The ball of a ballpoint pen is 0.5 mm in diameter and has an ASTM grain size of 12. How many grainsare there in the ball

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

the number of grains in the ball is 274,848

Explanation:

Given that;

diameter = 0.5 mm

so radius r = 0.25 mm

first we determine the volume of the ball using the following equation;

V = 4/3×πr³

we substitute

V = 4/3×π(0.25)³

V =  0.06544 mm³

Now form table 1.1 "Grain sizes" a metal with grain size number of 12 has about 4,200,000 grains/mm³

so;

Number of grains N = 0.06544 × 4,200,000

N = 274,848 grains

Therefore, the number of grains in the ball is 274,848

The Ball Of A Ballpoint Pen Is 0.5 Mm In Diameter And Has An ASTM Grain Size Of 12. How Many Grainsare

Related Questions

15. If friction was completely removed from the track, what affect would this have on the roller coaster ride?

A. Without friction, the roller coaster ride would last forever!

B. The coaster would eventually stop because the coaster would still lose energy.

C. The coaster would use hills and flat sections to stop instead.​

Answers

Answer:
A

Explanation:
The coaster wouldn’t eventually stop because there’s no fiction to stop it. In order for a object to stop, there must be a opposing force ( in this case, fiction).
It is true that the coaster could use hills to stop, but the coaster can’t use flat section to stop.
So what I think is that the answer is A.

Fun Fact:
It would be really tough just to stand up without friction.

I hope this help and have a nice day :)


A badminton shuttlecock leaves the racquet traveling 30 m/s. It goes over the net 0.5
seconds later with a speed of 10 m/s. Calculate its average acceleration.

Answers

Given :

A badminton shuttlecock leaves the racquet traveling 30 m/s.

It goes over the net 0.5  seconds later with a speed of 10 m/s.

To Find :

The average acceleration of the shuttlecock.

Solution :

We know, average acceleration(a) is given by :

[tex]a = \dfrac{\text{Change in speed}}{\text{Time taken }}\\\\a = \dfrac{10-30}{0.5 }\ m/s^2\\\\a = -40\ m/s^2[/tex]

Therefore, the average acceleration is -40 m/s².

Can water and alcohol be purified by distillation

Answers

To separate a mixture of alcohol (ethanol) and water, you can use a process known as fractional distillation. The technique relies on the fact that the compounds in the mixture have different boiling points. ... A good distillation column will produce a mixture of 95% alcohol and 5% water.

the reading on a mercury barometer at mombasa is 760mms.calculate the pressure at mombasa(density of mercury=1.36x10 power 4kg/m3​

Answers

Answer:

The pressure at Mombasa is 101.396 KPascal.

Explanation:

Given: Reading on barometer = 760 mm

                                                  = 0.76 m

           Density of mercury = 1.36 x [tex]10^{4}[/tex] kg/[tex]m^{3}[/tex]

In this case, the pressure can be expressed as:

P = σhg

Where: σ is the density of mercury, h is height of mercury in the barometer, and g is the acceleration due of gravity.

But, g = 9.81 m/[tex]s^{2}[/tex]

So that,

P = 1.36 x [tex]10^{4}[/tex] x 0.76 x 9.81

  = 101396.16 Pascal

P = 101.395 KPascal

The pressure at Mombasa is 101.396 KPascal.

A force does 128-J of work on a 4-kg cart. What mus be the velocity of the cart?

Answers

Answer:

v = 8[m/s]

Explanation:

In this case, the work that is exerted on the cart is the kinetic energy that allows the movement, so we can use the following equation of kinetic energy.

[tex]E_{kin}=Work\\E_{kin}=\frac{1}{2} *m*v^{2}[/tex]

Now replacing:

[tex]128=0.5*4*v^{2} \\v=\sqrt{64} \\v=8[m/s][/tex]

3.) A family travels by car cross country 6,200 km in 80 hours. In meters per 1 point
second, how fast did the family travel? (3600 seconds = 1 hour) (Show ALL
work!) *

Answers

Answer:

v = 21.52 m/s

Explanation:

Given that,

The distance covered by the car, d = 6200 km

Time taken by the car, t = 80 hours

We need to find the speed of the car. The speed of an object is given by total distance dividing total time.

