Southern supporters of slavery in the mid-1800s generally believed that:
OA. no state had the right to leave the United States for any reason.
OB. abolitionists were committed to destroying Southern culture.
OC. the Constitution was an outdated document that needed to be
changed.
D. the federal government should have more power over the states.

Answers

Answer 1

Southern supporters of slavery in the mid-1800s generally believed that no state had the right to leave the United States for any reason. The correct option is A.

How did slavery help the South's economy?

Around 70% of the cotton used by the British textile industry came from the South, which by 1840 was growing 60% of the cotton grown worldwide. The capital, iron, and manufactured goods that served as the foundation for the development of the American economy were thus largely funded by slavery.

African Americans' biological inferiority to their masters was a theory held by some slaveowners. Even in scientific circles during the 1800s, this argument was taken very seriously. Slavery's proponents asserted that it had always existed and was therefore human nature.

Thus, the ideal selection is option A.

Learn more about South's economy here:

https://brainly.com/question/20130858

#SPJ1

Answer 2

Answer:

the answer should be option b


Related Questions

Which situation will MOST LIKELY result in a decrease in quantity demanded for Product X?

A. The government imposes a price ceiling for Product X that is lower than the equilibrium price.
B. The government imposes a price ceiling for Product X that is higher than the equilibrium price.
C. The government imposes a price floor for Product X that is lower than the equilibrium price.
D. The government imposes a price floor for Product X that is higher than the equilibrium price.

Answers

The cost of the product has an impact on the quantity demanded. Demand will decrease if prices increase.

What does imposing serve?

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as indomethacin, are used to treat mild to severe acute pain and to treat the symptoms of gout and arthritis (conditions such as arthritis arthritis), which include inflammation, edema, stiffness, and joint discomfort.

Are you able to impose on someone?

[transitive] To impose something on someone in order to force them to embrace your beliefs, desires, etc. She resisted forcing her values to her family. It was apparent how a select few were able to control how the others behaved.

To know more about impose visit:

https://brainly.com/question/17084106

#SPJ1

Can someone help me please. like really!

Answers

Answer: The social system was divided

Explanation: Only the rich were allowed any power the poor having no role in military unless they came into wealth

The social system was disclosed

Current Event
Detailed Description of turning point
PIECES (Political, Innovation, Economy, Culture, Environment, and Social). Understand, a turning point is a point in history

Answers

In essence, a turning point means the point at which a very significant change occurs or a decisive moment. A turning point, in history has an immediate repercussions, making its significance veru obvious to people at the time.

What are some political, innovation, economical, cultural, environmental, and social evaluation of turning point in history?Political: The turning point in history may have had a significant impact on the political landscape of the time. It could have led to changes in government, power struggles, and the formation of new political ideologies.

Innovation: The turning point in history may have been a catalyst for technological and scientific advancements, leading to new innovations and discoveries.

Economy: The turning point in history may have had a significant impact on the economy, leading to changes in trade, industry, and economic systems.

Culture: The turning point in history may have led to changes in cultural norms, values, and beliefs. It could have also led to the spread of new ideas and cultural influences.

Environment: The turning point in history may have had an impact on the natural environment, leading to changes in land use, resources, and the relationship between humans and nature.

Social: The turning point in history may have led to significant social changes, including changes in class, gender roles, and race relations. It may have also led to the formation of new social movements and the emergence of new social groups.

Read more about turning point

brainly.com/question/1538369

#SPJ1

What is defamation?

A. knowingly and falsely harming another person's reputation

B. an act passed by the Federalists in 1798 that made it a crime to criticize the president

C. when journalists are protected from turning over the identities of their sources

D. when the media is prevented from publishing or is forced to clear information with the government before publishing

Answers

Answer: A. knowingly and falsely harming another person's reputation.

Explanation:

Defamation is the act of knowingly and falsely harming another person's reputation through the communication of false statements to a third party. This can include statements made in writing, such as in newspapers or online, as well as statements made verbally. Defamation can take the form of libel, which is written defamation, or slander, which is spoken defamation. Defamation is considered a civil wrong and can lead to a lawsuit against the person making the false statements.

I hope this helps :)

Was nullification about states’ rights or was it about slavery??

