suppose 20 glucose molecules are formed during gluconeogenesis. The amount of pyruvate, atp, and nadh molecules required are :
number of pyruvate: 40 Number of ATP: 120 Number of NADH: 40
1 molecule of glucose is created from 2 pyruvate molecules. It takes 20 molecules of pyruvate to make 20 molecules of glucose, or 2*20 molecules.
One molecule of glucose is produced using 6 molecules of ATP. Therefore, there will be 6*20=120 ATP for 20 molecules of glucose.
In the process of gluconeogenesis, 2 NADH molecules are used to make 1 molecule of glucose. In other words, it will be 2*20=40NADH for 20 Glucose molecules.
A process known as "gluconeogenesis" converts non-carbohydrate substrates like lactate, amino acids, and glycerol into glucose (parent 1). Each lactate and alanine is first transformed into pyruvate, which is subsequently taken up by the mitochondrion and carboxylated by pyruvate carboxylase to become oxaloacetate (OAA)
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When two or more graded potentials arrive at the trigger zone, which of the following could happen? An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out. Two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur. Tino inhibitory Stimuli may be additive, resulting in lower excitability An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out and two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur and two inhibitory stimuli may be additive, resulting in lower excitability
When two or more graded potentials arrive at the trigger zone, then summation could occur, and two inhibitory stimuli may be additive, resulting in lower excitability.
Graded potentials are variations in membrane potential that vary in various sizes as opposed to being all-or-nothing. The strength of the stimulus affects the size of these potentials, which include receptor potentials, electronic potentials, slow-wave potentials, pacemaker potentials, and synaptic potentials. They are a result of the varying spatial and temporal activity of the proteins that make up each ligand-gated ion channel. Voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels are normally not involved. This kind of little impulses may either promote or discourage behavior. They can happen in skeletal, smooth, or cardiac muscle in response to nerve input, or they can happen at the postsynaptic dendrite in reaction to presynaptic neuron firing and neurotransmitter release.
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correctly label the following external anatomy of the posterior heart
The picture following shows the anatomy of the human heart from the posterior view. The posterior means we see the human body from the back side, which means the human heart in this part. The most dominant part of the posterior of the heart is the left atrium.
Blood circulation in the heart is following. Oxygenated blood comes to the heart via the left pulmonary veins, bringing oxygen and nutrients for the body, that go to the left atrium. Then pumped into the left ventricle. After that blood goes to the aorta to be distributed to every part of the body that needed it.
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failure to cite a compete reference for your claim is called a) proof surragate, b) hasty generalization, c) ancedotal exvidence, d) biased generization
The correct option is D : Biased generization, failure to cite a compete reference for your claim is called Biased generization
Citations also indicate that you have done the correct research work and that you've read acceptable books for your task. Failure to cite simply indicates that you are claiming that the entire document and all of its material as yours and, if that's accurate, it's plagiarism.
Anytime you copy and paste verbatim from a source and do not give the source credit it is plagiarism.
If you do copy and paste a piece word for word, you must put the content in quotes (i.e. " ") marks and provide credit to the author. This is termed a direct quotation.
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a process that exhibits random variability would be judged to be out of control.
When a process displays random variability, it would be considered to be out of control. False; random unpredictability is present in every process.
What is process short answer?The process is a collection of choices and actions used to carry out work. Although we may not be aware about them, processes are present in every sphere of our lives, including work and pleasure. Several instances of processes might be: breakfast preparation. ordering something.
Why is process definition important?Business processes aid in staying focused inside your organization, preventing errors, and accelerating worker productivity. Without clearly defined processes, it is impossible to ensure that a task will always be completed in the same way.
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The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus belongs to which domain? Eukarya Archaea Prokarya Protista Bacteria Question 14 (1.5 points) Listen The major ~driving force behind evolution that explains why organisms are more suited or adapted to their local environment is: natural selection. asexual reprocuction sexual reproduction; homeostasis; none 0f the above
The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus belongs to Eukarya Bacteria. The major driving force behind evolution that explains why organisms are more suited or adapted to their local environment is natural selection.
What is Staphylococcus aureus?
