Retrosynthesis, Create a synthesis again for molecule below using benzene as the starting point and any additional reagents of your choosing.
How do synthesis and retrosynthesis work?Retrosynthesis seems to be the process of planning a viable path of synthesis starting with a straightforward precursor molecule, as opposed to synthesis, which is the procedure of combining simple processes to create an organic complex.
An explanation of a retrosynthetic stepAs a general rule, when designing a synthesis, we look at the finished result and decide how to carry out the last step rather than starting the with starting material and making that decision. Retrosynthetic analysis is the procedure used frequently in organic synthesis, and it is described in this sentence.
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the oxidation of fadh2 to fad involves the transfer of ; the oxidation of nadh to nad involves the transfer of .
Transfer of two hydrogen atoms occurs during the oxidation of fadh2 to fad, whereas a hydride is transferred during the oxidation of nad+ to nad. when a chemical reaction of an atom to lose one or more of its electrons.
The chemical element with the atomic number 1 and symbol H is hydrogen. The element hydrogen is the lightest. Hydrogen is a gas made up of diatomic molecules with the formula H2 under normal circumstances. It has no flavour, no smell, no colour, is non-toxic, and is very flammable. The elementary electric charge of the electron, a subatomic particle, is a negative one. Due to their lack of known components or substructure, electrons, which are part of the first generation of the lepton particle family, are typically considered to be elementary particles.
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What is the value of the quantum number n for a spin-up electron in a 3d
orbital?
A. -2
OB. +3
O C. + 1/2
OD. +2
193
The value of the quantum number n for a spin-up electron in a 3d orbital is +3 (option B).
What is quantum number?Quantum number in chemistry is one of certain integers or half-integers that specify the state of a quantum mechanical system (such as an electron in an atom).
Each electron in an atom is described by four different quantum numbers. The first three (n, l, ml) specify the particular orbital of interest, and the fourth (ms) specifies how many electrons can occupy that orbital.
For an electron in 3d orbital, the possible values of the quantum numbers are as follows:
n = 3l = 2ml= (−2,−1,0,+1,+2)Therefore, +3 is the quantum number "n" for a spin-up electron in a 3d orbital.
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A gas phase reaction is happening in a closed metal vessel. Identify the surroundings of the reaction. O The metal vessel The room The experiment O The gas
The metal vessel The room The experiment O The gas, The gas which evolve in the reaction is oxygen. A chemical process in which substances interact and transform into another substance.
What is reaction?
A chemical process in which substances interact and transform into another substance, or one substance transforms into another, is called a reaction.
Therefore, The metal vessel The room The experiment O The gas, The gas which evolve in the reaction is oxygen. A chemical process in which substances interact and transform into another substance, or one substance transforms into another, is called a reaction.
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How many neutrons does cobalt have if its atomic numbers is 27 and its mass number is 59?; How many protons neutrons and electrons are there of cobalt has an atomic number of 27 a mass number of 58 and a charge of 3?; How many neutrons are present if cobalt has an atomic number of 27 a mass number of 59 and a charge of 3?; What is the number of protons of cobalt if it has a number of 27 in atomic number?; How many neutrons does an atom have if its mass number is 27 and it has 13 protons?; How many neutrons in atomic number is 27?
for the above example there are 27 protons, 31 neutrons, 27 electrons
Atomic number is equal to the number of protons and equal to the number of electrons. So 27 = number of protons = Number of electrons. Mass number is the sum of the number of proton and neutrons Mass number = 58 = Number of proton + Number of neutrons .Number of neutrons = Mass number - Number of protons 58-27=31 The charged amount of an atomic nucleus is the chemical element's atomic number, also known as nuclear charge number. For conventional nuclei, this is equivalent to the proton count or the amount of protons in the nucleus of every atom in that element
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what kind of intermolecular forces act between a chloroacetylene molecule and a fluoride anion? note: if there is more than one type of intermolecular force that acts, be sure to list them all, with a comma between the name of each force.
Dipole- Dipole force act between a chloroacetylene molecule and a fluoride anion.