Answers

Answer: think it was slavery

Explanation:

What is powersharing?
outline three advantadnge and thre
disadvantages of power sharing
Explain the reason for Formatio
of the watson commissTon

Answers

Answer:

Powersharing is a type of political system in which power is shared among and between different groups. This type of system seeks to promote cooperation and agreement in order to achieve a stable government.

Advantages:

1. Increased stability: Powersharing encourages different groups to work together to resolve issues, resulting in more stability for the government.

2. More representation: Powersharing ensures that multiple voices are heard and represented in government decision making.

3. Reduced conflict: By ensuring that all groups have a voice in government, powersharing can reduce the risk of conflict arising from unequal distribution of power.

Disadvantages:

1. Difficult to implement: Powersharing can be difficult to implement in practice, as it requires agreement between multiple groups and can be hard to sustain.

2. Lack of accountability: With power shared between different groups, it can be difficult to hold any one group accountable for their decisions.

3. Inequality: In some cases, powersharing can lead to further inequality between different groups, as some may end up with more power than others.

The Watson Commission was formed in response to the riots in Los Angeles in 1992. The commission was tasked with looking into the causes of the riots and making recommendations on how to prevent similar incidents from happening in the future. The commission's recommendations focused on improving police-community relations and reducing racial disparities in the criminal justice system.

5. In a free market, the general rule of thumb is that you get more for yourself by serving others. In such a system, how important are variables such as human love and kindness in the process? Briefly explain.

Answers

Human bonding is the process of development of a close, interpersonal relationship. It can also develop among groups, such as sporting teams.

What is human bonding?

It most frequently occurs between family members or friends, but it can also happen in groups like sporting teams or any time individuals gather together.

Bonding differs from simple like in that it is a mutual, interactive process. It is the procedure for fostering social ties.

Typically, the term "bonding" refers to the process of connection that happens between close friends, parents and children, or romantic or platonic relationships.

Emotions like trust and affection define this relationship.Male bonding is the development of friendships amongst males through common interests.

Female bonding is the word used to describe the development of close, female-to-woman connections. Men and women who are close personally are said to have cross-sex friendships.

To know more about bonding, visit:-

https://brainly.com/question/20330109

#SPJ1

What was the result of Korematsu v. United States regarding the imprisonment of Japanese Americans during World War II? Do you agree or disagree with their decision? Answer in 3-5 sentences.

Answers

The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the government's decision to intern Japanese Americans during World War II as a necessary measure to protect national security during wartime.

I agree with decision in Korematsu v. US (1944) as its created a separate standard of review for a law utilizing a suspect classification.

What is the Case of Korematsu v. US (1944) about?

Korematsu v. United States, landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court, upheld the Japanese Americans' exclusion from the West Coast Military Area during World War II. The decision has been widely criticized with some scholars describing it as "an odious and discredited artifact of popular bigotry and as "a stain on American jurisprudence".

This federal case is cited as one of the worst Supreme Court decisions in history. In his majority opinion in the 2018 case of Trump v. Hawaii, Chief Justice John Roberts explicitly rejected the Korematsu decision.

Read more about Korematsu case

brainly.com/question/26094390

#SPJ1

Why did the Soviet Union join the Allies after being invaded

Answers

Explanation:

They decided to join the allies after bring invaded was by the nazi decided to launch the invasion of the Soviet union

what evidence do we have that many highly developed civilizations existed in the new world prior to the arrival of christopher columbus

Answers

The evidence of many highly developed civilizations existed in the new world prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus, The first. Five hundred years before Columbus, a daring band of Vikings led by Leif Eriksson set foot in North America and established a settlement.

What is civilization?

Additional features of civilizations include centralization, domestication of plant and animal species (including humans), specialization of labor, culturally imprinted beliefs of development, monumental architecture, taxes, societal reliance on farming, and expansionism.

As evidence, Before the new world prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus. arrived was far busier, more diverse, and more populated than previously known.

Therefore, By the Evidence, a daring band of Vikings led by Leif Eriksson set foot in North America and established a settlement.