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, spherically shaped bacterium that belongs to the Bacillota and is frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin. It belongs to eubacteria because they lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound cell organelles. They are microscopic and unicellular organisms.
What is natural selection?
Natural selection is the mechanism through which living creature populations adapt and change. It is an evolutionary mechanism. Organisms that are better adapted to their surroundings are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that helped them thrive. Species change and diverge as a result of this process.
The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus belongs to Eukarya Bacteria. The major driving force behind evolution that explains why organisms are more suited or adapted to their local environment is natural selection.
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miRNAs can control gene expression by what action?
microRNA controls gene expression mainly by binding with messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell cytoplasm. miRNAs act as post-transcriptional regulators of their messenger RNA (mRNA) targets via mRNA degradation and/or translational repression.
How does miRNA affect gene expression?When miRNA attaches to complementary mRNA regions, it forms a RISC complex, preventing translation, which prevents the final protein product from being made. By blocking translation and preventing protein synthesis, miRNA binding and inhibition affect how proteins are made.By base-pairing with the target mRNA to inhibit its production, the miRNA acts as a guide. Which silencing mechanism will be used cleavage of the target messenger RNA (mRNA) with subsequent destruction or translation inhibition depends on how complementary the guide and mRNA target are to one another.Learn more about miRNA here: brainly.com/question/14136087
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label each step with the appropriate description.
Because the sodium potassium pump operates via an active transport mechanism,
ATP is required for it to function. Active transport is best shown by the sodium potassium pump.
There are numerous binding sites on the sodium potassium pump. 3. Na+ binding sites and two K+ binding sites •
After binding of three Na+ ions to the carrier protein, an ATP is split, releasing a phosphate group. This phosphate attaches to the outside of the carrier protein, causing it to change shape.
• Protein shape changes result in the release of three Na+ ions into the interstitial fluid.
• When two potassium ions bind within the carrier protein, the shape changes again. One additional phosphate group is released here.
• Finally, the potassium molecule K+ ions are discharged into the environment.
• Finally, potassium ions (K+ ions) are discharged into the cytosol. The carrier returns to its original form, completing the cycle.
Thus, for every 3Na+ ions that leave the cell, 2K+ ions enter.
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Full Question :
Label Each Step With The Appropriate Description. Potassium Ions Released Into Cytosol. Inter Cyton Plasma Membrane ATP Dinding
the presence of spiracles in insects means that insects are able to:what is one of the primary reasons given for why there are very few fossils from the earliest (pre-ediacaran fauna) animals? the area covered with water was much smaller than present day; therefore, there were fewer places for fossilization to occur on the ocean floor. the earliest animals were distributed in high oxygen environments and decomposition occurred too rapidly for fossilization to occur. the earliest animals were small and soft-bodied and did not have body parts that could be fossilized easily. the area covered by land, where early animals lived, was small; therefore, there were fewer opportunities for sedimentary rocks to form fossils.
The primary germ layers spiracles in insects (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) are established when the zygote develops through a number of developmental stages in animals.
What is one of the main explanations presented as to why the oldest fossils are so scarce?Why are there so few fossils of the oldest (pre-Ediacaran fauna) animals? What is one of the main explanations given? The EARLIEST animals had SOFT bodies and lacked the necessary body parts that could be preserved as fossils via mineralization.
why was it thought that the earliest animals did not leave behind petrified bones?Why is it assumed that the earliest animals left no fossilized bones behind? Due to the lack of bones in early creatures, no fossilized bones have ever been found. They search for flat regions, cayons, trails, footprints, and anything else that has been abandoned.
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Which repair process in E. coli uses visible light to repair thymine dimers? Which repair process in E. coli uses visible light to repair thymine dimers?
photoreactivation repair
nonhomologous end joining
homologous recombination (synthesis-dependent strand annealing)
base excision repair
nucleotide excision repair
The bonds created during pyrimidine dimerization are repair during photoreactivation using the enzyme photolyase. The photolyase repair mechanism in E. coli binds a thymine dimer created by UV light.
Two-strand DNA damage in Escherichia coli(E. coli), which is mostly created during replication on template DNA with one-strand damage, is repaired by recombination with a homologous undamaged duplex, often the sister chromosome. DNA repair from exposure to UV light may be repaired by E. coli, which are DNA repair enzymes. Both the activation of these enzymes and the actual DNA repair process depend on visible light .
