the articulation of what information is needed and how it can be obtained efficiently and effectively is referred to as

Krista is displaying the cognitive concept of option B) irreversibility. This means that she is unable to understand that a mathematical operation can be reversed or undone.

In this case, she understands that 4 + 6 equals 10, but she cannot comprehend that 10 - 6 equals 4. This is a common characteristic of preoperational thought in children, according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Children in this stage have not yet developed the ability to mentally manipulate information and understand that some operations can be undone. Therefore, they struggle with concepts such as conservation, reversibility, and understanding how one action affects another.

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Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. It seeks to understand the workings of the mind and the factors that influence human behavior. The field of psychology has its roots in two major disciplines: philosophy and physiology.

Philosophy provided the first major foundation for psychology, with thinkers like Aristotle and Plato exploring the nature of the mind and consciousness. These early philosophers developed theories on how the mind worked and how it could be studied and understood.
Physiology, on the other hand, provided the second major root of psychology. With the advent of the scientific method, researchers began to explore the workings of the brain and the nervous system. This led to the development of theories about how the brain and the body interacted to produce behavior and mental processes.
Today, psychology has evolved into a diverse and dynamic field that encompasses a wide range of sub-disciplines and approaches. Despite this diversity, the two major roots of psychology - philosophy and physiology - continue to influence and inform the study of human behavior and mental processes.
Overall, the roots of psychology provide a rich history and foundation that has led to the development of a complex and fascinating field of study.

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The correct answer is "a. Realist criminology". Realist criminology is not a new theoretical trend or avenue of conflict theory, but rather a traditional approach to understanding crime and deviance that emphasizes the importance of deterrence and punishment.

On the other hand, the other three options - peacemaking criminology, postmodern criminology, and existential criminology - are all newer and more progressive theoretical trends that have emerged in recent years. Peacemaking criminology, for example, emphasizes the importance of addressing the underlying causes of crime and promoting non-violent conflict resolution strategies. Postmodern criminology challenges traditional assumptions about crime and criminal behavior, and instead focuses on the social and cultural contexts in which crime occurs. Finally, existential criminology explores the role of individual agency and free will in criminal decision-making. In summary, while realist criminology remains an important approach within the field, it is not a new theoretical trend or avenue of conflict theory.
The option that is NOT a new theoretical trend or avenue of conflict theory is:
a. Realist criminology.
Conflict theory focuses on the struggle between different social groups and the unequal distribution of power and resources in society. Realist criminology, on the other hand, aims to understand crime based on objective factors and empirical evidence. It does not primarily emphasize social conflicts as a cause of criminal behavior. The other options - peacemaking criminology, postmodern criminology, and existential criminology - represent newer theoretical perspectives within the field of criminology that are more aligned with conflict theory.

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In the 1780s, Americans disagreed sharply over the relative importance of liberty and order due to their divergent views on how to structure the newly formed United States.

During this time, the American Revolution had just concluded, and the nation was in the process of establishing its governmental framework. Some Americans, known as Anti-Federalists, prioritized individual liberty and were wary of centralized authority. They feared that a strong central government could potentially infringe upon the hard-won liberties for which they had fought in the revolution.

In contrast, Federalists believed that a stronger central government was necessary to maintain order and stability. They emphasized the importance of creating a unified nation and protecting the interests of all citizens. They argued that a weak government would lead to chaos and anarchy, and that some limitations on individual liberty were necessary for the greater good.

These differing viewpoints led to heated debates and disagreements, eventually resulting in the drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution, which sought to strike a balance between individual liberties and the need for a stable and orderly society.

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Privatization of Social Security is not a prominent proposal to reform the social security program.

Privatization of Social Security involves shifting the responsibility of retirement savings from the government to individuals. This proposal has been widely debated but is not a prominent proposal for reforming the social security program.