[tex]v=\dfrac{6200\times 10^3\ m}{80\times 3600}\\\\v=21.52\ m/s[/tex]

So, the speed of the car is 21.52 m/s.

a bug is flying with a velocity of 10m/s into a wind at 3m/s what is the resultant velocity of the bug?

Answers

10m/s - 3m/s = 7m/s

The resultant velocity is 7m/s


Suppose that you cut a sugar cube into smaller and smaller parts. If you
could separate out one molecule, which of these describes what you have?
A. a carbon atom.
B. a molecule without atoms.
C. a molecule with no mass.
D. a molecule of sugar.

Answers

Answer:

c

Explanation:

jsjdkksddssddddddmekekwkkwkekeke

Which of the following is not a true statement?
v=at
O art

Answers

Answer:

t = Δa / v

Explanation:

To know which option is not true, we shall fine a relationship between acceleration (a), velocity (v), time (t) and radius (r). This is illustrated below:

Acceleration can simply be defined as the rate of change of velocity with time. Mathematically, it is expressed as shown below:

Acceleration = change in velocity / time

a = Δv / t ..... (1)

But

Δv = v₂ – v₁

Substitute the value of Δv into equation (1)

a = Δv / t

a = v₂ – v₁ / t ....... (2)

From equation (1), make Δv the subject of the equation.

a = Δv / t

Cross multiply

Δv = at .... (3)

From equation (1), make t the subject of the equation.

a = Δv / t

Cross multiply

at = Δv

Divide both side by a

t = Δv /a ...... (4)

From circular motion, centripetal's force is given by:

F = mv²/r

F = ma꜀

Therefore,

ma꜀ = mv²/r

Cancel out m

a꜀ = v²/r

SUMMARY:

a = Δv / t

a = v₂ – v₁ / t

Δv = at

t = Δv /a

a꜀ = v²/r

Considering the options given in question above, t = Δa / v is not a true statement.

Answer:

Option 4

Explanation:

What is the target heart rate for a 24 year old?

Answers

Answer:

196

Explanation:

subtract 24 from 220 to get your answer.

Answer:

100 beats for minute

Explanation:

Adults ( age 18 and over) 60 - 100 beats per minute

an object is moving with constant velocity downwards on a frictionless inclined plane that makes an angle of

Answers

An object is moving with constant velocity downwards on a frictionless inclined plane that makes an angle of θ with the horizontal.

1. Which direction does the force of gravity act on the object?

2. Which direction does the normal force act on the object?

Which force is responsible for the object moving down the incline?

Answer:

The answer is below

Explanation:

1. When an object is moving with a constant velocity, the direction the force of gravity act on the object is DIRECTLY DOWN.

2. When an object is moving with a constant velocity, the direction the normal force act on the object "perpendicular to the surface of the plane."

3. When an object is moving with a constant velocity, the force that is responsible for the object moving down the incline is "the component of the gravitational force parallel to the surface of the inclined plane."

please do this . will mark as brainlest;)

Answers

Answer:

no, not all three contains iron

no, not all three also contain magnets

Explanation:

a has the magnet

b and c have pieces of iron

What new details are you able to see on the slide when the magnification is increased to 10x that you could not see at 4x

Answers

Answer: A more detailed information like the nucleus of cells on the slide is seen as the magnification Increases.

Explanation:

The microscope is an instrument used in a laboratory to view magnified image of an object ( cells on a slide). There are two types:

--> Simple microscope and

--> Compound microscope.

Simple microscope is used to view an object using JUST ONE convex lens, and the image formed is usually erect and magnified.

Compound microscope has a higher magnification compared to a simple microscope. It is produced by using TWO CONVERGING LENS of short focal length. Here, the two lenses used are classified according to their positions. The lens near the object is called the objective lens while the one nearer to the eye is called the eyepiece lens.