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layer of connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fiber
Endomysium is the layer of connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fibers.
A complex network of connective tissue called the endomysium surrounds each individual muscle fiber, housing the arteries, nerves, and proteoglycan matrix necessary for metabolic and ion exchange. Each individual muscle fiber, or muscle cell, is sheathed in the thin layer of areolar connective tissue known as the endomysium, or within the muscle.
Nerves and capillaries are also present. The sarcolemma covers the cell membrane of the muscle fiber. The tiniest and deepest part of muscular connective tissue is called endomysium. The excitement and subsequent contraction of a muscle fiber depend on the exchange of calcium, sodium, and potassium, all of which are supported by this thin layer.
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cells synthesize a variety of complex molecules to include proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates. a large majority of the molecules that cells make are proteins. which three organelles are most involved in synthesizing proteins?
The nucleus, ribosomes, & rough endoplasmic reticulum are the organelles that are involved in protein synthesis (RER).
What are the top 10 carbohydrates foods?Pancakes, soft pretzels, bread goods, ready-to-eat cereals, milkshakes, ice cream, cereal bars, cake, pies, or muffins, as well as sweetened canned fruits, sugary beverages, fruit juices, corn chips, potato chips, and candies, are unhealthy high-carb foods.
What are 3 healthy carbohydrates foods?The healthiest forms of carbohydrates—whole grains, vegetables, fruits, or legumes that have not been processed or have had little processing—promote excellent health by supplying vitamins, minerals, fiber, and a variety of significant phytonutrients. Additionally, beta globulin supports intestinal health and a healthy gut flora.
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the digestive system can be thought of as a long tube with how many openings? a.) 1 b.) 3 c.) 2 d.) 4
The digestive system can be thought of as a long tube with 2 major openings that is mouth and anus, which suggests that option C is the right answer.
Digestive system is the organ system in the body which produces enzymes and other juices to digest the food that we take in. These enzymes break the complex particles into smaller ones. The first opening of digestive system comes form the mouth itself while the next opening goes towards the anus. Alimentary canal, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine etc. are the main parts of digestive system. Millions of microscopic finger-like projections called villi line the inside of the small intestine.
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The tryptophan operon is a repressible operon that is
The trp operon, for instance, is a repressible operon with five structural genes. E. coli does not need to synthesis tryptophan if it is already present in the environment; the trp operon is turned off. However, the switch governing the operon is activated when tryptophan availability is low.
In E. coli, the trp operon controls the expression of genes that code for the enzymes needed to synthesise the amino acid tryptophan. A repressible operon is the trp operon. The trp repressor protein suppresses trp when tryptophan is not present in the environment. Rna polymerase can thus attach to the start. to start transcribed transcription.Your inherited genes affect many traits, including the colour of your skin and hair. Emma's mother, who may have two genes—one for brown hair and one for red haircould have given her the red hair gene. If her father possesses two genes for the hue, she might get red hair.Your genes carry instructions that control the development and operation of your cells. the starting point Your genes carry instructions that control the development and operation of your cells. Cells serve as the body's building blocks. Your body is made up of billions of cells that work together to produce each part. The structures that keep genes in place are called chromosomes.
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You are Gram staining a known sample that contains both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. After you complete the staining, you observe the following. Which of the following statements would apply to the image you see? A. This image could be explained by omission of the Gram's iodine step, causing all cells to appear gram-negative. B. This image could be explained by leaving the primary stain step on the smear for too long, causing all cells to absorb the red color. C. This image could be explained by omission of the decolorizing step, leading all cells to appear gram-negative. D. This image could be explained by leaving safranin dye on the smear for too long, causing all cells to wash out the purple color You are Gram staining a known sample that contains both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. After you complete the staining, you realize that you did not perform the safranin step. Which of the following statements would correctly describe what you would see? A. Gram-negative organisms might incorrectly stain purple. B. Gram-negative organisms might not be visible. C. You would not be able to view any organisms on the slide. D. Gram-positive organisms might incorrectly stain red.