Other prominent proposals for reforming the social security program include raising the retirement age, adjusting the cost-of-living formula, and means-testing benefits. These proposals aim to address the financial sustainability of the program and ensure that it can continue to provide for future generations.
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The true statement about trust in a buyer-seller relationship is that a salesperson has to determine what it means to each of his or her buyers.

Trust is subjective and can mean different things to different people. Therefore, a salesperson needs to understand their buyer's definition of trust to establish a strong relationship. Trust is not something that a salesperson can define or assume in the relationship. It is something that is earned through consistent and transparent communication, meeting expectations, and delivering on promises. Therefore, a salesperson must be aware of what trust means to their buyer and work towards building it over time.

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Specialization is not one of the stages in Kirschenbaum's model of self-regulation.

The first stage is problem identification, where individuals recognize and define the specific problem or goal they want to address. This involves understanding the gap between the current state and the desired state.

The second stage is commitment, where individuals make a conscious decision to pursue the identified goal or solve the problem. It involves setting clear intentions and establishing a personal commitment to take action.

The third stage is execution, also known as implementation or action phase. In this stage, individuals develop and implement a plan to achieve their goal. They take specific actions, utilize strategies, and exert effort to move closer to the desired outcome.

The fourth and final stage is generalization, where individuals transfer the skills, strategies, and behaviors they have developed to other areas of their life. They apply what they have learned in a broader context, extending their self-regulation abilities beyond the initial goal or problem.

While commitment, execution, generalization, and problem identification are all stages in Kirschenbaum's model of self-regulation, specialization is not included. Specialization typically refers to a process of becoming highly skilled or knowledgeable in a specific area or domain, and it is not directly addressed as a distinct stage in Kirschenbaum's model.

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Coping is primarily aimed at relieving or regulating the emotional impact of a stressful situation.

Coping refers to the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral efforts made by individuals to manage and adapt to challenging or stressful circumstances. The goal of coping is to reduce the negative emotional reactions, such as anxiety, frustration, or sadness, that may arise in response to stressors. Effective coping strategies can help individuals regain a sense of control, restore emotional balance, and enhance their overall well-being. Common coping mechanisms include seeking social support, engaging in relaxation techniques, practicing mindfulness, problem-solving, and reframing negative thoughts.

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Roads, telephone lines, power facilities, and schools are examples of a nation's infrastructure.

Infrastructure refers to the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. This includes transportation systems, communication networks, power grids, and education facilities. Infrastructure is vital for the functioning of modern society.

Roads, telephone lines, power facilities, and schools are examples of a nation's infrastructure. Infrastructure refers to the basic physical and organizational structures, facilities, and systems required for the operation of a society or enterprise, which in turn supports long-term economic growth and social well-being.

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Jobs that provide a low level of variety are least likely to create stress and reduce satisfaction.

Jobs that involve multiple and conflicting demands can create stress for employees who have to constantly juggle competing priorities. Jobs that lack clarity about the employee's duties can also be stressful because the employee may feel uncertain about what is expected of them. Jobs that provide employees less control over the pace of their work can create stress because the employee may feel rushed or overwhelmed. However, jobs that provide a high level of feedback can reduce stress and increase job satisfaction because employees receive clear information about how well they are doing their job. In contrast, jobs that provide a low level of variety are less likely to create stress and reduce satisfaction because they involve predictable and routine tasks that do not require a lot of mental or emotional energy. Employees in these types of jobs may find them boring or repetitive, but they are less likely to experience the stress associated with high-demand or unclear jobs.

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The Tet Offensive was a massive military campaign launched by the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong against South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War in January 1968.

The offensive was named after the Vietnamese Lunar New Year, Tet, which was a traditional time of truce and celebration. The goal of the offensive was to inflict a decisive blow on South Vietnam and force the United States to negotiate peace.

The Tet Offensive caught the United States and South Vietnamese forces off guard, as they were expecting a truce during the holiday period. The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong attacked more than 100 cities and towns across South Vietnam, including the capital city of Saigon. The attacks were marked by brutal fighting, with both sides suffering significant losses.

