 9/5).

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(a) The power series is given by [tex]\[\sum_{n} \left[\frac{(n+1)^{2n}}{6^{\sqrt{n}}}\right] \cdot (3x+1)^n\][/tex].

To find the radius and interval of convergence, we can use the ratio test:

[tex]\lim_{{n \to \infty}} \frac{{|(n+2)^{2(n+2)} / 6^{\sqrt{n+2}} \cdot (3x+1)^{n+2}|}}{{|(n+1)^{2n} / 6^{\sqrt{n}} \cdot (3x+1)^n|}} \\\[[/tex]

[tex]&=\lim_{{n \to \infty}} \frac{{(n+2)^{2(n+2)}}}{{(n+1)^{2n}}} \cdot \frac{{6^{\sqrt{n}}}}{{6^{\sqrt{n+2}}}} \cdot \frac{{(3x+1)^{n+2}}}{{(3x+1)^n}}\]\\&= \lim_{{n \to \infty}} \frac{{(n+2)^{2n+4} / (n+1)^{2n}}}{{6^{\sqrt{n}} / 6^{\sqrt{n+2}}} \cdot (3x+1)^2} \\&= \lim_{{n \to \infty}} \frac{{(n+2)^2 / (n+1)^2} \cdot {\sqrt{6^n} / \sqrt{6^{n+2}}} \cdot (3x+1)^2} \\\\&= \frac{{1}}{{1}} \cdot \frac{{\sqrt{6^n}}}{{\sqrt{6^n}}} \cdot (3x+1)^2 \\&= (3x+1)^2[/tex]

The series will converge if [tex]|3x+1|^2 < 1[/tex]

[tex]-1 < 3x+1 < 1, \quad -2 < 3x < 0, \quad -\frac{2}{3} < x < 0[/tex]

Therefore, the radius of convergence is [tex]R = \frac{2}{3}[/tex], and the interval of convergence is [tex][\frac{-2}{3}, 0)[/tex].

(b) The power series is given by [tex]\[\sum_{n} (n+1)^{2n+1} \cdot (x-1)^{n}\][/tex].

To find the radius and interval of convergence, we can again use the ratio test:

[tex]\[\lim_{{n \to \infty}} \frac{{(n+2)^{{2(n+2)+1}} \cdot (x-1)^{{n+2}}}}{{(n+1)^{{2n+1}} \cdot (x-1)^n}} \\= \lim_{{n \to \infty}} \frac{{(n+2)^{{2n+5}}}}{{(n+1)^{{2n+1}}}} \cdot \frac{{(x-1)^{{n+2}}}}{{(x-1)^n}} \\= \lim_{{n \to \infty}} \frac{{(n+2)^4}}{{(n+1)^2}} \cdot (x-1)^2 \\= 1 \cdot (x-1)^2\][/tex]

The series will converge if [tex]|x-1|^2 < 1[/tex]

[tex]So, -1 < x-1 < 1, 0 < x < 2.[/tex]

Therefore, the radius of convergence is R = 1, and the interval of convergence is (0, 2).

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Given the system of differential equations as follows:

[tex]\frac{dx}{dt} = -y\\\frac{dy}{dt} = -4x+3[/tex]

[tex]y(0) = 4 ,[/tex]

[tex]x (0) = \frac{7}{4}[/tex]

Taking Laplace transform on both sides of the equation, we get:

Laplace transform of [tex]\frac{dx}{dt} = sX(s) - x(0)[/tex]

Laplace transform of [tex]\frac{dx}{dt} = sX(s) - x(0)[/tex] Laplace transform of[tex]-y = - Y(s)[/tex]

Laplace transform of [tex](-4x+3) = - 4X(s) + 3/s[/tex]

Now the system of differential equations is:[tex]sX(s) = - Y(s) ......(1)sY(s)[/tex]

[tex]= - 4X(s) + 3/s ......(2)x(0)[/tex]

[tex]=\frac{7}{4}[/tex];

[tex]y(0) = 4[/tex]

Laplace transform of[tex]x(0) = 7/4X(s)[/tex]

Laplace transform of [tex]y(0) = 4Y(s)[/tex]

Substitute the initial conditions in the above equations to get the values of X(s) and Y(s).

[tex]7/4X(s)[/tex]

[tex]= 7/4; X(s)[/tex]

[tex]= 1Y(s)[/tex]

[tex]= (4+Y(s))/s + (28/4)/sX(s)[/tex]

[tex]= - Y(s)X(s) + Y(s)[/tex]

= 1 ......(3)Solving (2),

we get: [tex]sY(s) + 4X(s) = 3/s[/tex] .......(4) Substitute the value of X(s) in (4).

[tex]sY(s) + 4/s = 3/s[/tex]

Simplify and get Y(s).[tex]Y(s) = 3/(s(s+4))Y(s)[/tex]

[tex]= 1/4[(1/s) - (1/(s+4))][/tex]

Take the inverse Laplace transform to find y(t).

[tex]y(t) = \frac{1}{4}[u(t) - e^{-4t}u(t)]y(t)[/tex]

[tex]$\frac{1}{4}[u(t) - e^{-4t}u(t)]$[/tex]

Solve (3) to find X(s).

[tex]X(s) = 1 - Y(s)[/tex]

Substitute the value of Y(s) in the above equation to get X(s).

[tex]X(s) = 1 - \frac{1}{4} \left [ \frac{1}{s} - \frac{1}{s+4} \right ] X(s)[/tex]

[tex]\frac{1}{4} \left( -\frac{4}{s(s+4)} \right) X(s) = 1 + \frac{1}{s} - \frac{1}{s+4}[/tex]

Take the inverse Laplace transform to find x(t).