Learn more about civilization here:

https://brainly.com/question/12207844

#SPJ1

Pericles claimed that the Athenian government, unlike other Greek city-states

Answers

The Athenian government, Pericles maintained, "favoured its wealthy residents" in contrast to other Greek city-states since only those with plenty of free time could cast a ballot in this direct democracy.

What is a straightforward explanation of democracy?

Demokratie, which can be translated as "power of the people," is a form of government that is based on popular will. The word democracy is derived from the Greek words "demos," which means "people," and "kratos," which means "power."

A democracy is a system of government in which the populace has the power to decide laws and elect representatives to carry it out.

To know more about democracy visit:

https://brainly.com/question/13158670

#SPJ1

:

DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. How did the Supreme Court's ruling support the idea of checks and balances?
2. Do you agree with the Court's ruling in this case? Give reasons for your answer.
3. In what way was the NIRA unconstitutional?
4. Why did Chief Justice Hughes cite Article I, Section 8, paragraph 18 of the Constitution in
the Court's opinion?
5. How did Schechter Poultry benefit from the Court's ruling?

Answers

The Supreme Court's rulings are effectively vetted by Congress through the adoption of Constitutional amendments.

How do checks and balances work?

The typical functions of checks and balances are to clearly identify the tasks that have been assigned to each party, ensuring that no one person or department has complete authority over choices, and compel cooperation in order to complete tasks. Although the phrase is most frequently used in relation to politics, it can also be used to describe restrictions on authority in corporations and other organizations.

Who established checks and balances?

Checks and balances were seen as being crucial to the security of liberty under the U.S. Constitution by the document's authors, who included Montesquieu and William Blackstone among others.

To learn more about checks and balance here:

https://brainly.com/question/1287001

#SPJ1

30 points!!
explain how max planck was a hard working man
reason 1:
2:
3:

Answers

Explanation:

Max Planck was known for his tireless work ethic and dedication to his research. He often worked long hours in the lab and spent countless hours analyzing data and formulating theories.Despite facing numerous setbacks and obstacles throughout his career, Planck never gave up on his pursuit of scientific knowledge. He was persistent and determined in his quest to understand the underlying principles of physics.Planck was also known for his rigorous attention to detail and meticulous experimental methods. He would often repeat experiments multiple times to ensure the accuracy of his results, and he was always willing to revise his theories in light of new evidence.

Based on the paragraph which group was viewed as the main course of political corruption by Progressives such as Robert La Follette Sr.

A. Immigrants

B. Labor Unions

C. Corporations

D. Muckraking Journalist

Answers

I believe it is A because when I answered it was right

Evaluating involves making a judgment about a source?

Answers

Evaluating of judgement mainly involves making a judgment about a source.

What does an Evaluative judgment entails?

Evaluative judgment is the ability to make decisions about the quality of one's own and others' work. People argue that developing students' evaluative judgment should be a goal of higher education, allowing students to improve their work and meet their future learning needs: a required capability of graduates.

People often investigate an evaluative judgement within a pedagogical discourse rather than primarily within an assessment discourse in order to encompass and integrate a variety of pedagogical practices.

Read more about judgement

brainly.com/question/936272

#SPJ1

congressional powers include which of the following ​

Answers

Answer:

Congressional powers include the following and these are: making new money, and repealing a supreme court. Other powers of the Congress are as stated: Coining money and overriding a presidential veto and making laws.

Explanation:

hope it helps

Which of the following best shows how gulf stream influenced the major routes of the Spanish explorers during the age of Exploration?
A. explorers use the gulf stream to circumvents the Southern cape of Africa.
B. Gulf stream helped transport enslaved people from Africa to plantains in the Americas.
C. The gulf stream caused ships to slow down in a zone of calm winds.
D. They used the Gulf stream to speed up the journey between Mexico and Spain.

Answers

The option that best shows how gulf stream influenced the major routes of the Spanish explorers is D. They used the Gulf stream to speed up the journey between Mexico and Spain.

What was the Gulf Stream ?

The Gulf Stream is a powerful ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows through the Straits of Florida into the North Atlantic. It is characterized by warm water and strong eastward-flowing currents, and it can have a significant impact on weather patterns and ocean conditions in the areas through which it flows. The Gulf Stream played an important role in the Age of Exploration, as European explorers used it to speed up their journeys across the Atlantic.