Although the United States and South Vietnamese forces eventually repelled the offensive, it was a turning point in the war. The sheer size and scope of the attack shattered the myth of American invincibility, and public support for the war declined sharply. The Tet Offensive ultimately led to the start of peace negotiations between the United States and North Vietnam.

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The Philip Morris company changed its name to Altria in an attempt to start a new corporate identity.

The rebranding of Philip Morris to Altria was driven by several factors. Firstly, the name change aimed to create a distinction between the parent company and its tobacco-related products. By adopting a new corporate identity, Altria sought to expand its business beyond tobacco and position itself as a diversified consumer goods company. This move was also seen as an effort to reduce the negative associations and public perception linked to the tobacco industry.

The name Altria was chosen to convey a sense of responsibility and commitment to corporate social responsibility, highlighting a shift towards a broader portfolio of products beyond cigarettes. While the change in name represented a fresh start for the company, it did not alter the ownership or control of its subsidiaries, such as Philip Morris USA.

Overall, the renaming of Philip Morris to Altria was part of a strategic rebranding initiative to create a new corporate image and reflect the company's evolving business objectives.

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Among the given options, the policy that typically pays a benefit if the insured goes blind is Accidental Death and Dismemberment (AD&D) insurance.

While AD&D policies vary, they often include coverage for specific injuries such as loss of limb, loss of sight, or loss of hearing. If the insured goes blind due to an accident, an AD&D policy may provide a benefit payout based on the terms and conditions outlined in the policy.

It is important to note that AD&D insurance specifically covers accidental injuries and disabilities, and not blindness resulting from non-accidental causes, such as natural or medical conditions. Therefore, if blindness occurs due to a non-accidental reason, an AD&D policy would not provide a benefit in such cases.

Other types of policies mentioned, such as Universal Life, Endowment, and Adjustable Life, do not typically include specific coverage for blindness or accidental injuries. These types of policies are more focused on life insurance coverage, savings, or investment components, rather than providing specific benefits for disabilities resulting from accidents.

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This strategy is most appropriate for intermediate or advanced English language learners.


1. The teacher is teaching persuasive essays, which require a higher level of language proficiency to effectively express ideas and arguments.
2. English language learners at the intermediate or advanced level have a better understanding of vocabulary, grammar, and language structures, allowing them to grasp abstract and technical writing concepts.
3. Modeling abstract and technical writing helps these learners develop their skills further by providing examples and guidance.


The strategy of modeling abstract and technical writing while teaching persuasive essays is most suitable for intermediate or advanced English language learners. These learners have a solid foundation in vocabulary, grammar, and language structures, enabling them to understand and apply the concepts taught in persuasive essays effectively.


In conclusion, the English teacher's strategy of modeling abstract and technical writing is best suited for intermediate or advanced English language learners, as they possess the necessary language proficiency to benefit from this approach in learning persuasive essays.

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Yes, the government does maintain permanent funds. Permanent funds are typically nonmajor funds that are set aside to generate revenue for a specific purpose over an extended period. The revenue generated from these funds is used to support ongoing activities or projects that benefit the public.

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The term custody generally refers to the legal rights and responsibilities that a parent or guardian has with respect to a child. This can include a range of different aspects of the child's life, such as where they live, how they are cared for, and who makes decisions about their education, health care, and other important matters.

When we talk specifically about the type of custody that refers to who has the right to make decisions about a child's upbringing, we are typically referring to legal custody. Legal custody is distinct from physical custody, which refers to where the child lives and who is responsible for their day-to-day care. Legal custody can be held by one parent (sole legal custody) or by both parents (joint legal custody). When one parent has sole legal custody, they have the exclusive right to make decisions about the child's upbringing without input from the other parent. This can include decisions about things like medical care, education, and religious upbringing.