Hydrogen bromide (HBr) and chlorine monofloride (CIF) are also highly polar compounds in this situation. Dipole intermolecular forces exist between polar molecules. In comparison to non-polar molecules, polar molecules are more likely to stick to their atomic neighbours and have higher boiling temperatures. The positive end of one polar molecule is pulled by the negative end of another polar molecule, and vice versa. Between molecules with permanent dipoles, there are dipole-dipole forces (i.e., polar molecules). These forces become stronger with increasing polarity for molecules with identical size and mass.
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Identify the type of interactions involved in each of the following processes taking place during the dissolution of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water.
Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
Interactions involving water molecules and dipole-dipole interactions are examples of solvent-solvent interactions. interactions between sodium chloride ions or ion-ion attraction are examples of solute-solute interactions.
What is chloride and is it toxic to humans?Our bodies require significantly higher levels of chloride, one of the primary minerals, in order to be healthy. Chloride occurs naturally in a wide range of foods, however it is most frequently consumed as sodium chloride, popularly known as table salt.
What foods have a high chloride content?In table salt or sea salt, chloride is present as sodium chloride. Numerous veggies also contain it. Seaweed, rye, tomatoes, lettuce, celery, and olives are a few examples of foods having greater chloride content. Additionally, many meals include chloride and potassium.
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What happens to the temperature of the water when you dissolve salt on it?; Why did the temperature go down when dissolving the second salt?; Is dissolving salt in water exothermic or endothermic?; When an endothermic reaction occurs in a water solution the temperature of the solution?
Because the products of an endothermic reaction are more energetic than the reactants, heat energy is absorbed. The temperature drops as a result of this absorption of heat energy.
Any thermodynamic process with an increase in the enthalpy H (or internal energy U) of the system is referred to as an endothermic reaction in thermochemistry (from the Greek v (endon) "inside" and -(therm) "hot, warm"). A closed system often transfers heat into itself during such a process by absorbing thermal energy from its surroundings. As a result, an endothermic reaction typically results in a rise in the system's temperature and a fall in the environment's. It could involve a chemical reaction, such when ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is dissolved in water (H2O), or a physical action, like when ice cubes melt.
French scientist Marcellin Berthelot first used the word in the 1800s. An exothermic process is the opposite of an endothermic process.
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Which of the following describes the changes in forces of attraction that occur as H,O changes phase from liquid to vapor? H-0 bonds break as H - H and 0-0 bonds form_ Hydrogen bonds between H,O molecules are broken Covalent bonds between H,O molecules are broken Ionic bonds between H+ ions and OH- ions are broken Covalent bonds between H+ ions and H,O molecules become more effective
When a hydrogen atom is bound to a strongly electronegative atom and is in close proximity to another electronegative atom with a single pair of electrons, an intermolecular force (IMF) known as a hydrogen bond arises. This IMF is a particular sort of dipole-dipole attraction.
A sample's vapor pressure will rise as the temperature rises because the particles will have more energy to dispel the intermolecular forces keeping them in a liquid state.
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which of the following structural features would allow a molecular substance to exhibit hydrogen bonding between its molecules? select all that apply.
At least one O-H bond and at least one N-H bond are present in the molecules that make up a substance. Because of its structural characteristics, a molecular substance might have hydrogen bonds between its molecules.
What is hydrogen, H2 or H2o?H2 is the molecular formula for hydrogen, which has a molar mass of 1. The atomic number one element hydrogen, abbreviated H, is the lightest. The gas has the chemical formula H2, and it is tasteless, colorless, and very combustible.
Where can one locate hydrogen?On Earth, water is where you'll most frequently discover hydrogen. There are two hydrogen atoms in every water molecule (H2 O). Throughout the planet, hydrogen may also be found in a variety of other compounds, such as hydroxides, acids, and hydrocarbons.
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Which of the following statements about the closest packing of spheres in binary ionic solids is false? a. The packing is done in a way that minimizes repulsions among ions with like charges. b. The packing arrangement maximizes electrostatic attractions among oppositely charged ions. c. For spheres of a given diameter, tetrahedral holes are larger than octahedral holes. d. Trigonal holes are so small that they are never occupied. e. None of these.
Answer:b
Explanation:
in which of the following compounds is the oxidation number of s equal to 4? question 15 options: a) h2s b) na2so3 c) mgso4 d) s8 e) s2cl2
containing sulfur and having a bonus oxidation state The two SOCLs are. The word "oxidation" was first used to describe an object's reaction with oxygen by Antoine Lavoisier.