The Gulf Stream can significantly affect weather patterns and ocean conditions in the regions it passes through. It is characterized by warm water and strong eastward currents. The Gulf Stream was crucial during the Age of Exploration because it allowed Spanish explorers to travel across the Atlantic more quickly.

Find out more on the Gulf Stream at https://brainly.com/question/24440283

#SPJ1

23u Identify three countries that were part of the central powers during world war​

Answers

Answer:

Germany, England Japan

Who has the sole power of impeachment (removing someon
From office)?

Answers

The House of Representatives' other officers, including the Speaker, will be replaced; and will have sole Impeachment authority.

Can a senator be impeached?

This is in contrast to the Senate's authority over impeachment trials and convictions of federal executive and judicial officials: While discussing William Blount's impeachment trial, the Senate ruled in 1798 that senators could only be expelled rather than impeached.

The Seventeenth Amendment empowers the governor to appoint a replacement to complete the term or to hold office until a special election can be held in the event of a vacancy caused by a senator's death, resignation, or expulsion.

To learn more about impeachment visit :

https://brainly.com/question/1411922

#SPJ1

Provide a brief overview of American support of the Iraq War directly after September 11th, 2001 and the current sentiment towards it as more time has gone on and new facts have emerged such as the initial claims of WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction) being shown as false or overstated.

Answers

The United States sold Iraq helicopters worth about $200 million, which the Iraqi military employed in the conflict. These were the lone direct military sales between the US and Iraq. The U.S. also gave Saddam Hussein significant covert help at the same time.

Did the US support Iraq or Iran?

Several billion dollars in financial aid, the sale of dual-use technology, military intelligence, or special operations training were provided by the United States to Ba'athist Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War, which it waged against post-revolutionary Iran.

In the end, Iraq won the Iran-Iraq War thanks to President Ronald Reagan's intervention on behalf of Baghdad and Saddam Hussein. While Iraq waged a deadly land war against Iran, the United States fought an undeclared but naval and air battle.

To learn more about Iran-Iraq War

https://brainly.com/question/3330609

#SPJ1

How did Galileo investigate and prove the model of heliocentrism correct?
A. he used biblical teachings to prove the model of heliocentrism correct.
B. he improved on the sextant and quadrant to determine the movements of planets.
C. he used the telescope to make observations about the solar system.
D. he only used mathematical calculations to prove the model of heliocentrism correct

Answers

He used the telescope to make observations about the solar system.

How was the heliocentric theory demonstrated by Galileo?

Galileo was aware of and agreed with Copernicus' heliocentric hypothesis, which is focused on the Sun. The notion was supported by Galileo's observations of Venus. Galileo discovered that Venus moved through phases just like our Moon using his telescope. But only Venus' orbiting of the Sun, not really the Earth, could account for the character of these phases.

What is the heliocentrism theory?

Today, we know that Earth and all the other planets of the universe are all in orbits around the sun, in accordance with the heliocentrism theory. On the other hand, there was a time when people thought that Earth was the center of the universe and that everything else was revolving around us.

To know more about Galileo visit:

https://brainly.com/question/20273885

#SPJ1

What were two of the consequences of the Great Famine of Ukraine

Answers

Answer:

It led to a drop in production, the disorganization of the rural economy, and food shortages.

It also sparked a series of peasant rebellions, including armed uprisings, in some parts of Ukraine.

Name the storyteller whose stories are featured on the site of STI-connected Tribal Sovereignty Curriculum Resources

Answers

Answer:

Russell Red Elk

Explanation:

10
Drag each tile to the correct box.
Match the description to the political party before 1960.
Abraham Lincoln was a member
party members were all White Southerners
Dixiecrat Party
Democratic Party
Republican Party
created and voted for The New Deal

Answers

The political parties before 1960 and their correct matches include:

Dixiecrat Party - created and voted for The New DealDemocratic Party - party members were all White SouthernersRepublican Party - Abraham Lincoln was a member

What was the position of parties before 1960 ?

The Dixiecrat Party, also known as the States' Rights Democratic Party, was a short-lived political party in the United States that existed in the late 1940s. The Dixiecrats were a group of conservative, mostly Southern Democrats who split from the Democratic Party in 1948 in protest of the party's growing support for civil rights. They advocated for states' rights and segregation.