So to answer the original question, custody that refers to who has the right to make decisions with respect to a child's upbringing is typically legal custody, and the options for legal custody include sole legal custody and joint legal custody.

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In a criminal trial in the United States, the burden of proof for "affirmative defenses" typically rests on the defendant.

In a criminal trial, the prosecution has the burden of proving the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt for the charges brought against them. However, if the defendant raises an affirmative defense, they are asserting that even if the prosecution's allegations are true, there are additional facts or circumstances that justify or excuse their actions. Affirmative defenses include self-defense, insanity, duress, or consent, among others.

When an affirmative defense is raised, the burden of proof shifts to the defendant. They must present evidence and convince the jury or judge by a preponderance of the evidence (a lower burden of proof than "beyond a reasonable doubt") that the affirmative defense applies in their case. In other words, the defendant must provide enough evidence to show that it is more likely than not that the affirmative defense is valid.

It's important to note that the burden of proof for affirmative defenses can vary slightly depending on the jurisdiction and the specific defense being raised. Therefore, consulting the specific laws and regulations of the relevant jurisdiction is advisable for precise information.

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The major difference between Brazilian and American racial taxonomies is that Brazilian racial categories are based on genotype, whereas American categories are based on phenotype. In the United States, race is determined by physical appearance, such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features. However, in Brazil, race is determined by a combination of physical appearance and ancestry. This means that even if a person has light skin and appears white, they may still be considered black or mixed race if they have black ancestry.

This difference in classification is a result of the unique history of race relations in each country. In the United States, race has been historically tied to the concept of slavery and the "one drop rule," which states that anyone with any amount of African ancestry is considered black. In Brazil, race has been historically tied to the concept of miscegenation, or racial mixing, which has resulted in a more fluid and flexible understanding of race.

It is important to note that neither taxonomy is inherently better or worse than the other, and both have their own complexities and limitations. However, understanding these differences can help us better understand the ways in which race is constructed and experienced in different contexts.

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A common criticism of government programs that are designed to assist the poor is that they create a culture of dependency.

Critics argue that these programs provide a safety net that discourages individuals from taking responsibility for their own lives and relying on their own abilities to succeed. They also argue that these programs create a disincentive for individuals to work hard and improve their economic status, as they are receiving government assistance regardless of their efforts.
However, proponents of these programs argue that they are essential in helping those in need and providing a basic standard of living. They argue that the root causes of poverty are complex and systemic, and that government assistance can help to address the underlying issues.
Ultimately, the effectiveness of government programs designed to assist the poor is a complex issue that requires careful consideration of both the benefits and drawbacks. While criticism is important to ensure that these programs are used effectively and efficiently, it is equally important to acknowledge their importance in providing a safety net for those in need.

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Relationship conflicts must be avoided if one wants to create and maintain an effective team. The answer is D) relationship conflicts.

Effective teamwork relies on positive and constructive relationships among team members. When relationship conflicts arise, it can have detrimental effects on team dynamics, communication, collaboration, and overall productivity.

Relationship conflicts typically involve personal disputes, animosity, or negative emotions among team members. These conflicts can lead to a breakdown in trust, cooperation, and cohesion within the team.

On the other hand, the other options listed—task conflicts, reflexivity, specific goals, and congruent mental models—can contribute to the effectiveness of a team.

In summary, relationship conflicts should be avoided, while task conflicts, reflexivity, specific goals, and congruent mental models contribute positively to the creation and maintenance of an effective team. Hence the answer is option d).

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Extinction is a process in which a behavior is weakened or eliminated by removing the reinforcing stimulus that maintains the behavior.

In the case of little Albert's fear of a white rat, extinction could be used by repeatedly presenting the white rat without pairing it with a loud noise. Eventually, little Albert may stop associating the white rat with fear.


To use extinction to eliminate little Albert's fear of a white rat, the white rat would need to be presented to him repeatedly without the loud noise. This would weaken or eliminate his fear response to the white rat. The process of extinction may take some time and require consistent presentations of the white rat without the loud noise. However, if done correctly, extinction could be a successful method in eliminating little Albert's fear of the white rat.