The objective lens of the compound lens used in the laboratory has ×4, ×10, ×40, ×100 magnifications. As the magnification of the objective lens is increased from ×4 to ×10 a more detailed information of the image is seen as the diameter of field of view decreases. For example the constituents of a cell like the nucleus can be viewed using a higher magnification.

PLEASE HELP!! URGENT!!

Answers

I think it’s the mass

So as the mass of either object increases, the force of gravitational attraction between them also increases. If the mass of one of the objects is doubled, then the force of gravity between them is doubled. If the mass of one of the objects is tripled, then the force of gravity between them is tripled.

A ship's boiler steam comes out at 112 C and pushes through the system, exiting into the condenser,

which is kept at 20 C by circulating seawater. What is the ideal efficiency of the ship's boiler? Round to

the nearest thousandth.

O 0.643

O 0.523

O 0.703

O 0.239

Answers

Answer:

D: 0.239

Explanation:

Equation for ideal efficiency is;

η = 1 - (T_c/T_h)

We are told that;

steam comes out at 112° C. Thus, T_h = 112°C. Converting to Kelvin gives; T_h = 112 + 273 = 385 K

The one exiting into the condenser is kept at 20°C. Thus; T_c = 20 + 273 = 293 K

Thus;

η = 1 - (293/385)

η = 0.239

WILL MARK BRAINIEST DO QUICKKKK ISTGG PLS ​

Answers

Answer:

the answer is up the bird will go up

Explanation:

Starting from rest, a wheel with constant angular acceleration turns through an angle of 25 rad in a time t. Through what angle will it have turned after time 2t?

Answers

Answer:

After time 2t, the wheel will turn through an angle of 100 rad.

Explanation:

Given;

initial velocity of the wheel, [tex]\omega_i = 0[/tex]

time of motion, t = t

angular distance, θ = 25 rad

The constant angular acceleration is calculated as;

[tex]\theta = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2\\\\\theta = 0 + \frac{1}{2}at^2\\\\2\theta = at^2\\\\a = \frac{2\theta }{t^2} \\\\a = \frac{2\ \times \ 25 }{t^2}\\\\a = \frac{50}{t^2} \\\\when \ t = 2t\\\\\theta = \frac{1}{2}at^2\\\\\theta = \frac{1}{2}(\frac{50}{t^2})(2t)^2\\\\\theta =\frac{1}{2}(\frac{50}{t^2})(4t^2)\\\\\theta = 100 \ rad[/tex]

Therefore, after time 2t, the wheel will turn through an angle of 100 rad.

The angle of the wheel would have turned after time 2t is equal to 100 rad.

Given the following data:

Initial angular velocity = 0 rad/s (since the wheel starts from rest).Time = t secondsAngle = 25 rad

To determine the angle of the wheel would have turned after time 2t:

First of all, we would determine the angular acceleration of the wheel by using the second equation of rotational motion.

[tex]\theta = ut + \frac{1}{2} at^2\\\\25 =0(t) + \frac{1}{2} at^2\\\\25=\frac{1}{2} at^2\\\\50=at^2\\\\a=\frac{50}{t^2} \;rad/s^2[/tex]

Next, we would determine the angle the wheel would have turned after time 2t:

[tex]\theta = ut + \frac{1}{2} at^2\\\\\theta = 0(2t) + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{50}{t^2} )(2t)^2\\\\\theta = \frac{25}{t^2} \times 4t^2\\\\\theta = 25\times 4\\\\\theta = 100\;rads[/tex]

Read more: https://brainly.com/question/8898885

find the potential energy of an aircraft weighing 10000 bs at 5000 ft true altitude and 125 kts true air speed

Answers

Answer:

[tex]U=5*10^7ft.Ib[/tex]

Explanation:

From the question we are told that

Weight  [tex]W= 10000bs[/tex]

Altitude [tex]H=5000ft[/tex]

Speed    [tex]V=125kts\\1kts=0.514m/s\\V=125*0.514=>64.25m/s[/tex]

Generally the equation for Potential energy ids mathematically given as

[tex]Potential\ Energy\ U=mgh[/tex]