What takes place during oxidation?When oxygen reacts with a material or an element, an oxidation process occurs. Another meaning of oxidation is the elimination of hydrogen from reactant species. When a molecule, moiety, or ion loses electrons, it goes through oxidation
What can be said about oxidation?By losing electrons in a reaction, a reactant is said to have undergone oxidation. When a reactant undergoes a reaction, reduction is the procedure through which it picks up electrons. When metals plus acids interact, this happens regularly. When a reactant loses electrons, the process is referred to in science as oxidation.
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Which of the following statement is correct order of reactivity?
Na>Mg>Zn>Fe is the proper sequence of reactivity. Caesium is both the most electropositive element and the most reactive metal in the periodic table.
What is the correct order of reactivity among the following?According to their reactivity, metals are arranged as follows: K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Ni > Sn > Pb > H > Cu > Ag > Au. In light of this, the proper sequence is Fe > Ni > Sn > Pb > H > Cu > Au.
Why is the order of the reactivity series?A chart listing metals in decreasing order of reactivity is called the metals reactivity series. A metal generally reacts with other chemicals more forcefully the more reactive it is. the easier it is for positive ions to form when losing electrons (cations)
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question at position 14 after you collect a fraction from the column, how do you remove the solvent to get the pure compound?
Remove the solvent by rotoevaporation. You should have a flask of free-flowing silica gel that you can pour on the top of your column. Add a layer of sand and elute as usual.
Solvents are a diversified group of chemical compounds that have the ability to water down, disintegrate, or disperse other substances. A solvent's ability to dissolve another molecule is determined by the molecule and physicochemical parameters of the solvent and the solute. Pure compounds are those contain just one type of particle and possess a simple design throughout. Pure compounds involve sugar, salt, and baking soda. Pure compounds include diamonds, protein crystals, and copper sulphate crystals.
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Write a balanced equation for each reaction.
a. HBr(aq) + KOH (aq)——>
b. HCl(aq) + NaHCo3(aq)—->
Answer:
a. The balanced equation for the reaction of HBr(aq) and KOH(aq) is: HBr(aq) + KOH(aq) → KBr(aq) + H2O(l)
b. The balanced equation for the reaction of HCl(aq) and NaHCo3(aq) is: HCl(aq) + NaHCo3(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Explanation:
correctly order the steps necessary to calculate the mass of product formed in a chemical reaction, given the masses of all reactants. start with the first step at the top of the list.
To write a balanced equation for the reaction we
Convert the given mass into moles using molar mass.Convert moles of A to moles of B using a conversion factor derived from the balanced equationConvert most of the 2nd substance to mass using its molar math.Mass of products is equal to mass of reactants. This equation can be read in “moles” by placing the word “moles” between each coefficient and formula. A mole-mole factor is a ratio of the moles for any two substances in an equation. Reactants are starting materials and are written on the left-hand side of the equation. Products are the end result of the reaction and are written on the right-hand side of the equation.Use mole ratios to calculate the number of moles of product that can be formed from the limiting reactant. Multiply the number of moles of the product by its molar mass to obtain the corresponding mass of product
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Use the information provided in the below equation and Table, to show how the enthalpy of formation for glucose was determined using Hess’ Law. You should include an enthalpy cycle diagram and show your workings clearly. 6C(s) + 6H2(g) + 3O2(g) → C6H12O6(s) Hf = -1086.4 kJ mol-1
The enthalpy diagram for the formation of compound that we have which is C₆H₁₂O₆ has been shown in the image attached.
What is the Hess law?The Hess law of the constant heat formation states that we can be able to obtain the heat of the formation of the substance as the sum of the heats or the enthalpies of all the processes that took place. Thus the total heat has to be obtained in an additive manner.
The compound that we are trying to obtain here is C₆H₁₂O₆ and we can see that the achievement of the compound would have to pass through a number of processes. All the reactions that can be used to obtain the desired products have been shown below.