Before 1960, the Democratic Party was generally seen as the more liberal of the two major parties in the United States, with strong support from labor unions and minority groups, as well as a history of supporting progressive policies such as social welfare programs and civil rights.

The Republican Party before 1960, was considered as the more conservative party, it opposed many of the progressive policies of the Democratic Party, and traditionally drew its support from wealthy and business-oriented voters, as well as rural and white southern voters. It was viewed as the party of "big business" and was generally less supportive of labor unions and civil rights.

Find out more on the Dixiecrat Party at https://brainly.com/question/27227571

#SPJ1

What kinds of activities have women's rights activists engaged in to make progress in Indonesia?

Answers

Answer: Women's rights activists in Indonesia have engaged in a variety of activities to make progress in the country. Some examples include:

1) Protests and demonstrations: Activists have organized and participated in protests and demonstrations to raise awareness about issues facing women in Indonesia and to call for policy changes and gender equality.

2) Advocacy and lobbying: Activists have worked to influence policy and legislation by engaging with government officials and politicians, and by lobbying for laws and policies that promote gender equality and women's rights.

3) Education and awareness-raising: Activists have worked to educate the public about gender inequality and women's rights through workshops, seminars, and other educational events. They have also used various forms of media to raise awareness about these issues, such as social media, podcasts, and documentaries.

4) Legal aid and support services: Activists have provided legal aid and support services to women who have experienced discrimination or violence. This includes supporting women in filing legal complaints, and providing counseling and other forms of support.

5)Forming coalitions and networks: Activists have formed coalitions and networks with other organizations and groups to build momentum and to amplify their voices. This includes collaborating with other women's rights groups, human rights organizations, and social movement groups.

6) Activists also have been working on improving the participation and representation of women in decision-making positions, as well as, working on the gender-sensitive budgeting, and fighting against the patriarchal culture that still exists in the country.

What factors during the war (world war II) promoted black solidarity? Provide Examples

Answers

Answer:

During World War II, African Americans made tremendous sacrifices in an effort to trade military service and wartime support for measurable social, political, and economic gains. As never before, local black communities throughout the nation participated enthusiastically in wartime programs while intensifying their demands for social progress.

Explanation:

And for a shorter story, you can more read off of this website!  Hope this helped you! It tells the full story in there! :D

Hispanic Americans who gained citizenship under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) and became successful ranchers were collectively known as

Answers

Hispanic Americans who gained citizenship under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) and became successful ranchers were collectively known as Califonios.

Who were Californios ?

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War and established the Rio Grande as the southern boundary of the United States. As part of the treaty, Mexico ceded over 500,000 square miles of land to the United States, including California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.

Many of the Mexican residents of this land, including Hispanic Americans, became U.S. citizens as a result of the treaty. Californios were the people who were living in California before the American conquest, many of them were wealthy landowning rancheros, who had a great impact on the culture of California, particularly in the areas of food, music, and rodeo.

Find out more on the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at https://brainly.com/question/9740311

#SPJ1

2. What is the relationship between the discovery of King Tut's
tomb and Egypt gaining independence from Britain?

Answers

Answer:

The discovery of King Tut's tomb in 1922 sparked a renewed interest in Egyptian culture and history, which helped to fuel the Egyptian independence movement. This eventually led to Egypt gaining independence from Britain in 1922.

Explanation:

Do you agree with the amendments to the 1987 Constitution? Why?​

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

система, установленная Конституцией 1987 года, должна была быть предназначена для людей, но вместо этого она превратилась в систему, которая выгодна немногим, особенно тем, кто жил в Северной Каролине, или тем, кто имеет более высокий статус, не говоря уже о затруднительном положении, которое игнорируется теми, кто не желает решать проблема. А в системе, установленной Конституцией 1987 года, отсутствовали определенные механизмы или меры подотчетности и добросовестности, которые, скорее всего, были только упомянуты, но не разработаны в том смысле, что они не обеспечивают процедурной основы.