[tex]U=Wh[/tex]

[tex]U=10000*5000[/tex]

[tex]U=5*10^7ft.Ib[/tex]

A spring is attached to the ceiling, and when a mass is suspended from the spring at rest, it stretches by 50 cm. If instead two identical copies of the same spring are attached to the mass and the ceiling, the springs will stretch by:

Answers

Answer:

25 cm

Explanation:

Given that :

Displacement, x = 50 cm

In a spring, the force is given thus ;

F = kx ; where, F = Force, k = spring constant

Hence,

F = 50k - - - (1)

If two identical springs are attached to the mass ;

Fnet = F1 + F2

Fnet = F = kx' + kx'

x' = Displacement

Spring constant k and x' will be the same in the two springs ;

Hence,

F = 2kx' - - - (2)

Equating (1) and (2)

F = F

50k = 2kx'

50 = 2x'

x' = 50 / 2

x' = 25

Hence, the spring will stretch by 25cm

Answer:

25m

Explanation:

What happens to make electrical current flow in a generator?

Answers

Generators don’t actually create electricity. Instead, they convert mechanical or chemical energy into electrical energy. They do this by capturing the power of motion and turning it into electrical energy by forcing electrons from the external source through an electrical circuit. A generator is essentially an electrical motor working in reverse.
Some electrical generators, such as those at Hoover Dam, for example, are huge and provide enormous amounts of energy by transferring the power created by water turning turbines into electricity. Residential and commercial generators, however, are much smaller and rely on more traditional fuel sources like diesel, gas, and propane to create mechanical power that can then be forced into a circuit and induce an electrical current.
Once an electrical current has been established, it is directed through copper wires to power external machines, devices, or entire electrical systems.

IDENTIFY WHAT IS BEING DESCRIBED IN EACH SENTENCE AND WRITE YOUR ANSWER ON THE BLANKS
_______1. Allows ingestion and breaks down food so that nutrients can be absorbed.

_______2. Provides mechanical support; stores minerals and produces red blood cells.

_______3. Protects the body's internal environment and stores fat.

_______4. Enables the transport of nutrients, glasses and wastes to and from cells.

_______5. Secretes hormones into the bloodstream for regulation of cellular activities.

Answers

1) digestive enzymes

2) skeletal system

3) The integumentary system

4) the cardiovascular system

5) secrete hormones

Hope this helps! Have a good day! ❤️

The correct answers for the given paragraph are as follow:

Digestive Enzymes allows ingestion and breaks down food.Skeletal system provides mechanical support and also stores minerals.Integumentary system protects the body's internal environment and stores fat.Cardiovascular system enables the transport of nutrients, glasses and wastes to and from cells.Endocrine glands secretes hormones into the bloodstream for regulation of cellular activities.

1.

The digestive enzymes are the proteins that tends to break down the larger molecules like fats, proteins and carbs into smaller molecules.

Thus, the correct answer is Digestive Enzyme.

2.

The skeletal system is the framework of body, consisting of bones and various connective tissues. It provides the mechanical support and produces red blood cells.

Thus, the correct answer is skeletal system.

3. The organ system that protects the body's internal environment and stores the fat is known as Integumentary system.

Thus, the correct answer is integumentary system.

4.

The cardiovascular system enables the transport of nutrients, glasses and wastes to and from cells. Also, it is used for the transportation of nutrients and oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body and to carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs.

Thus, the correct answer is cardiovascular system.

5.

Endocrine glands are responsible for the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream to regulate the cellular activities.

Thus, the correct answer is Endocrine glands.

Learn more about the human organs and digestive system here:

https://brainly.com/question/16347243

please I really need help, I will mark you brainliest
A tennis player hit a .057-kg ball with a force of 40 N. The duration of the force was .05 s.
1. Calculate the impulse delivered to the ball.
2. What was the change in momentum of the ball?
3. What was the velocity of the ball as it left the tennis racket?
4. What would happen to the ball's velocity if it remained on the tennis racket longer than .05 s?