The enthalpy cycles are;
6 C(s) + 6 O₂(g) ⇒ 6 CO₂(g) ΔHc = 6*(-395) = - 2,370 kJ/mol
6 H₂(g) + 3 O₂(g) ⇒ 6 H₂O(l) ΔHc = 6*(-269.4) = -1,616. kJ/mol
6 CO₂(g) + 6 H₂O(l) ⇒ 6 O₂(g) + C₆H₁₂O₆(s) ΔHc = -1*(-2900) = 2900 kJ/mol
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select all the statements that correctly relate the degree of shielding of a nucleus to its chemical shift.
From right to left on a spectrum, chemical shift gets stronger. In terms of ppm, chemical shift is quantified. Using a reference signal as a benchmark, chemical shift is calculated.
What exactly does a nucleus do?The nucleus houses the genes, structures that hold the hereditary information, and regulates and controls the functions of the cell (such as growth and metabolism). In the nucleus, nucleoli, which are tiny bodies, are frequently seen. nucleoplasm.
What elements comprise a nucleus?Neutrons and protons, which have opposite electric charges, make up atomic nuclei. The strongest basic force now understood, known as the strong force, is what holds these things together. A normal atom's nucleus generally holds more than 99.9% of the atom's mass yet takes up considerably less than.01 percent of its volume.
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Solved Which mineral will scratch fluorite but not feldspar?
A mineral with a hardness of 7 can scratch. Fluorite is unable to scratch feldspar, quartz, corundum, diamond, or any other mineral with a Mosh hardness greater than 4.
What is mineral?
In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid compound with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and crystal structure that occurs naturally in its pure form.
Therefore, A mineral with a hardness of 7 can scratch. Fluorite is unable to scratch feldspar, quartz, corundum, diamond, or any other mineral with a Mosh hardness greater than 4. In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid compound with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and crystal structure that occurs naturally in its pure form.
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Air and water are both considered to be ________
Air and water are both considered to be _elements.
What are elements ?A basic thing that is difficult to divide into smaller parts is known as an element. Unbreakable by non-nuclear reactions, an element is a material in chemistry and physics. An element is a unique component of a bigger system or set in mathematics and computing. Atoms of at least one or more different elements can be found in everything in the cosmos. The elements with comparable properties are grouped together in the periodic table, which contains a list of every known element.
The elements include things like iron, gold, silver, oxygen, and hydrogen. A single atom form makes up every element.
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Since water and air are each a gas and just a liquid, those who are both fluids, as are all liquids and gases.
What are liquids, and what varieties exist?Pure liquid & liquid mixtures are the two main categories into which liquids can be separated. Water is the most prevalent liquid on Earth, yet a lot of the water that microorganisms come into direct contact with isn't pure water; instead, it's a slurry in which different compounds are dissolved.
Which seven liquids are there?40:18 Seven liquids are involved in this matter: wine, bee syrup, olives, milk dew, animal or avian blood, and water. Blood may not often be consumed, but in this case, it was because it had possibly been used in a medical treatment.
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Show that 0.245m can be obtained if 0.637g of NaoHbwith molar mass of 40g/mol is dissolved in the same volume 65.0ml
When 0.637g of NaOH with a molar mass of 40g/mol is dissolved in the same volume of 65.0 ml, then 0.245 M solution is obtained.
What is the molarity?Molarity can be described as the measurement of the chemical species or solutes in a solution. The SI unit of the molarity can be described as mol/L. The molarity of a given solution can be calculated from the number of moles of a solute in a solution in a liter.
The Molarity of the solution can be calculated from the formula mentioned below:
Molarity = Moles (n)/Volume of the Solution (in L)
Given, the mass of the NaOH, m = 0.637 g
The volume of the NaOH solution, V = 65ml = 0.065 L
The molar mass of the NaOH, M = 40 g/mol
The number of moles of NaOH, n = m/M = 0.637/40 = 0.016 mol
Molarity of NaOH solution = n/V
M = 0.016/0.065
M = 0.245 M
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The shape of the water molecule is unique with two hydrogen ions bonded to the side of the oxygen ion. This give water several unique properties. Select four of them.-Cohesion-Polarity-High specific heat-Adhesion-Colorless-Drinkable-Transparent
Water has some emergent properties that have a significant impact on life on Earth as a result of the extensive hydrogen bonding. These characteristics include ice's ability to float, cohesion, adhesion, high surface tension, high specific heat, and high heat of vaporization.