A - This image could be explained by skipping the iodine step in the Gram reaction, which would make all cells appear to be gram-negative.
All cells in a gram stain would be pink if iodine were absent. In bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan wall, the iodine acts as a mordant and maintains the color of the initial crystal violet stain. If iodine were not used, the stain would disappear when alcohol was applied.
B - It's possible that gram-negative creatures are invisible.
After Gram staining, gram negative bacteria show a mild reddish appearance under a light microscope. This is due to the fact that their cell wall's structure prevents them from retaining the crystal violet stain, so they are only colored by the safranin counterstain.
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Draw a picture next to the magnet below to show what will happen if you try to break the magnet in half.
As independent magnets, each of the fractured pieces will function flawlessly.
What is magnet?As described, a magnet, a thing that has the ability to generate magnetic fields, which can then attract and repel similar poles.
That magnet is actually a jumbled-together collection of smaller magnets known as magnetic domains. The magnetic fields of the others are strengthened by each. There is a little north and south pole on each one. If divide one in half, then freshly sliced faces will serve as the smaller pieces' new north or south poles.
A magnet will always have two poles, regardless of the circumstance. Therefore, regardless matter how many times a magnet is broken into pieces—two, three, four, or more—each component will still contain two poles, or North and South. Therefore, each of the fractured pieces will function flawlessly as a separate magnet.
Picture shown below for understanding the matter:
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while hiking, you come across a human skeleton that exhibits a severe fracture to the cranium. the face, including both orbits, has entirely separated from the cranial vault. this type of fracture is called a:
This type of fracture is called a Le Fort fracture.
It is a type of craniofacial fracture that involves the separation of the maxilla (upper jaw) from the cranial vault (skull). It is typically caused by a high-energy trauma to the face, such as a motor vehicle accident or an assault.
This fracture can be classified into three types: Le Fort I, Le Fort II, and Le Fort III. Le Fort I fractures involve a horizontal separation of the maxilla from the rest of the facial bones, Le Fort II fractures involve a separation of the maxilla and nose, and Le Fort III fractures involve a separation of the maxilla, nose, and zygomatic bones (cheekbones).
Treatment of this type of fracture typically involves surgery to repair the fracture and reconstruct the facial bones.
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The chart describes four objects experiencing one or more frictional forces. A 1-column table labeled object with entries a bike being ridden down a hill, a sled going down a snowy hill, a braked motorcycle skidding, an elephant standing still. Which statement explains the type of friction acting on each object? The bike has rolling friction, the sled and the motorcycle have sliding friction, and the elephant has static friction. The bike and sled have sliding friction, and the motorcycle and elephant have static friction. The bike has static friction, the sled and elephant have sliding friction, and the motorcycle has rolling friction. The bike and motorcycle have rolling friction, the sled has static friction, and the elephant has sliding friction.
The statement that explains the type of friction acting on each object is option a. The bike has rolling friction, the sled and the motorcycle have sliding friction, and the elephant has static friction.
The rider and every part of the bike are drawn toward the earth by gravity, as it is with all masses. There are ground reaction forces with both horizontal and vertical components at each tire contact patch. The vertical elements largely oppose the pull of gravity.
Note that Gravity, the ground, friction, rolling resistance, and air resistance are the bike's main external forces.
Since the force that holds an object at rest is called static friction. The definition of static friction is: The resistance people feel when they attempt to move a stationary object across a surface without actually causing any relative motion between their body and the surface they are moving the object across.
Therefore, in the case above, the sled has static friction, the sled and motorcycle have rolling friction, and the elephant has sliding friction.
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Answer: A
Explanation:
i got it right on the test hope this helps
List three ways innovation in the Gilded Age changed America
Answer:
bridges and canals, elevators and skyscrapers, trolley lines and subways.
Explanation:
Innovations of the Gilded Age helped usher in modern America. Urbanization and technological creativity led to many engineering advances such as bridges and canals, elevators and skyscrapers, trolley lines and subways.
the ocular magnification of the eyepiece on a compound microscope is 15x. the objective magnification is 40x. what is the toal magnification
To find the total magnification of a compound microscope, you need to multiply the eyepiece magnification by the objective magnification.
