The atlantic cod (gadus callarias) is a fish which lays about 5 000 000 eggs in its lifetime. On average, only two of these eggs survive to become adult cod. How does this promote evolution?

Paleontology is the science of the form of life existing in former geologic periods, as represented by their fossils.  

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Bacteria are ubiquitous one-celled organisms, spherical, spiral, or rod-shaped and appearing singly or in chains, comprising the Schizmycota, a phylum of the kingdom Monera (in some classification systems the plant class Schizmycetes), various species of which are involved in fermentation, putrefaction, infectious diseases, or nitrogen fixation.

In decomposition:

They decompose dead plant and animal wastes, such as fallen leaves, and animal biological wastes.

Production of organic manure:

Manure is created by decomposing animal wastes such as dung and plant wastes.

Treatment of sewage:

Anaerobic decomposition by bacteria is used to convert wastes in sewage water to energy and purify the water.

Production of biogas:

It contributes to biogas plants by converting manure and household wastes to methane, which can then be utilized as fuel.

Nitrogen fixing through biological means

Rhizobium aids in symbiotic nitrogen fixation, whereas Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, and Nitrococcus aid in nitrogen conversion from one form to another.

Importance in medicine, industry, and biotechnology

Microbes are a source of antibiotics and vaccines in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment and prevention of infectious illnesses.

Dairy:

Curd and other milk products are mass-produced in factories using Lactobacillus curdling of milk.

Antibiotics:

Antibiotics are microorganism-produced chemicals that kill or inhibit other bacteria and are used to treat infectious illness. Molds like Penicillium and bacteria like Streptomyces and Bacillus create antibiotics in nature.

Vaccines

Vaccines are microorganism-derived compounds used to immunize against illness. Vaccines are often derived from the microorganisms that cause infectious illness. To immunize against diphtheria, a toxoid form of the diphtheria toxin is employed, and portions of Bordetella pertussis cells are utilized to vaccinate against pertussis (whooping cough). Smallpox, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough vaccinations have almost eliminated these illnesses in places of the world where they have been used.

Biotechnology

Microbiology contributes significantly to biotechnology, a branch of science that applies microbial genetics to biological processes in order to produce valuable molecules. Microorganisms are critical components of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering. Microbial cells, microbial DNA, and microbial enzymes are important technological tools.

Many biological products and biological processes have genetic information that may be introduced into microorganisms to genetically engineer them to produce a chemical or perform an activity. The genes can come from any biological source, including humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. This allows for the microbial production of meals, fuels, enzymes, hormones, diagnostic agents, medications, antibiotics, vaccines, antibodies, natural pesticides and fertilizers, and a variety of other chemicals helpful in our civilization and society. Furthermore, the microbial genes that encode for these chemicals, the most of which are unknown, represent a wealth of knowledge for use in medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, food science, and biotechnology.

Harmful effects:

Bacteria have numerous ecological and biological importance.

Answer:

Some of the halophilic archaea carry some processes which are economically very important such as biodegradation, bioremediation and environmental processes.

the two type of importance of bacteria

Bacteria are economically very important to people as they are employed in variety of reasons. For example, bacteria are used in the making delicacies like cheese, fudge, vinegar and yogurt. These are just a few things, that use bacteria.

The homo-logous mitochondrial sequences CTGTCCGAAG and CTGTCCGTCG suggest that species diverge from a common ancestor 660,000 years ago.

The mutation rate indicates the number of nucleotide differences between two homo-logous sequences that emerged in evolution in a given period of time.

In this case, the mutation rate is one nucleotide per 330,000 years and here we have two mutations (CTGTCCGAAG and CTGTCCGTCG), thereby it is expected that the sequences diverged 660,000 years ago.

In conclusion, the homo-logous mitochondrial sequences CTGTCCGAAG and CTGTCCGTCG suggest that species diverge from a common ancestor 660,000 years ago.

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Animals need features such as nutrition, movement, respiration, response to stimuli, growth, and excretion in order to survive.

In order for an animal to survive, the following must be observed:

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Answer:

inclined plane, simple machine consisting of a sloping surface, used for raising heavy bodies.

The reason why plants have been implicated in the devonian glaciations and not in the proterozoic glaciations is; Land plants had not yet evolved during the Proterozoic.

The Devonian glaciation occurred in south America and caused a global narrowing of the warm climatic belts, sharp regression, increased clastic sedimentation.