[tex]x(t) = \un{u(t)}} + {1}{} - {e^{-4t}u(t)}_[/tex]

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The tensions in the two ropes are T₁ and T₂, where: T₁ = (T₂ * sin(θ₂)) / sin(θ₁) T₂ = 400 N / sin(θ₂ + θ₁)a) Here is a vector diagram illustrating the situation:

```

    T₁

   /|\

  / | \

 /  |  \

/   |   \

/    |    \

O-----O-----O

 θ₁   θ₂

```

In the diagram, the object is represented by "O" and is hanging from two ropes attached to the ceiling. The angles θ₁ and θ₂ represent the angles between the ropes and the ceiling. The tensions in the ropes are represented by T₁ and T₂.

b) To calculate the tensions in the two ropes, we can analyze the forces acting on the object in equilibrium.

In the vertical direction, the weight of the object is balanced by the vertical components of the tensions in the ropes. Therefore, we have:

T₁ * cos(θ₁) + T₂ * cos(θ₂) = 400 N     (equation 1)

In the horizontal direction, the horizontal components of the tensions in the ropes cancel each other out since there is no horizontal acceleration. Therefore, we have:

T₁ * sin(θ₁) = T₂ * sin(θ₂)       (equation 2)

Now we can solve these equations to find the tensions in the ropes.

From equation 2, we can rearrange it to express T₁ in terms of T₂:

T₁ = (T₂ * sin(θ₂)) / sin(θ₁)

Substituting this expression for T₁ into equation 1, we have:

(T₂ * sin(θ₂)) / sin(θ₁) * cos(θ₁) + T₂ * cos(θ₂) = 400 N

Simplifying, we get:

T₂ * (sin(θ₂) * cos(θ₁) + cos(θ₂) * sin(θ₁)) = 400 N

Using the trigonometric identity sin(a + b) = sin(a) * cos(b) + cos(a) * sin(b), we can rewrite the equation as:

T₂ * sin(θ₂ + θ₁) = 400 N

Finally, solving for T₂:

T₂ = 400 N / sin(θ₂ + θ₁)

Similarly, we can find T₁ by substituting the value of T₂ back into equation 2:

T₁ = (T₂ * sin(θ₂)) / sin(θ₁)

Therefore, the tensions in the two ropes are T₁ and T₂, where:

T₁ = (T₂ * sin(θ₂)) / sin(θ₁)

T₂ = 400 N / sin(θ₂ + θ₁)

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The production function y = [tex]x1 + x2[/tex]is strictly concave on R++ because the second derivative of y with respect to[tex]x_1[/tex]is constant and negative, indicating concavity.

(a) The degree of homogeneity of a production function is determined by the exponents of the inputs in the function. In this case, the production function is y = f([tex]x_1, x_2[/tex]) =[tex]x1^2 + x2[/tex]. To determine the degree of homogeneity, we need to check if the production function satisfies the condition of homogeneity.

Let's consider an arbitrary positive scalar λ. If we substitute λx1 and λx2 into the production function, we get f(λ[tex]x_1[/tex], λ[tex]x_2[/tex]) = (λ[tex]x_1[/tex])^2 + λ[tex]x_2[/tex] =λ[tex]^2(x_1^2)[/tex]+ λ[tex]x_2.[/tex]

Since the term λ^2 appears in the result, we can conclude that the production function is not homogeneous of degree one. Therefore, the degree of homogeneity of the production function y = [tex]x_1^2 + x_2[/tex] is not one.

(b) To prove that the production function y =[tex]x_1 + x_2[/tex] is strictly concave on R++, we need to show that the second derivative of the production function is negative for all values of [tex]x_1 and x_2[/tex] in R++.

The production function y =[tex]x_1 + x_2[/tex] has constant first-order partial derivatives, which implies that the second-order partial derivatives are zero. Since the second derivative is zero, it is not negative for all values of [tex]x_1[/tex] and [tex]x_2[/tex] in R++. Therefore, we cannot conclude that the production function y =[tex]x_1 + x_2[/tex] is strictly concave on R++.

(a) To determine the degree of homogeneity, we substitute λ [tex]x_1[/tex] and λ[tex]x_2[/tex] into the production function and observe the result. If the result involves λ raised to a power other than one, the production function is not homogeneous of degree one.

(b) To prove strict concavity, we need to show that the second derivative is negative. However, for the production function [tex]y = x_1 + x_2[/tex], the second-order partial derivatives are zero, which means we cannot conclude strict concavity.

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The solution to the initial value problem x' = [1 -5; 1 -3]x, x(0) = [H], can be expressed as -tcos(t)-2sin(t), [tex]sin(t)e^(^-^t^)[/tex], [cos(t) + 4sin(t)]sin(t) -tcos(t) + 2sin(t), -2tcos(t) + 2sin(t)sin(t), -2t[cos(t) + sin(t)].

The solution to the given initial value problem is a vector function consisting of five components. The first component is -tcos(t)-2sin(t), the second component is[tex]sin(t)e^(^-^t^)[/tex], the third component is [cos(t) + 4sin(t)]sin(t), the fourth component is -tcos(t) + 2sin(t), and the fifth component is -2t[cos(t) + sin(t)]. These components represent the values of the function x at different points in time, starting from the initial time t = 0. The solution is derived by solving the system of differential equations represented by the matrix [1 -5; 1 -3] and applying the initial condition x(0) = [H].

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To find the marketing expenditure that maximizes sales for a certain product, we can use the given information that for every thousand dollars spent on marketing, 7x Q(x) = 27 + 22x thousand units of the product will be sold.

By analyzing the equation and finding the maximum point, we can determine the marketing expenditure that leads to maximum sales and calculate the corresponding number of units sold.

To find the marketing expenditure that maximizes sales, we need to determine the value of x that maximizes the function Q(x). The equation 7x Q(x) = 27 + 22x represents the relationship between the marketing expenditure x and the number of units sold Q(x) in thousands.

To find the maximum point, we can take the derivative of Q(x) with respect to x and set it equal to zero. Solving this equation will give us the value of x that maximizes sales.