Extinction can be an effective method in eliminating learned fears. In the case of little Albert, extinction could be used to weaken or eliminate his fear of a white rat by repeatedly presenting the rat without pairing it with the loud noise. With consistency and patience, little Albert's fear response to the white rat could be successfully eliminated.

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The primary impact of voter registration laws has been to prevent fraud. Voter registration laws are put in place to ensure that only eligible citizens are able to cast their vote in an election.

By requiring individuals to register to vote, it ensures that they are who they claim to be and that they are legally allowed to vote. This helps to prevent instances of voter fraud and protects the integrity of the election process. However, some argue that voter registration laws can also decrease turnout, particularly among marginalized communities who may face barriers to registering, such as language barriers, lack of access to transportation, or limited availability of registration sites. Despite this, the overall impact of voter registration laws has been positive in terms of safeguarding the fairness and accuracy of elections.

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In recent years, China has received more foreign direct investment (FDI) than any other country.

FDI refers to investments made by foreign companies or individuals in a country's businesses or assets, with the aim of generating a return on investment.

China has become an attractive destination for FDI due to its large and growing market, low labor costs, strategic location, and supportive government policies. In addition, China has been actively promoting investment through initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative, which aims to enhance connectivity and trade between China and other countries.

According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), China received a total of $144 billion in FDI in 2020, making it the world's largest recipient of FDI for the 18th consecutive year. However, it's worth noting that the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on global FDI flows in 2020, and the situation may continue to evolve in the coming years.

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The primary source of legitimate political authority in the United States, as derived from the US Constitution and upheld by the Supreme Court, is the principle of popular sovereignty. This concept means that the power of the government comes directly from the consent of the governed, or the people themselves.

The primary source of legitimate political authority in the United States is derived from the US Constitution, which serves as the supreme law of the land. The Constitution outlines the fundamental principles of government, including the separation of powers, individual rights, and federalism. The Supreme Court serves as the ultimate authority in interpreting the Constitution and upholding its principles. The Court has the power of judicial review, which allows it to strike down laws or actions that are deemed unconstitutional. This system of checks and balances ensures that the government operates within the bounds of the Constitution and that the rights of individuals are protected. Overall, the US Constitution and the Supreme Court's role in upholding it provide the foundation for legitimate political authority in the United States.
In other words, the people are the ultimate source of authority for the government, ensuring that it remains legitimate and accountable to the citizens. The Constitution outlines the structure, powers, and limitations of the government, while the Supreme Court plays a crucial role in interpreting and upholding these principles, maintaining the balance of power and protecting individual rights.

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Psychiatrists and psychologists label behavior as disordered when it is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional.

Deviant behavior refers to behavior that is outside of societal norms, while distressful behavior causes significant emotional pain or discomfort. Dysfunctional behavior refers to behavior that interferes with daily functioning and may have negative consequences on one's life.

These three components are used to diagnose mental disorders according to the DSM-5, a manual used by mental health professionals to classify and diagnose mental disorders. It is important to note that a combination of these factors is typically required to make a diagnosis, and that behavior that is harmful, dangerous, or deliberate may also be indicative of a mental disorder.

Understanding and diagnosing mental disorders is complex and requires the expertise of trained professionals, who take into account a variety of factors including biologically influenced, unconsciously motivated, and difficult to change behaviors.

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The merger of two diverse groups through a process of biological and cultural mixing is known as "amalgamation."

Amalgamation involves the blending of different populations, typically as a result of migration, conquest, or trade, leading to the sharing and exchange of cultural traits, ideas, and practices. This process facilitates the formation of a new, unified group with shared characteristics that are a combination of the original groups' features.

Biological mixing occurs when members of the two groups intermarry and produce offspring, leading to a genetically mixed population. This blending of genetic traits contributes to the physical and biological diversity within the merged group.