Meanwhile, the Proterozoic glaciation occurred near sea level in low palaeolatitudes. Thus, we can say that the reasons why plants have been implicated in the devonian glaciations and not in the proterozoic glaciations is because land plants had not yet evolved during the Proterozoic.

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Initiation life-cycle phase would the financial risks of a project be the greatest.

Most health insurance companies only cover the lowest version of a drug. It is nearly identical to the branded medicine or includes the same active component. If your doctor has prescribed the more expensive medication for a medical condition, your insurer could agree to pay for it. For instance, you might have an allergy to a component of the less expensive medication. In that situation, the prescription must be marked as "medically required" by the physician.

Construction risk, operational risk, supply risk, offtake risk, repayment risk, political risk, currency risk, and authorizations risk are typical project financing concerns. - The risk of conflict settlement Project finance is a type of secured loan distinguished by complex, yet fair, risk allocation plans.

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the plant produce all the nutrients animals need

Answer: engineering process

The protein in the electron transport system listed in the box to the right functions as diffusible soluble protein is Cytochrome C.

Cytochrome c is a small heme protein that is associated with the inner membrane of mitochondria. It is a soluble protein, unlike other cytochromes, and is an essential component of the electron transport chain. It is capable of performing oxidations and reductions, but does not bind oxygen.

In this case,  diffusible soluble protein is Cytochrome C is an essential component of the electron transport chain.

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Answer:

A.) conversion of chemical energy to heat energy

D.) Photosynthesis creates energy that the plant stores, and cellular respiration utilizes the energy.

D.) The populations of marsh snails and painted turtles will decrease.

Explanation:

When energy is stored in wood, it is being stored as chemical energy. This energy is being stored in the bonds that hold the wood molecules together. Once you begin to burn the wood, these bonds are breaking. As this happens, the chemical energy turns into heat energy (aka. thermal energy) and is released into the atmosphere.

Photosynthesis converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy that can be accessed by the plant later. During cellular respiration, the plant breaks down the molecules which store the energy in the form of chemical energy and accesses the energy.

When you decreases the amount of phytoplankton, the marsh snails have less food to feed on. As a result, more phytoplankton will starve. This results in the decrease of the marsh snail population. Because the marsh snail population decreases, the same will happen to the painted turtles.

A.) conversion of chemical energy to heat energy

D.) Photosynthesis creates energy that the plant stores, and cellular respiration utilizes the energy.

D.) The populations of marsh snails and painted turtles will decrease.

This ringing indicates: possible damage to the hair cells of her basilar membrane.

The basilar membrane is the main mechanical element of the inner ear. Its vibration patterns have the effect of separating incoming sound into its component frequencies that activate different cochlear regions.

So we can conclude that the ringing indicates possible damage to the hair cells of her basilar membrane.

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Sophisticated use of contrast helps separate the most important data from the rest using visual composition and the visual context our brains naturally respond to.

In the visual, composition is the placement or arrangement of visual elements or ingredients in a work. Composition means "putting together", and the various visual elements are the vocabulary visual artists use to compose.

With this information, we can conclude that sophisticated use of contrast helps separate the most important data from the rest using visual composition and the visual context our brains naturally respond to.

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Answer: A

Explanation:

Lobes were the beginning of arms and legs, the correct option is A.

Lobe-finned fish, unlike other fish, have a core protuberance in their fins that contains many bones and muscles.

The fins are extremely flexible and may be useful for supporting the body on land, as seen in lungfish and tetrapods.

The majority of bony fish have ray fins. These thin fins are made up of skin webs that cover flexible spines. Lobe-finned fish, on the other hand, have fins that look like stumps.

The lobe-finned fishes are the ray-finned fishes' sister group. They are distinguished by paired, fleshy pectoral and pelvic fins espoused by a single bone.

Prehistoric records clearly show that terrestrial vertebrates evolved nearly 400 million years ago from lobe-finned fishes.

Thus, the correct option is A.

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Answer:

the golgi body

Explanation:

the golgi body

Answer:

Golgi body receives, packages/modifies, then sends proteins and other cellular materials to various destinations. So, it is MOST like a post office.

Explanation:

The Golgi bodies are made up of 4 to 8 cup-shaped, series of compartments known as cisternae which are flattened, disk-shaped, stacked pouches and connected by tubular connections.

Golgi bodies has following functions:

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The plasma membrane is mostly made up of molecules that have Hydro folic head and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called phospholipids.