In this case the overall magnification is
eye piece lens × objective lens, Which is
15x ×40x = 600x
It is important to note that the overall magnification of a compound microscope depends on the combination of eyepiece and objective lenses used. For example, using a 20x eyepiece and a 40x objective, the total magnification is 20x × 40x = 800x. Using a 15x eyepiece with a 100x objective gives a total magnification of 15x ×100x = 1500x.
In this case, the total magnification is:
600x
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if 1000 f2 offspring resulted from self-pollination of the f1 generation, how many of them would be expected to have red axial flowers?
As it is a dihybrid cross, the F2 generation, will have offsprings in the ratio of 9:3:3:1. The dominant phenotype is red and axial, therefore the dominant phenotypes are in the frequency 9/16. So, the total number of such offsprings are (9/16) × 1000 = 562.5 ≈ 562
What is dihybrid cross?A dihybrid cross is a breeding experiment between two organisms which are identical hybrids for two traits. A dihybrid cross is a cross between two organisms, with both being heterozygous for two different traits.
What is self pollination?In this process, the pollen grains transfer from the stigma of the same or genetically similar flower. Self pollination can be observed in the legumes such as orchids, sunflowers, peas, peanuts, oats, peaches, potatoes, wheat and others.
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If 1000 f2 offspring resulted from self-pollination of the f1 generation, 562 of them would be expected to have red axial flowers.
What is dihybrid cross?
In a genetics experiment known as a dihybrid cross, the phenotypes of two genes are tracked by the mating of individuals who have multiple alleles at those gene loci. The majority of sexually reproducing organisms possess two copies of each gene, enabling them to harbor two distinct alleles.
The red and terminal flowers on the F1 individuals are heterozygous in nature. The F2 generation will have offspring in the ratio of 9:3:3:1 because it is a dihybrid cross. The frequency 9/16 contains the dominant phenotypes. Therefore, the total number of such descendants is (9/16)*1000=562.
Therefore the f1 generation, 562 of them would be expected to have red axial flowers.
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what are the three layers of connective tissue surrounding skeletal muscle? describe what each layer surrounds specifically.
There are three layers of connective tissue surrounding the skeletal muscle endomysium, which separates it from other muscle fibers. A fasciculus, a bundle of up to 150 fibers, is enclosed within the perimysium. The epimysium, a fibrous connective tissue fascia, covers the entire muscle.
Nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue make up the muscles in the skeleton. There are three connective tissue layers: the minerals endomysium, epimysium, and perimysium. The groups of muscle fibers in the skeleton are called fascicles. Through the connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves branch out into the cell. Tendons or aponeuroses connect muscles to bones directly. Skeletal muscles control internal movement, generate heat, stabilize bones and joints, and maintain posture.
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5. if 5.0 w of 290 nm uv light is absorbed by dna in your skin during a tanning parlor session lasting 1 hour (3600 seconds), and if the quantum yield for producing thymine dimers (major cause of skin cancer) is 0.0001, what would be the number of moles of thymine dimers produced?
If the quantum yield for producing thymine dimers (major cause of skin cancer) is 0.0001, then the number of moles of thymine dimers produced is 1.2 * 10^-9 moles.
How to calculate the number of moles of thymine dimers produced?The mole is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many as elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12. Mole is also the SI unit for the amount of substance.
Energy E = n * h * c / λ
Where E = 5w = 5J/s
n = no of molecules
h = planck's constant (6.6 * [tex]10^{-34}[/tex])
c = 3 * [tex]10^{8}[/tex](from literature)
λ = 290 * [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] (wavelength)
So, now let's use the formula
5 = [tex]\frac{n * 6.6 * 10^{-34} * 3 * 10^{8} }{290 * 10{-9} }[/tex]
n = 7.323 * [tex]10^{18}[/tex]
Moles of photon = 7.323 * 10^18 / Na
Na = 6.023 * 10^23 atoms (from literature)
= [tex]\frac{7.323*10^{18} }{6.023*10^{23} }[/tex]
= 1.22 * [tex]10^{-5[/tex]
Now, using the quantum yield formula
Quantum yield = moles of thymine dimer produced / moles of photon absorbed
0.0001 = moles of thymine dimer produced / 1.22 * [tex]10^{-5[/tex]
moles of thymine dimers produced = 0.0001 * 1.22 * [tex]10^{-5[/tex]
= 1.2 * [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] moles
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witch of the following statements regarding enzymes is NOT true
The statements regarding enzymes that is NOT true is option A. Enzymes increase the kinetic barrier.