Cultural mixing, on the other hand, involves the exchange and adoption of beliefs, customs, languages, and social norms between the two groups. This process leads to the development of a new, blended culture that retains elements from the original groups but also has unique aspects of its own.

Amalgamation has played a significant role in human history, as populations have continually encountered one another and merged throughout time. This process has shaped societies around the world, fostering understanding and cooperation between diverse groups, while also promoting cultural richness and adaptability.

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Theodor Herzl's Zionist movement supported the idea of establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

The Zionist movement, which was founded by Theodor Herzl in the late 19th century, aimed to address the issue of Jewish displacement and persecution in Europe by establishing a Jewish homeland. The movement gained momentum in the early 20th century, and Herzl's vision was to establish the homeland in Palestine, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire. Herzl believed that this would solve the problem of Jewish homelessness and provide a safe haven for Jews around the world. The Zionist movement faced opposition from both Arabs and Jews who were already living in Palestine, but eventually led to the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948.
Theodor Herzl's Zionist movement supported the idea of establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Herzl's belief in creating a safe and secure place for Jewish people, fostering a sense of national identity and unity, and advocating for Jewish self-determination.

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The principle of reciprocity best explains your reaction in this Scenario. (Option 3).

The principle of reciprocity is based on the idea that when someone does something kind or generous for us, we feel a social obligation to repay them in some way. In this case, the girl scout offered you a free box of cookies because you seemed to be having a bad day.

This act of generosity triggers a sense of indebtedness, and you feel obligated to reciprocate by buying multiple boxes of cookies when you see her again. The principle of reciprocity operates on the belief that people should repay others' kindness or favors, and it influences our behavior by encouraging us to engage in reciprocal actions to maintain social harmony and balance.

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Complete Question:

after a girl scout offers you a free box of cookies because you seem to be having a bad day, you find yourself feeling obligated to buy multiple boxes when you see her again. which principle of social influence best explains your reaction?: after a girl scout offers you a free box of cookies because you seem to be having a bad day, you find yourself feeling obligated to buy multiple boxes when you see her again. which principle of social influence best explains your reaction?:

Kara starts to get into the hot tub, but the water feels extremely hot. She stands in the water for a few moments, then slowly eases the rest of her body down into the water. After about five minutes, she feels comfortable. This decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus that Kara has experienced is called habituation.

A non-associative learning process known as habituation occurs when a stimulus is presented repeatedly or for an extended period of time and results in a decrease in the innate (non-reinforced) response to that stimulus. Both responses involving the entire organism (such as a full-body startle reaction) and those involving just certain parts of the organism (such as the habituation of neurotransmitter release from in vitro Aplysia sensory neurons) can become conditioned. As a result of habituation's widespread universality throughout all biological phyla, it has been referred to as "the simplest, most universal form of learning...as fundamental a characteristic of life as DNA." Functionally speaking, habituation is believed to free up cognitive resources for other stimuli that are connected with biologically significant events (i.e., punishment/reward) by reducing the reaction to an insignificant signal.

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The statement "shamans are full-time religious practitioners generally found in state-level societies" is not entirely true. While shamans are indeed religious practitioners, they are not always full-time practitioners and are not limited to state-level societies. In fact, shamans are found in a variety of cultures and societies, ranging from small-scale hunter-gatherer communities to large, complex state-level societies.

Additionally, while some shamans may devote their entire lives to their religious practice, others may only practice part-time or may have other occupations. Therefore, the statement is false as it is overly generalizing and does not accurately reflect the diversity and complexity of shamanism.

False. Shamans are typically part-time religious practitioners found in small-scale, tribal societies rather than state-level societies. They serve as intermediaries between the human world and the spirit world, often using altered states of consciousness to communicate with spirits and perform healing rituals. State-level societies generally have more complex and hierarchical religious institutions.

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