Phospholipids are lipid bilayers that are made up of phosphate group, fatty acids and glycerol units.

These phospholipids are found in the plasma membrane. The hydrophilic head is made up of phosphate group while the hydrophobic tail is made up of fatty acids.

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A protein that is bound to a carbohydrate is called a  glycoprotein in this scenario.

This refers to a type of protein in which carbohydrate is covalently attached to it.

The presence of the glycan changes the properties of the protein such as the solubility etc.

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Movable-type printing was the invention in the 1400’s revolutionized the way knowledge could be spread.

This type of printing involves the use of movable components to reproduce elements and letters on paper.

This was adopted by churches through printing of bible and other religious materials and led to the protestant reformation in the 1400s

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If the Earth did not rotate on its axis, the atmosphere would only circulate between the poles and the equator in a simple back-and-forth pattern.

Answer:

If the Earth did not rotate on its axis, the atmosphere would only circulate between the poles and the equator in a simple back-and-forth pattern.

Explanation:

The atmosphere would only circulate between the poles and the equator in a simple back-and-forth pattern.

Answer:

xylem

Explanation:

Answer:

1. Ribose

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Following are made up of cells:

Wooden table -No

Glass sheet- No

Liver- Yes

Plastic bag- No

Kidney- Yes

Cells are the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body.

Yes, Each lobule is made up of numerous liver cells, called hepatocytes. these hepatocytes are arranged in row forming sinusoids. Small blood vessels diffuse oxygen and nutrients through their capillary walls into the liver cells.

Yes, There are at least 16 different highly specialized epithelial cell types in the mammalian kidney.

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The blank space in the task content should be filled with; Prokaryotic (unicellular).

Bacteria are a host of unicellular organisms prokaryotic in nature, and are characterized by lack of a true nucleus and other cellular organelles. The bacteria cell is most often composed of the cell wall, plasmid, cytoplasm and flagella.

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Bacteria are single-celled organisms that lack membrane bound organelles


Single celled organisms are also know as prokaryotes. The characteristics of prokaryotes includes;

- They lack nuclues
- They reproduce asexually(binary fission)
- Their cell wall is composed of amino acids and carbohydrates


Bacteria are found all over our surroundings, they can also be found in the human body. They come in different shapes and structures such as cocci, rod, vibro, spiral.

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The statement 'Islands are often isolated, minimizing gene flow and maximizing diversification' explains why islands may have unique species on Earth.

Isolation refers to the absence of gene flow between individuals of the same species for extended periods of time.

Isolation due to geographic barriers (e.g., a island) may led to reproductive differentiation and even to speciation.

In conclusion, the statement 'Islands are often isolated, minimizing gene flow and maximizing diversification' explains why islands may have unique species on Earth.

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Answer:

Physical Change:

- Boiling water

- Breaking a pencil

- Water evaporating

- Denting a car door in an accident

- Tearing paper

- Ice melting

- dissolving

Chemical Change:

- Something rusting

- photosynthesis

- metabolism/digestion

- Nuclear power [atoms are arranged differently]

- Smashing paper with two metal balls, burns paper

- Electricity in water, breaks H2O into H2 and O2

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physical change is when there is only physical change occurring--and it can typically be undone easily,

whereas chemical change is when there is chemical change--which changes the chemical properties of something, which cannot be undone simply.

hope this helps!!

Answer:

physical [The identity does not change]

1. tear paper

2. submerge in water

3. eat [chewing] food

4. cutting hair

5. closing lid

chemical [The identity does change]

1.  digest food

2. acid [corrosion]

3. rust

4. burning paper

5. baking

1- C ( this is an assumption; a hypothesis is always based on an assumption.

2- F ( this states to share the results with other classmates).

3- D (this is a description of an experiment you could conduct; you test a hypothesis (usually) by conducting an experiment.

4- A (this is something you could observe during the experiment, therefore it is an observation).

5- E (this sentence is a conclusion).

6- B (This is an actual question)

The hypothesis of most interest to the researcher is the alternative hypothesis.

For example: When we are talking about statistics, the alternative hypothesis is the one that proposes a new model or a new theory, in contrast to an old one, as in the case of the null hypothesis. Oftentimes alternative hypothesis has to be constant with the original research hypothesis in that it stems from previous research and investigation. In simple terms, the alternative hypothesis is in opposition or contrary to the null hypothesis.

Thus, this could be the answer.

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