Do enzymes affect the kinetics of a reaction?Enzymes, like other catalysts, don't change the substrate-product equilibrium position. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions, in contrast to chemical reactions that are not catalyzed, exhibit saturation kinetics.
Note that Proteins called enzymes aid in accelerating metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies. Some substances are built, while others are deconstructed. Enzymes are a component of all life. Enzymes are produced by our bodies on their own.
Therefore, Instead of raising the kinetic barrier, enzymes lower it (the statement "Enzymes increase the kinetic barrier" is a false statement and is the correct answer choice here). Enzymes lower the activation energy (the claim that "Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation" is accurate and correct), are not consumed in reactions, and have no impact on a reaction's thermodynamics.
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Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is NOT true?
A. Enzymes increase the kinetic barrier.
B. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation.
C. Enzymes are not used up during reactions.
D. Enzymes do not affect the thermodynamics of a reaction.
bio test in order for stanley miller to get organic molecules from inorganic molecules, which compound could not be present
A significant test tube earth experiment known as the Miller-Urey Experiment served as the catalyst for evidence-based investigation concerning the beginning of life on Earth.
The Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis, which at the time was a highly acclaimed theory for the emergence of life on Earth by chemical evolution, was put to the test in the Miller-Urey experiment.
The first proof that organic molecules required for life might be created from inorganic elements was supplied by the Miller-Urey experiment. The RNA world hypothesis, which contends that RNA was the primordial form of life, is backed by certain scientists.
Miller and his colleague Harold Urey created an artificial lightning storm using sparking technology. The result of their experiment was a dark broth full of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.
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Effective Leaders Can Avoid Conflict In Their Groups Or Organizations. True OR False
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Effective leaders can avoid conflict in their groups or organizations.
True OR False
Effective leaders don't shy away from any kind of disagreement, but instead they employ a compromising tactic when it doesn't matter to them but might matter to the other party.
Which conflict resolution technique should be applied when rivals of equivalent strength are dedicated to competing objectives?Compromising. When aims are relatively significant but not worth the effort or potential disruption of more assertive tactics, this technique is used. when two rivals who are equally powerful are firmly dedicated to opposing objectives, as in labor-management negotiations.
Which dispute resolution technique should be employed to please others and retain collaboration when the issue is more important to them than it is to you?Accommodating
When others care more about the subject than you do, this approach may be suitable.
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according to this phylogeny, which of the answer choice correctly lists the sequence in which multicellularity, tissues, and bilateral symmetry arose, from the oldest characteristic to the most recent? tissues, multicellularity, bilateral symmetry multicellularity, bilateral symmetry, tissues the sequence cannot be determined from the phylogeny. multicellularity, tissues, bilateral symmetry tissues, bilateral symmetry, multicellularity
Option D: multicellularity, tissues, bilateral symmetry, is the correct sequence in which they arose from the oldest characteristic to the most recent.
Multicellularity was the first animal characteristic to evolve. The next stage of invertebrate evolution is represented by living cnidarians like jellyfish. This was how tissues developed. It represented the beginning of the development of organs and organ systems. insects' symmetrical patterns. Sponges don't have balance. Initially, radial symmetry developed. Then came bilateral symmetry after that. Thus, technically option D is the right choice.
Before vertebrates even arose, invertebrates developed a number of significant features. This was incredibly adaptable. Multiple cells might perform various tasks. They were able to develop unique adaptations that helped them perform their jobs exceptionally successfully.
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what is the best strategy that can be used to specifically target the mutant htt allele responsible for huntington disease without causing off-target effects? group of answer choices
The best strategy that can be used to specifically target the mutant HTT allele responsible for Huntington Disease without causing off-target effects is option C: make sure that no sequences in the genome are identical or too similar to the 20 bp sequence involved in base pairing between the sgRNA and the target site.