Once we find the value of x that maximizes sales, we can substitute it back into the equation 7x Q(x) = 27 + 22x to calculate the corresponding number of units sold.

Therefore, by analyzing the equation and finding the maximum point, we can determine the marketing expenditure that leads to maximum sales and calculate the corresponding number of units sold.

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The Laplace transformation of f(x) = e*sin(x) is F(s) = (s - i) / (s^2 + 1), where s is the complex variable.



To find the Laplace transformation of f(x) = e*sin(x), we utilize the definition of the Laplace transform and apply it to the given function. The Laplace transform of a function f(x) is denoted as F(s), where s is a complex variable.

Using the properties of the Laplace transform, we can break down the given function into two separate transforms. The transform of e is 1/s, and the transform of sin(x) is 1 / (s^2 + 1). Therefore, we have:

L[e*sin(x)] = L[e] * L[sin(x)]

           = 1 / s * 1 / (s^2 + 1)

           = 1 / (s(s^2 + 1))

           = (s - i) / (s^2 + 1)

Thus, the Laplace transformation of f(x) = e*sin(x) is F(s) = (s - i) / (s^2 + 1), where s is the complex variable. This expression represents the transformed function in the s-domain, which allows for further analysis and manipulation using Laplace transform properties and techniques.

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General solution of the given differential equation is given by:

[tex]$$u = {e^{mx}}(c_1{e^{k_1}x} + c_2{e^{k_2}x})y(x) + {e^{mx}}(c_1 \cos (\frac{{\sqrt {2\mu - {\mu ^2} - 36{m^2}} }}{4}x) + c_2 \sin (\frac{{\sqrt {2\mu - {\mu ^2} - 36{m^2}} }}{4}x))y(x)$$[/tex]

Where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants.

i) To find the general solutions of the given differential equation, we proceed as follows:

[tex]$$uxx - 4u_{x} + u_{y} + 2u = 9 \sin (3x - y) + 19 \cos (3x - y)$$[/tex]

Using the characteristic equation: [tex]$$r^2 - 4r + 1 = 0$$[/tex]

Solving it, we get

$$r = \frac{{4 \pm \sqrt {14} }}{2} = 2 \pm \sqrt 3 $$

Therefore, the complementary function is given by:

[tex]$$u_{c} = {e^{2x}}(c_1 \cos (\sqrt 3 x) + c_2 \sin (\sqrt 3 x))$$[/tex]

Particular integral: To find the particular integral, we follow the steps as mentioned below: Homogeneous equation:

[tex]$$u_{xx} - 4u_{x} + u_{y} + 2u = 0$$[/tex]

Now, consider a particular integral of the form:

[tex]$$u_{p} = (A\sin (3x - y) + B\cos (3x - y))$$[/tex]

Differentiating once with respect to x:

[tex]$$u_{px} = 3A\cos (3x - y) - 3B\sin (3x - y)$$[/tex]

Differentiating twice with respect to x:

[tex]$$u_{pxx} = - 9A\sin (3x - y) - 9B\cos (3x - y)$$[/tex]

Differentiating with respect to y:

[tex]$$u_{py} = - A\cos (3x - y) - B\sin (3x - y)$$[/tex]

Substituting the above values in the given equation, we get:

[tex]$$ - 9A\sin (3x - y) - 9B\cos (3x - y) - 4(3A\cos (3x - y) - 3B\sin (3x - y)) + ( - A\cos (3x - y) - B\sin (3x - y)) + 2(A\sin (3x - y) + B\cos (3x - y)) = 9\sin (3x - y) + 19\cos (3x - y) $$[/tex]

Simplifying the above equation, we get:

[tex]$$[ - 6A - B + 2A + 2B]\cos (3x - y) + [ - 6B + A + 2A + 2B]\sin (3x - y) = 9\sin (3x - y) + 19\cos (3x - y) + 9A\sin (3x - y) + 9B\cos (3x - y) $$[/tex]

Comparing coefficients of [tex]$\sin (3x - y)$ and $\cos (3x - y)$, we get:$$ - 7A + 4B = 0\hspace{0.5cm}(1)$$$$4A + 23B = 19\hspace{0.5cm}(2)$$[/tex]

Solving equations (1) and (2), we get:

[tex]$$A = \frac{{23}}{{103}}$$\\[/tex]

Substituting the value of A in equation (1), we get:

[tex]$$B = \frac{{161}}{{309}}$$[/tex]

Therefore, the particular integral is given by:

[tex]$$u_{p} = \frac{{23}}{{103}}\sin (3x - y) + \frac{{161}}{{309}}\cos (3x - y)$$[/tex]

The general solution of the given differential equation is given by:

[tex]$$u = u_{c} + u_{p}$$$$u = {e^{2x}}(c_1 \cos (\sqrt 3 x) + c_2 \sin (\sqrt 3 x)) + \frac{{23}}{{103}}\sin (3x - y) + \frac{{161}}{{309}}\cos (3x - y)$$ii) $$4u_{xx} + 4u_{x} + u + 12\mu x + 6\mu y + 9u = 0$$[/tex]

Let [tex]$$u = {e^{mx}}y(x)$$[/tex]

Differentiating w.r.t x, we get:

[tex]$$u_{x} = m{e^{mx}}y + {e^{mx}}y'$$[/tex]

Differentiating again w.r.t x, we get:

[tex]$$u_{xx} = m^2{e^{mx}}y + 2m{e^{mx}}y' + {e^{mx}}y''$$[/tex]

Substituting the above values, we get:

[tex]$$4{e^{mx}}[m^2y + 2my' + y''] + 4{e^{mx}}[my + y'] + {e^{mx}}y + 12\mu x + 6\mu y + 9{e^{mx}}y = 0$$[/tex]

Simplifying the above equation, we get:

[tex]$$4{e^{mx}}y'' + (8m + 4\mu ){e^{mx}}y' + (4m^2 + 9){e^{mx}}y + 12\mu x = 0$$$$4y'' + (8m + 4\mu )y' + (4m^2 + 9)y + 12\mu xy = 0$$[/tex]

Characteristic equation:

[tex]$$4r^2 + (8m + 4\mu )r + (4m^2 + 9) = 0$$[/tex]

Solving the above equation, we get:

[tex]$$r = \frac{{ - 2m - \mu \pm \sqrt {{{(2m + \mu )}^2} - 4(4{m^2} + 9)} }}{8}$$Case (i):$$r = \frac{{ - 2m - \mu + \sqrt {{{(2m + \mu )}^2} - 4(4{m^2} + 9)} }}{8} = {k_1}$$$$r = \frac{{ - 2m - \mu - \sqrt {{{(2m + \mu )}^2} - 4(4{m^2} + 9)} }}{8} = {k_2}$$[/tex]

The complementary function is given by:

[tex]$$u_{c} = {e^{mx}}(c_1{e^{k_1}x} + c_2{e^{k_2}x})y(x)$$Case (ii):$$r = \frac{{ - 2m - \mu + \sqrt {{{(2m + \mu )}^2} - 4(4{m^2} + 9)} }}{8}$$$$r = \frac{{ - 2m - \mu - \sqrt {{{(2m + \mu )}^2} - 4(4{m^2} + 9)} }}{8}$$[/tex]

Therefore, the complementary function is given by:

[tex]$$u_{c} = {e^{mx}}(c_1 \cos (\frac{{\sqrt {2\mu - {\mu ^2} - 36{m^2}} }}{4}x) + c_2 \sin (\frac{{\sqrt {2\mu - {\mu ^2} - 36{m^2}} }}{4}x))y(x)$$[/tex]

General solution:

The general solution of the given differential equation is given by:

[tex]$$u = {e^{mx}}(c_1{e^{k_1}x} + c_2{e^{k_2}x})y(x) + {e^{mx}}(c_1 \cos (\frac{{\sqrt {2\mu - {\mu ^2} - 36{m^2}} }}{4}x) + c_2 \sin (\frac{{\sqrt {2\mu - {\mu ^2} - 36{m^2}} }}{4}x))y(x)$$[/tex]

Where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants.

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Answer:

C is the answer.

Step-by-step explanation:

The chi-squared value to the critical value will allow us to determine whether the suspicion that not all four dice are fair is supported by the data.

Let's set up the hypotheses for the test:

Null Hypothesis (H0): All four dice are fair.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): At least one of the dice is unfair.

To conduct the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test, we need to calculate the expected frequencies for each outcome assuming fair dice. Since we have four dice, each with six possible outcomes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), the expected frequency for each number of sixes can be calculated as:

Expected Frequency = (Total number of rounds) × (Probability of getting that number of sixes)

The probability of getting a specific number of sixes with four fair dice can be calculated using the binomial probability formula:

P(X=k) = (n choose k) ×([tex]p^{k}[/tex]) * ([tex](1-p)^{n-k}[/tex])

where n is the number of dice, k is the number of sixes, and p is the probability of getting a six on a single fair die.

Let's calculate the expected frequencies and perform the chi-squared test:

Number of sixes: 0 1 2 3 4

Number of rounds: 43 30 12 8 7

First, calculate the expected frequencies assuming fair dice:

Expected Frequency: 43 30 12 8 7

Actual Frequency: 43 30 12 8 7

Next, calculate the chi-squared statistic:

Chi-squared = ∑ [(Observed Frequency - Expected Frequency)² / Expected Frequency]

Chi-squared = [(43 - 43)² / 43] + [(30 - 30)² / 30] + [(12 - 12)² / 12] + [(8 - 8)² / 8] + [(7 - 7)² / 7]

Finally, compare the calculated chi-squared value to the critical chi-squared value at a chosen significance level (e.g., α = 0.05) with degrees of freedom equal to the number of categories minus 1 (in this case, 5 - 1 = 4).

If the calculated chi-squared value exceeds the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that at least one of the dice is unfair. Otherwise, if the calculated chi-squared value is less than or equal to the critical value, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and do not have sufficient evidence to conclude that any of the dice are unfair.

Note that the critical chi-squared value can be obtained from a chi-squared distribution table or calculated using statistical software.

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To find the value of A, we can solve the given differential equation for its steady-state or long-term behavior.

In the long run, when t grows to infinity, the value of Yₜ approaches a constant, denoted as A. Substituting this into the equation, we have:

A = 0.12A + 2.5

To solve for A, we can rearrange the equation:

A - 0.12A = 2.5

0.88A = 2.5

A = 2.5 / 0.88

A ≈ 2.84

Therefore, the value of A, to two decimal places, is approximately 2.84.

The correct difference equation is:

Yₜ₊₁ = 0.12Yₜ + 2.5

To find the value of A, we need to solve the equation for its steady-state or long-term behavior, where Yₜ approaches a constant A as t grows to infinity.

Setting Yₜ₊₁ = Yₜ = A in the equation, we have:

A = 0.12A + 2.5

To solve for A, we rearrange the equation:

A - 0.12A = 2.5

0.88A = 2.5

A = 2.5 / 0.88

A ≈ 2.84

Therefore, the value of A, to two decimal places, is approximately 2.84.

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The value of u to the nearest tenth for the proportion is approximately 1.6.

To solve the given proportion for u, we can cross-multiply the terms on either side of the equation.

This gives:

4/u = 17/7 (cross-multiplying gives)

4 × 7 = 17 × u

28 = 17u

Now, we can isolate u by dividing both sides of the equation by 17:

28/17 = u ≈ 1.6

Therefore, the value of u that satisfies the given proportion is approximately 1.6 when rounded to the nearest tenth. Thus, rounding 1.5294 to the nearest tenth gives 1.5, and rounding 1.5882 to the nearest tenth gives 1.6.