The ability of water to dissolve polar molecules, its high heat capacity and heat of vaporization, its cohesive and adhesive qualities, and its dissociation into ions that generate pH are just a few of water's unique properties.
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Which of the following statements correctly describe chemical kinetics? Select all that apply.Chemical kinetics describes chemical reactions using collision theory.Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates.Chemical kinetics measures how fast reactants are converted into products.
Understanding how quickly chemical reactions occur is the focus of the physical chemistry subfield known as chemical kinetics. In contrast to thermodynamics, which focuses on the direction in which a process takes place but says nothing about its rate, it is to be contrasted with this.
A chemical reaction is a procedure that causes one group of chemical components to change chemically into another. Chemical reactions, which can frequently be described by a chemical equation, traditionally include changes that only affect the locations of electrons in the formation and dissolution of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present). The study of chemical processes involving unstable and radioactive elements, where both electronic and nuclear changes may take place, is known as nuclear chemistry. Reactants or reagents are the substance(s) or substances that are initially utilized in a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions typically involve a chemical change and produce one or more products, which typically differ from the reactants in some ways. The details of the particular course of action are part of the reaction mechanism. Reactions frequently consist of a series of discrete steps, or elementary reactions. Chemical equations, which represent the initial substances, final products, and occasionally intermediate products as well as the reaction circumstances symbolically, are used to describe chemical reactions.
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Does oxygen make ionic bonds?
Oxygen can produce both ionic and covalent connections. Numerous oxides contain the oxide ion, O2 but water hydrolyzes it, making it impossible for it to reside there.
What kind of bonds does oxygen form?When it is in its elemental condition, oxygen is a diatomic molecule, like hydrogen. Only six electrons are available to each oxygen, thus two bonds must be formed by sharing these electrons. Double bonds serve as an illustration of this.
What is hydrogen and oxygen capable of forming ionic bonds?Detailed response and defense The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are covalently bound. This is because the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen prevents the oxygen atom from completely stealing the electron from each hydrogen atom.
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Why starch peanut doesn't dissolve in acetone
Peanut doesn't dissolve in acetone because the crosslinking structure of polystyrene can be broken down in some organic solvents such as acetone.
What is acetone?
Acetone, is described as an organic compound with the formula (CH₃)₂CO which is the simplest and smallest ketone.
Acetone is known to be colorless, highly volatile and flammable liquid with a characteristic pungent odor.
When the polystyrene peanuts are added to the acetone, they do not really dissolve in the acetone, but instead go through a process called “swelling” that allows the trapped gases to escape.
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Using the table Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures for Some of the More Common Polymeric Materials, which of the following polymer(s) would be suitable for the fabrication of cups to contain hot coffee: (a) polyethylene, (b) polypropylene, (c) poly(vinyl chloride), (d) polystyrene, (e) polycarbonate, and (f) PET polyester? O (a) and (d) O only (e) (a), (b), and (c) (b), (c), (f), and (e) O (d) and (e)
Probably a little below 100°C (212°F) is the maximum temperature for hot coffee. Only polycarbonate and polystyrene have glass transition temperatures of 100°C or higher (Table 15.2), making them the only polymers on the list that would work for this application.
The temperature at which an amorphous polymer transitions from a hard, glassy state to a soft, leathery state, or vice versa. Tg is a direct correlation between a material's strength and capabilities in a specific end-use application.
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If a metal begins with a +3 charge, which of the following charges would indicate that the metal has been oxidized?
a. 0
b. +4
c. +2
d. +1
b. +4 charges would indicate that the metal has been oxidized
What occurs when a metal oxidizes?
General corrosion is caused by the oxidation of the majority or all of the atoms on a metal surface, which results in damage to the whole surface. The majority of metals are easily oxidized; they often lose electrons to oxygen and other elements in the atmosphere or in liquids.
When an ionic chemical reaction takes place while oxygen is present on a metal's surface, metal oxidation happens. This process involves the transfer of electrons from the metal to the oxygen molecules. The resulting generation of and entry of negative oxygen ions into the metal results in the formation of an oxide surface.
A combination of iron oxides and hydroxides is known as rust in general.
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a chemist burns 175g of solid magnesium in excess o2 gas. all of the metal reacts. He wants to know how many grams of the oxygen reacted?
Answer:
57.76 grams of oxygen reacted.