It is essential to distinguish mutant HTT from wild-type HTT, either at the enlarged CAG repeat itself or associated SNPs identified preferentially on the mutant HTT transcript, in order to selectively target mutant HTT for gene silencing or editing. Therefore, selective suppression of mutant HTT may offer greater tolerability and effectiveness during prolonged, potentially lifelong HTT suppressive therapy periods. Thus, option C marks the right answer.
Huntington's disease (HD) is brought on by mutated HTT, which has also been studied for its potential involvement in long-term memory storage. Due to the numerous polymorphisms of the gene, the protein's structure can vary depending on the quantity of glutamine residues that are present.
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Complete question is:
The following diagram shows the complex between an sgRNA and a target site in the genome where Cas9 cuts DNA at the indicated positions. The protospacer adjacent motif or PAM site (5'-NGG-3' on one strand; N is any base) needs to be present adjacent to the target site in order for Cas9-mediated cleavage to occur. One problem associated with CRISPR/Cas9 technology is off-target effects. Part of the reason is that single base-pair mismatches between the target site and the sgRNA in the 20 bp DNA/RNA hybrid do not prevent Cas9 cleavage of the target site. What strategy do you need to use in order to target the mutant Htt allele that causes Huntington disease without off-target effects?
a. Look for a unique target sequence in the Htt gene that lacks a PAM site nearby.
b. Use mutant Cas 9 enzyme with decreased target specificity.
c. Make sure that no sequences in the genome are identical or too similar to the 20 bp sequence involved in base pairing between the sgRNA and the target site.
d. Use multiple sgRNAs, each of which has one mismatch with the target sequence at different positions.
e. Design sgRNA that can base pair with several regions in the genome including the Htt gene locus to ensure efficient cleavage of the mutant allele.
what would be the result of a cytosine base being substituted for a thymine base in a dna segment during dna replication? (1 point) responses the entire segment of dna would be affected. the entire segment of dna would be affected. the sequence could code for the wrong amino acid during translation. the sequence could code for the wrong amino acid during translation. there would be no effect on the dna. there would be no effect on the dna., the cytosine base would pair with adenine when the dna was replicated.
The sequence could code for the incorrect amino acid during translation if a cytosine base is changed to a thymine base in a DNA segment during DNA replication. The right response in this case is option C.
A base substitution in a DNA sequence during replication compromises the genetic information in the area where the change took place. The base replaced is also transcribed along with the genetic information from DNA into RNA during transcription. Adenine instead of guanine is transcriptionally transcribed if cytosine is replaced with thymine.
Due to the substituted base, the incorrect amino acids may wind up being translated during the translation of the genetic instructions, resulting in a defective protein.
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the is the jelly-like structure within the ear that hair cells press against in response to pressure waves, helping the body determine the intensity of a sound. a.) vestibular apparatus b.) tectorial membrane c.) cochlea d.) tympanic membrane
Cochlea is the jelly-like structure within the ear that hair cells press against in response to pressure waves, helping the body determine the intensity of a sound.
What is Cochlea?
In the inner ear, there is an auditory organ called the cochlea. The cochlea contains sensory receptors for hearing. It does this by converting the auditory information into neural impulses, which are then transported to the brain by the auditory nerves and afferent nerve fibres, where they are combined and translated into sound.
In the human temporal bone of the skull, the cochlea is made up of a coiled labyrinth that is similar to a snail and measures around 10 mm in width. It contains roughly 2.5 turns. It is separated into three primary fluid chambers and is filled with fluid.
Therefore, Option C is correct.
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within a cell, the amount of protein made using a given mrnamrna molecule depends partly on within a cell, the amount of protein made using a given molecule depends partly on the types of ribosomes present in the cytoplasm. the number of introns present in the mrnamrna . the degree of dnadna methylation. the rate at which the mrnamrna is degraded.
within a cell, the amount of protein made using a given mRNA molecule depends partly on the rate at which the mRNA is degraded.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) facilitates the movement of genetic material from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm's ribosomes, where it acts as a blueprint for protein synthesis. mRNAs are either translated, retained for future translation, or destroyed after they have reached the cytoplasm. Initial translation of mRNAs may be followed by a brief translational repression. At some point, all mRNAs are destroyed at a specific pace.
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