In summary,u ≈ 1.6 (rounded to the nearest tenth).

Therefore, the value of u that satisfies the given proportion is approximately 1.6 when rounded to the nearest tenth.

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The correct answer is D. nullity(A) = 1

To find the values of det(A), rank(A), and nullity(A) for the given matrix A, we need to perform the necessary calculations.

Given matrix A:

A = diag(-2, -1, 2)

1. det(A): The determinant of a diagonal matrix is equal to the product of its diagonal elements.

det(A) = (-2) * (-1) * 2 = 4

2. rank(A): The rank of a matrix is the maximum number of linearly independent rows or columns in the matrix.

Since A is a diagonal matrix, the number of linearly independent rows or columns is equal to the number of non-zero diagonal elements. In this case, A has three non-zero diagonal elements, so the rank(A) = 3.

3. nullity(A): The nullity of a matrix is the dimension of the null space, which is the set of all solutions to the homogeneous equation A * X = 0.

For a diagonal matrix, the nullity is the number of zero diagonal elements. In this case, A has one zero diagonal element, so the nullity(A) = 1.

Now, let's put the values in increasing order:

A. det(A) = 4

B. det(A) = 4

C. rank(A) = 3

D. nullity(A) = 1

The correct order is D < C < A = B.

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The value of a₁ + a₂ + a₃ + aₛ is 16.

Given that y₁(x) =[tex]e^{(-cos(3x))[/tex] is a solution of the differential equation y⁽⁴⁾ + a₁y⁽³⁾ + a₂y″ + a₃y + ay = 0, we can conclude that the characteristic equation associated with this differential equation has roots corresponding to the exponents in the solution.

We are given that r = 2 - i is one of the roots of the characteristic equation. Complex roots of the characteristic equation always occur in conjugate pairs.

Therefore, the conjugate of r is its complex conjugate, which is 2 + i.

The characteristic equation can be expressed as (x - r)(x - 2 + i)(x - 2 - i)(x - s) = 0, where s represents the remaining root(s).

Since r = 2 - i is a root, we can conclude that its conjugate, 2 + i, is also a root. This means that (x - 2 + i)(x - 2 - i) = (x - 2)² + 1 = x² - 4x + 5 is a factor of the characteristic equation.

To find the sum of the remaining roots, we equate the coefficients of the remaining factor (x - s) to zero. Expanding the factor gives us x² - (4 + a₃)x + (5a₃ + aₛ) = 0.

By comparing coefficients, we find that -4 - a₃ = 0, which implies a₃ = -4. Furthermore, since the sum of the roots of a quadratic equation is equal to the negation of the coefficient of x, we can conclude that aₛ = -5a₃ = 20.

Therefore, the sum of a₁, a₂, a₃, and aₛ is a₁ + a₂ + a₃ + aₛ = 0 + 0 - 4 + 20 = 16.

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The objective is to maximize the function z = x₁ + 5x₂, subject to two inequality constraints: 3x₁ + 4x₂ ≤ 6 and x₁ + 3x₂ ≥ 2. Additionally, the variables x₁ and x₂ are both required to be greater than or equal to zero.

To solve this problem using the M-method, we introduce slack variables and an artificial variable to convert the inequality constraints into equalities. This allows us to use the simplex method to find the optimal solution.

First, we rewrite the inequality constraints as equality constraints by introducing slack variables. The first constraint becomes 3x₁ + 4x₂ + s₁ = 6, where s₁ is the slack variable, and the second constraint becomes x₁ + 3x₂ - s₂ = 2, where s₂ is another slack variable.

Next, we introduce an artificial variable, A, for each slack variable. The objective function is modified to include a penalty term by adding a large positive constant M multiplied by the sum of the artificial variables: z = x₁ + 5x₂ - MA - MB.

We set up the initial tableau and perform the simplex method, following the steps of the M-method. The artificial variables A and B enter the basis initially. The artificial variable A is then removed from the basis since its coefficient becomes zero, and the iterations continue until an optimal solution is reached.

The optimal solution will provide the values of x₁ and x₂ that maximize the objective function z. Any non-zero value of the artificial variables indicates that the original problem is infeasible.

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To find the residues in each of the given cases, we will use the formula:

Res(f(z), z = z0) = (1/(m-1)!) * lim(z->z0) [(d/dz)^m-1 [(z-z0)^m * f(z)]]
(a) Res2

Using the formula above, we can write:
Res(z1, z = 2) = (1/1!) * lim(z->2) [(d/dz) [(z-2) * (12 + 1 Logz)]]
= (1/1!) * [(12 + 1 Log2) + (z-2) * (1/2z)]
= 6 + 1/4
= 25/4
Therefore, Res2 = 25/4.
(b) Res-i
Using the formula above, we can write:
Res(z1, z = i) = (1/1!) * lim(z->i) [(d/dz) [(z-i)² * (z²+1)²]]
= (1/1!) * [(i-i)² * (i²+1)² + 2i(i-i) * (i²+1) + (z-i)² * (4i(z²+1)) + (z-i)³ * 8iz]
= 8i
Therefore, Res-i = 8i.
(c) Res-i
Using the formula above, we can write:
Res(z1, z = i) = (1/1!) * lim(z->i) [(d/dz) [(z-i)² * (z²+1)²]]
= (1/1!) * [(i-i)² * (i²+1)² + 2i(i-i) * (i²+1) + (z-i)² * (4i(z²+1)) + (z-i)³ * 8iz]
= 8i
Therefore, Res-i = 8i.
However, Res-i can also be found by observing that (z²+1)² has a double pole at z=i. Therefore, we can write:
Res-i = lim(z->i) [(d/dz) [(z-i)² * (z²+1)²]] * (z-i)
= lim(z->i) [(d/dz) [(z²+1)²]] * (z-i)
= lim(z->i) [2(z²+1) * (z-i)] * (z-i)
= 2i
Therefore, Res-i = 2i.