Use the political cartoon to answer the question.
What is the constitutional basis for the right being discussed in this cartoon?
A. the right to freedom of speech
B. the guarantee against self-incrimination
C. the protections of the Due Process Clause
D. protection from unreasonable searches and seizures

HELP FAST!

Answers

The guarantee that is being discussed here is : the guarantee against self-incrimination. B

What is guarantee against self incrimination according to the constitution

Individuals have the right to be shielded from self-incrimination under this constitutional guarantee. In any criminal matter, they have the right to decline to testify in court or to respond to inquiries or make remarks that might be used against them later on. In accordance with the Fourteenth Amendment, the States are entitled to this privilege.

The fundamental goals of the privilege against self-incrimination are not to shield the innocent from prosecution but to maintain the integrity of a legal system where even those who are guilty cannot be found guilty unless the prosecution bears all the burdens.

Read more on the constitution here:https://brainly.com/question/16385413

#SPJ1

Other Questions
Finished products are an example of independent-demand items. True or False ?The bullwhip effect describes variations in supply. True or False?Fill rate represents percentage of demand filled indirectly from inventory. True or False ? francisco goya's paintings are religious in subject and not political. question 7 options: true false A certain construction company is obligated to pay25.12% on earned wages into Worker'sCompensation insurance.What is the Worker's Compensation payment on$25,000 of wages?Worker's Comp. payment = $ [?] Maria, a teacher at Learn4Life created a histogram for the vacations she's taken in the last ten years. She hasn't added the 7-day vacation yet she took this summer. Using your pencil, draw and add the 7-day vacation Maria took this summer to the histogram on the right. help help help help help ) What is Daoism?A. Chinese philosophy that people should improve society and respect their elders B. Chinese philosophy that emperors come from heaven C. Chinese philosophy that taught people that they should turn to nature and give up worldly concerns D. Chinese philosophy that dessert is mandatory after every family dinner Compare and contrast the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars. Please include comparisons to cause and effect, strategy(both sides-Persians and Greeks, Athens and Sparta), weapons(both sides- Persians and Greeks, Athens and Sparta), and significance. Write two detailed paragraphs with a thesis and conclusion sentence. In discussions of business and society, why is there a tendency to focus on large rather than small- or medium-sized firms? Have the corporate ethics scandals of the early 2000s affected small- and medium-sized firms? If so, in what ways have these firms been affected? true/false. Candidate: The government spends $500 million more each year promoting highway safety than it spends combating cigarette smoking. But each year many more people die from smoking-related diseases than die in highway accidents. So the government would save lives by shifting funds from highway safety programs to antismoking programs. on average how many users are active simultaneously? (3 pts.) if each user transmits 10 percent of the time. will the answer in part (d) increase or decrease? why? most southern whites . a. favored abolishing slavery b. owned at least one slave c. were nonslaveholding yeoman farmers d. were poor people who sympathized with the slaves what is meant by the union of two or more events? draw a diagram. 16.) state the addition rule for disjoint events. 17.) what is meant by the intersection of two or more events? draw a diagram. 18.) explain the difference between the union and the intersection of two or more events. Find AD if DC = 4 and DB = 6 what is major source of local finance ? Grogg, Lizzie, and Alex each own a white hat marked with the first letter of their name. Winnie owns a plain red hat, which is not marked with any letter.How many ways can the four beasts wear these four hats so each beast is wearing a different hat, and no one is wearing a hat marked with the first letter of their name? 10) suppose you administer a certain aptitude test to a random sample of 9 students in your school, and that the average score is 105. we want to determine the mean u of the population of all students in the school. assume a standard deviation of g - 15 for the test. perform a 99% ci and interpret. which are the two major risk factors for head and neck cancer especially when in combination A chemit in an imaginary univere doe an experiment that attempt to correlate the ize of an atom with it chemical reactivity. The reult are tabulated a follow hamlet knows rosencrantz and guildenstern were sent by the queen and king to spy on him. However, he still reveals true information to them Which example contains parallel structure? Imagine that you are a genetic counsellor, and a couple planning to start a family comes to you for information. Marys brother has albinism (recessive disorder), but Mary's parents do not have albinism. Her husband, John, has been tested and has not been found to be a carrier. What is the probability that Mary is a carrier?