What is the difference between metal, non-metal and metalloids
Metals : A collection of materials with high electrical and thermal conductivity and malleability is referred to as a metal. Three-quarters of the elements on the periodic table are metals.
Metalloids: The term "metalloids" refers to compounds whose properties fall somewhere between those of metals and nonmetals. Many of these substances are also known to be semiconductors, which indicates that they may conduct electricity under specific conditions. They are also frequently referred to as semimetals because, despite having some characteristics of metals, they do not meet the criteria for classification as metals.
Non metals: A nonmetal is a material that is recognized for having limited electrical and heat conductivity, as well as being brittle rather than particularly malleable. Compared to metals, they make up a far smaller percentage of the periodic table's elements, yet nonmetals are more prevalent than metalloids.
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wavelength and frequency practice problems with answers; calculate the frequency of light that has a wavelength of 4.25 x 10-9m; calculate the number of photons having a wavelength of 10.0 m required to produce 1.0 kj of energy; wavelength frequency and energy practice problems answers; wavelength, frequency and energy problems worksheet; wavelength frequency and speed of light practice problems; calculate the total energy in 1.5 x 1013 photons of gamma radiation having ฮป = 3.0 x 10-12 m.; chemistry wavelength and frequency practice problems
The frequency of light is 7.5 x 10¹⁶ Hz or 75 PHz that has a wavelength of 4.25 x 10-9m .
What is the formula of frequency of light?The formula frequency=c/v, where c is the speed of light, equals 2.998 x 108 m s-1. Wavenumber, or =1/, is another statistic that you will frequently see. It is typically expressed in units of cm-1. E = hc = 1.986 1016 J nm photon 1 gives the energy of a single photon with the wavelength [6]. .2a]Formula: c = f where: c = the speed of light = 300,000 km/s or 3.0 x 108 m/s. = the wavelength of light, usually measured in meters or Ångströms (1 Å = 10-10 m) f = the frequency at which light waves pass by, measured in units of per seconds (1/s).It can be said to have a wavelength and a frequency. a wavelength. of light is the distance and frequency between identical points in two subsequent light cycles.Problem 1
Velocity of a light wave = 3 x 10⁸ m/s
Given
Wavelength (λ) = 4 x 10⁻⁹ mVelocity (V) = 3 x 10⁸ m/sFrequency (f) = ?
f = V / λ
f = (3 x 10⁸ m/s) / (4 x 10⁻⁹ m)
f = 7.5 x 10¹⁶ Hz or 75 PHz
Problem 2
We have to calculate the number of photons having a wavelength of 10μm required to produced 1 kJ of energy.
we know, “Energy of each photon is inversely proportional to wavelength”. and energy of photon is given by, E = hc/λ ,
where h is plank's constant, c is the speed of light and λ is wavelength.
here, wavelength , λ = 10μm = 10¯⁵ m
speed of light in vacuum, c = 3 × 10^8 m/s
plank's constant , h = 6.63 × 10¯³⁴ J.s
let number of photons = n
⇒Total energy = n × energy of each photon
⇒1 kJ = n × (6.63 × 10¯³⁴ × 3 × 10^8)/(10¯⁵)
⇒10³ = n × 19.89 × 10¯²¹
⇒n = 1/19.89 × 10²⁴ ≈ 5 × 10²²
Therefore the number of photons required to produced 1 kJ energy is 5 × 10²².
find the attachment of Problem 3
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The combustion of liquid octane, C8H18, in the presence of gaseous oxygen yields carbon dioxide and liquid water. Write the balanced equation for the reaction, including physical states.
Liquid octane, a hydrocarbon, is the reducing agent. Diatomic oxygen will oxidize it. We suppose that combustion is complete.
What function do oxidizing & reducing agents serve exactly?A simple definition of an oxidizing is something that causes oxidation by absorbing electrons, which causes reduction. A substance is classified as a reducing agent when it reduces by acquiring electrons; as a response, it oxidizes.
An illustration of an oxidizer?Examples of oxidizing chemicals include halogens, potassium nitrate, and nitric acid. A reducing agent, commonly referred to as a reductant, undergoes oxidation and loses electrons throughout a chemical reaction. Normally, a reducing agent, also known as the electron acceptor, is in one of its lowest possible oxidation states.
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