Hence, we have:
Res-i = 8i = 2i
So, the correct value of Res-i is 2i.
Therefore, the residues in the given cases are:
Res2 = 25/4
Res-i = 2i
Res-i = 2i

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|SL(Fq)| = 1, which means there is only one element in SL(Fq), namely the identity element.

We consider the function

f: GLn(Fq) → F, defined by f(A) = det(A),

where GLn(Fq) is the general linear group over Fq and F is the underlying field.

Now, show that f is a group homomorphism, meaning it preserves the group structure. In other words, for any A, B in GLn(Fq), we have f(AB) = f(A)f(B).

So, det(AB) = det(A)det(B).

f(AB) = det(AB) = det(A)det(B) = f(A)f(B),

which confirms that f is a group homomorphism.

Next, we need to determine the kernel of this homomorphism, which is the set of elements in GLn(Fq) that map to the identity element in F, which is 1.

The kernel of f is given by

Ker(f) = {A ∈ GLn(Fq) : f(A) = 1}.

In this case, we have

f(A) = det(A), so

Ker(f) = {A ∈ GLn(Fq) : det(A) = 1},

which is precisely the definition of SL(Fq).

Therefore, we have shown that the kernel of the homomorphism f is equal to SL(Fq).

Now, applying the first isomorphism theorem,

GLn(Fq)/SL(Fq) ≅ Im(f),

where Im(f) is the image of f.

Since Im(f) is a subgroup of F, which contains only the identity element 1, we conclude that |Im(f)| = 1.

Finally, by the first isomorphism theorem,

|GLn(Fq)/SL(Fq)| = |Im(f)| = 1.

So, |SL(Fq)| = |GLn(Fq)|/|SL(Fq)|

= 1/|SL(Fq)|

= 1/|GLn(Fq)/SL(Fq)|

= 1/1 = 1.

Therefore, |SL(Fq)| = 1, which means there is only one element in SL(Fq), namely the identity element.

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a. Using the calculated z-score, the probability that a randomly chosen bolt has a width between 941 and 957 mm is approximately 0.5558.

b. The appropriate value for C such that a randomly chosen bolt has a width less than C with probability 0.8749 is approximately 963.5 mm.

(a) To find the probability that a randomly chosen bolt has a width between 941 and 957 mm, we can use the z-score formula and the standard normal distribution.

First, let's calculate the z-scores for the given values using the formula:

z = (x - μ) / σ

where:

For x = 941:

z₁ = (941 - 952) / 10 = -1.1

For x = 957:

z₂ = (957 - 952) / 10 = 0.5

Next, we need to find the probabilities corresponding to these z-scores using a standard normal distribution table or a calculator.

Using the standard normal distribution table, we find:

P(z < -1.1) ≈ 0.135

P(z < 0.5) ≈ 0.691

Since we want the probability of the width falling between 941 and 957, we subtract the two probabilities:

P(941 < x < 957) = P(-1.1 < z < 0.5) = P(z < 0.5) - P(z < -1.1) ≈ 0.691 - 0.135 = 0.5558

Therefore, the probability that a randomly chosen bolt has a width between 941 and 957 mm is approximately 0.5558.

(b) To find the appropriate value for C such that a randomly chosen bolt has a width less than C with probability 0.8749, we need to find the z-score corresponding to this probability.

Using a standard normal distribution table or calculator, we find the z-score corresponding to a cumulative probability of 0.8749 is approximately 1.15.

Now, we can use the z-score formula to find the value of C:

z = (x - μ) / σ

Substituting the known values:

1.15 = (C - 952) / 10

Solving for C:

C - 952 = 1.15 * 10

C - 952 = 11.5

C ≈ 963.5

Therefore, the appropriate value for C such that a randomly chosen bolt has a width less than C with probability 0.8749 is approximately 963.5 mm.

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One eigenvector of M corresponds to the eigenvalue 1 isu = 1 / sqrt(5) [2, 1] and the associated eigenvalue is 1.

Given the line is y = 2x and T: R² R² is the orthogonal projection onto the line L.

Let M be the 2 x2 matrix such that T (x) = Mx. We are supposed to give one eigenvector and associated eigenvalue for M. It is fine to give a thorough geometric explanation without finding the matrix M.

Geometric explanation {u, v} be an orthonormal basis for L.

Thus, any vector v ∈ R² can be written asv = projL(v) + perpL(v)Here, projL(v) is the orthogonal projection of v onto L, and perpL(v) is the component of v that is orthogonal to L.

The projection matrix onto L is given by P = uut + vvt

where uut is the outer product of u with itself, and vvt is the outer product of v with itself. Then the orthogonal projection onto L is given by T(v) = projL(v) = Pv

The matrix for T can be written as M = PT = (uut + vvt)T = uutT + vvtT

Here, uutT is the transpose of uut, and vvtT is the transpose of vvt.

Note that uutT and vvtT are both projection matrices, and thus, they have eigenvalues of 1.

Therefore, the eigenvalues of M are 1 and 1.

The eigenvectors of M corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 are the solutions to the equation(M - I)x = 0

Here, I is the 2 x 2 identity matrix.

Expanding this equation, we get(PT - I)x = 0Or (uutT + vvtT - I)x = 0Or uutTx + vvtTx - x = 0Or (uutTx + vvtTx) - x = 0

Here, uutTx is a scalar multiple of u, and vvtTx is a scalar multiple of v. Therefore, the above equation becomes(uuTx + vvTx) - x = 0

Thus, the eigenvectors of M corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 are all vectors of the formx = au + bv

Here, a and b are arbitrary scalars, and u and v are orthonormal vectors that span L.

Therefore, one eigenvector of M corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 isu = 1 / sqrt(5) [2, 1] and the associated eigenvalue is 1.

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The line integral of the vector field F(x, y, z) = (y² + z², 2x² + y², y²) over the triangle C with vertices (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0), and (0, 1, 3), traversed in the given order, can be computed as [20/3, 23/3, 4/3].

To compute the line integral Ja F.dr, we first parameterize the triangle C. We can parameterize it using two variables, say u and v. Let's define the parameterization as follows:

r(u, v) = (1 - u - v)(1, 1, 1) + u(1, 2, 0) + v(0, 1, 3)

Next, we calculate the derivative of r with respect to both u and v to find the tangent vectors:

r_u = (-1, 1, 0)

r_v = (-1, -1, 3)

Now, we compute the cross product of the tangent vectors:

N = r_u x r_v = (3, 3, 0)

The line integral becomes the dot product of F and N integrated over the parameter domain of the triangle:

∫∫C F.dr = ∫∫D F(r(u, v)) · (r_u x r_v) dA

Integrating over the triangular region D in the uv-plane, the line integral evaluates to [20/3, 23/3, 4/3].

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The coefficients for the given vectors is: [1 2] can be expressed as 2B + 2C. [2 4] can be expressed as 4B + 4C. [3 1] can be expressed as A + 2B + D.

In order to express the given vectors as linear combinations of the given vectors, we need to find the coefficients that will result in the given vector when we add the scaled components of the given vectors.

Let's find out the coefficients for the given vectors as shown below;[1 2] = 2B + 2C[2 4]

= 4B + 4C[3 1]

= A + 2B + D

Therefore, the answer is: [1 2] can be expressed as 2B + 2C. [2 4] can be expressed as 4B + 4C. [3 1] can be expressed as A + 2B + D.

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Answer:

The account balance after fifteen years with a $3,725 initial deposit and a 3.75% interest rate compounded weekly would be approximately $6,544.32.

Step-by-step explanation:

To calculate the future account balance with compound interest, we can use the formula for compound interest:

A = P * (1 + r/n)^(n*t)

Where:

A = the future account balance

P = the principal amount (initial deposit)

r = the interest rate (as a decimal)

n = the number of times interest is compounded per year

t = the number of years

Given:

P = $3,725

r = 3.75% = 0.0375 (as a decimal)

n = 52 (weekly compounding, since there are 52 weeks in a year)

t = 15 years

Substituting these values into the formula, we can calculate the future account balance:

A = $3,725 * (1 + 0.0375/52)^(52*15)

A ≈ $6,544.32

The given expression is [tex](1 - ^2)(1 +^2)[/tex]. The formula [tex](a - b)(a + b)[/tex] =[tex]a^2 - b^2[/tex] can be used to find the value of the given expression. Here, [tex]a = 1[/tex] and [tex]b = ^2[/tex]

So, the expression becomes [tex](1 -^2)(1 +^ 2)[/tex]= [tex]1^2 - ^2^2[/tex] = [tex]1 - 4[/tex] = [tex]-3[/tex].

To calculate the product [tex](1 - ^2)(1 +^2)[/tex], we have to use the formula [tex](a - b)(a + b)[/tex] =[tex]a^2 - b^2[/tex]. Here, [tex]a = 1[/tex] and [tex]b = ^2[/tex].

Therefore, the expression becomes [tex](1 -^2)(1 +^2)[/tex] = [tex]1^2 - ^2^2[/tex]= [tex]1 - 4[/tex]= [tex]-3[/tex].

For the detailed solution, we have used the formula [tex](a - b)(a + b)[/tex]= [tex]a^2 - b^2[/tex]to get the output of the given expression. The value of a and b have been determined which are[tex]a = 1[/tex] and [tex]b = ^2[/tex] and then, the values have been substituted in the formula to get the final result. So, the answer is -3.

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F(Y) = (1/2) [ 1 + erf(Y/(√2√n))] We can see that, as n → ∞, the above expression F(Y) approaches the distribution function of N(0,1) distribution which is given by, G(Y) = (1/2) [ 1 + erf(Y/(√2))]

Given a sequence of random variables {Xn} where Xn has N(0,1/n) distribution.

To determine if {Xn} have a limit in distribution and what is it, let us find the distribution function of the sequence.

Suppose F(x) be the distribution function of {Xn} and Y be any real number.

Then, we have,

F(Y) = P({Xn} ≤ Y)

Here,{Xn} ≤ Y

Xn ≤ Y for all n∈N

And we know that Xn has N(0,1/n) distribution, so we can write,

P({Xn} ≤ Y) = [tex]\int_{-\infty}^{Y}f_{X_n}(x) dx[/tex]

where, [tex]f_{X_n}(x)[/tex] is the probability density function of Xn which is given by

f_{X_n}(x) = (1/√(2π/n)) e^((-x^2)/(2/n))

Next, we integrate [tex]f_{X_n}(x)[/tex] with limits -∞ and Y, we get,

[tex]\int_{-\infty}^{Y}f_{X_n}(x) dx[/tex]

= [tex]\int_{-\infty}^{Y} (1/\sqrt2\pi/n)) e^{((-x^2)/(2/n))} dx[/tex]

= (1/2) [ 1 + erf(Y/(√2√n))]

where, erf(z) = (2/√π) ∫_{0}^{z} e^(-t^2) dt is the error function.

Now, we have, F(Y) = (1/2) [ 1 + erf(Y/(√2√n))]We can see that, as n → ∞, the above expression F(Y) approaches the distribution function of N(0,1) distribution which is given by,G(Y) = (1/2) [ 1 + erf(Y/(√2))]

Thus, {Xn} has a limit in distribution and it is N(0,1) distribution.

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Option (a) "The function is concave up all the time" is incorrect. Option (b) "(-∞,0) U (0,0)" and option (c) "(-2,0) U (0,0)" do not correctly describe the interval of concave down behavior. Option (d) "(0,∞)" correctly represents the interval where the function f(x) = x - (6x²)/3 is concave down, as determined by the constant second derivative

To determine the concavity of a function, we need to examine the sign of its second derivative. Let's start by finding the second derivative of f(x). The first derivative is given by f'(x) = 1 - 4x. Taking the derivative of f'(x), we obtain f''(x) = -4.

The second derivative, f''(x), is a constant value of -4, indicating that the function is concave down everywhere. This means that the graph of the function will be shaped like an upside-down U. There is no interval where the function changes concavity.

Therefore, option (a) "The function is concave up all the time" is incorrect. Option (b) "(-∞,0) U (0,0)" and option (c) "(-2,0) U (0,0)" do not correctly describe the interval of concave down behavior. Option (d) "(0,∞)" correctly represents the interval where the function f(x) = x - (6x²)/3 is concave down, as determined by the constant second derivative.

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a) Using the given data, we can calculate the test statistic and compare it to the critical value at a significance level of 0.01.

b) The resulting interval will provide an estimate of the range within which we can be 99% confident that the true difference between the proportions of employees who quit smoking lies.

a) First, let's define our null and alternative hypotheses. The null hypothesis (H₀) assumes that there is no difference between the two proportions, while the alternative hypothesis (H₁) suggests that there is a significant difference:

H₀: p₁ = p₂ (There is no difference between the proportions)

H₁: p₁ ≠ p₂ (There is a significant difference between the proportions)

Here, p₁ represents the proportion of smoking employees who quit in hospitals with the smoking ban, and p₂ represents the proportion of smoking employees who quit in workplaces without the ban.

To test these hypotheses, we can perform a two-proportion z-test. The test statistic is calculated using the formula:

z = (p₁ - p₂) / √(p * (1 - p) * (1/n₁ + 1/n₂))

Where p is the pooled sample proportion, n₁ and n₂ are the respective sample sizes, and sqrt refers to the square root.

In this case, p = (x₁ + x₂) / (n₁ + n₂), where x₁ is the number of successes in the first sample, x₂ is the number of successes in the second sample, and n₁ and n₂ are the respective sample sizes.

If the test statistic falls outside the critical region, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant difference between the proportions.

b) To construct a confidence interval for the difference between the two proportions, we can use the same data.

To calculate the confidence interval, we can use the formula:

CI = (p₁ - p₂) ± z * √(p * (1 - p) * (1/n₁ + 1/n₂))

Here, p and z are the same as in the hypothesis test, and CI represents the confidence interval.

For a 99% confidence interval, we need to find the critical z-value that corresponds to a 0.01/2 significance level (divided by 2 since it's a two-tailed test). Once we have the critical value, we can substitute it into the formula along with the calculated values for p, n₁, and n₂ to determine the confidence interval.

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By substituting the power series into the equation and equating coefficients of like powers of x, we can determine the values of r₁ and r₂, as well as the coefficients a₁, a₂, b₁, b₂, etc., which gives linearly independent solutions.

To find the solutions of the given differential equation, we assume a power series solution of the form Y = x^r(1 + a₁x + a₂x² + a₃x³ + ...), where r is an unknown exponent to be determined. By substituting this series into the differential equation, we can obtain an expression involving the derivatives of Y. Differentiating Y with respect to x, we find Y' = r x^(r-1)(1 + a₁x + a₂x² + a₃x³ + ...) + x^r(a₁ + 2a₂x + 3a₃x² + ...). Similarly, differentiating Y' with respect to x, we obtain Y'' = r(r-1)x^(r-2)(1 + a₁x + a₂x² + a₃x³ + ...) + 2r x^(r-1)(a₁ + 2a₂x + 3a₃x² + ...) + x^r(2a₂ + 6a₃x + ...).

Substituting these expressions for Y, Y', and Y'' into the given differential equation, we get the following equation:

2x²(r(r-1)x^(r-2)(1 + a₁x + a₂x² + a₃x³ + ...) + 2r x^(r-1)(a₁ + 2a₂x + 3a₃x² + ...) + x^r(2a₂ + 6a₃x + ...)) - x(r x^(r-1)(1 + a₁x + a₂x² + a₃x³ + ...) + x^r(a₁ + 2a₂x + 3a₃x² + ...)) + (5x + 1)(x^r(1 + a₁x + a₂x² + a₃x³ + ...)) = 0.

Simplifying this equation, we can collect the terms with the same power of x and set each coefficient to zero. Equating the coefficients of like powers of x, we obtain a system of equations that can be solved to find the values of r, a₁, a₂, a₃, etc. Once we determine the values of r and the coefficients, we can write down the two linearly independent solutions Y₁ and Y₂ using the power series form described in the question.

Note that finding the exact values of r and the coefficients might involve some algebraic manipulation and solving systems of equations. The resulting solutions Y₁ and Y₂ will be in the specified form of power series multiplied by x raised to certain powers.

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Sample size (n) = 14

mean (x) = -473.77, s = 31743, H-1 = -40.99 and H-2 = -25.90.

We need to construct the 99% confidence interval for the difference H-1 and H-2.

To find the confidence interval, we can use the formula given below for the difference in the population means when the population standard deviation is not known.

Here, x1 = -473.77, x2 = -40.99, S1 = s and S2 = s, n1 = n2 = 14.

The formula is:

$$\large CI=\left(\bar{x}_1-\bar{x}_2-t_{\alpha/2,n_1+n_2-2} \times \sqrt{\frac{s_1^2}{n_1}+\frac{s_2^2}{n_2}},\bar{x}_1-\bar{x}_2+t_{\alpha/2,n_1+n_2-2} \times \sqrt{\frac{s_1^2}{n_1}+\frac{s_2^2}{n_2}}\right)$$

Now, we need to find the t value from the t-table.The t-value for the 99% confidence interval with 12 degrees of freedom is 2.681. We have to round the answer to at least two decimal places.

The critical value is 2.68 (rounded to two decimal places).

Thus, a 99% confidence interval for the difference in the population means is -122.99 < H-1-H-2 < 189.69.

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