Answers

Explanation:

I am not sure about this question sry but u can try asking a tutor u don't need to use any points

PLS Help

1. Define "sport" in your own words. Define what a "hobby" is.
2. Do some research and find a definition of sport that makes sense to you. In what ways is this definition similar to yours and in what ways is it different? How do the "experts" define the difference between a sport and a hobby?
3. Select 4 of the following and state whether you think it is a sport, or hobby and, of course, why. Of course you can research and see what others think. If you believe something is not a sport, what could make it a sport.

Competitive cheerleading, race car driving, horse racing, darts, fishing, trampoline, WWE wrestling, swimming, rodeo.

Answers

Answer:

sport is an activity that involves movement and teamwork.

hobby is a personal interest that you enjoy doing often.

Explanation:

:)

What is the daily use of the deltoid?

Answers

Answer:

In our everyday life, the deltoids take on most of the work in rotating our arms, but besides that the deltoid muscle also allows us to carry objects at a safe distance from the body. It is also responsible from stopping a dislocation or injury to the humerus when we carry something heavy.

Answer:

Lifting, pushing and pulling

Explanation:

it uses it

Find the speed (in m/s) needed to escape from the solar system starting from the surface of Neptune. Assume there are no other bodies involved, and do not account for the fact that Neptune is moving in its orbit.

Answers

Answer:

The speed needed to escape from the solar system starting from the surface of Neptune is approximately 23557.615 meters per second.

Explanation:

The escape speed needed to escape from the gravitational influence of a planet ([tex]v_{e}[/tex]), measured in meters per second, is derived from Newton's Law of Gravitation and Principle of Energy Conservation and defined by the following formula:

[tex]v_{e} = \sqrt{\frac{2\cdot G\cdot M}{R} }[/tex] (1)

Where:

[tex]G[/tex] - Gravitational constant, measured in cubic meters per kilogram-square second.

[tex]M[/tex] - Mass of Neptune, measured in kilograms.

[tex]R[/tex] - Radius from the center to surface, measured in kilograms.

If we know that [tex]G = 6.672\times 10^{-11}\,\frac{m^{3}}{kg\cdot s^{2}}[/tex], [tex]M = 1.024\times 10^{26}\,kg[/tex] and [tex]R = 24.622\times 10^{6}\,m[/tex], then the escape speed needed is:

[tex]v_{e} =\sqrt{\frac{2\cdot \left(6.672\times 10^{-11}\,\frac{m^{3}}{kg\cdot s^{2}} \right)\cdot (1.024\times 10^{26}\,kg)}{24.622\times 10^{6}\,m} }[/tex]

[tex]v_{e} \approx 23557.615\,\frac{m}{s}[/tex]

The speed needed to escape from the solar system starting from the surface of Neptune is approximately 23557.615 meters per second.

state and explain five practical applications or uses of eddy current in everyday activities​

Answers

Answer:

They are applied in electromagnetic braking.Used in separation of metals such as Aluminum from other metals.Used in identifying metals in vending machines.Testing of structure of aircrafts apply eddy currents through procedures of Non destructive examination.They are used in defect detecting and safety hazards application.

Explanation:

Eddy current are loops of electric currents which are induced within conductors when there is a change in magnetic field in the conductor through Faraday's Law of induction.

They are applied in electromagnetic braking. This is where the eddy current acts as brakes to stop moving objects. However, they are used along side mechanical braking systems.

Used in separation of metals such as Aluminum from other metals. Using the eddy current separator, ferrous elements are attracted to the magnet while aluminum being non-ferrous ,is left  separated.

Used in identifying metals in vending machines. These machines use eddy currents to detect fake coins where the fake coins will slow at a certain speed to be identified.

Testing of structure of aircrafts apply eddy currents through procedures of Non destructive examination.

They are used in defect detecting and safety hazards application. Defects in heat exchanger tubes can be detected by eddy currents.

A 1100 kg car strikes a wall with a force of 4000 N in 0.35 seconds. What is the change in the

velocity of the car?

Answers

Answer:

(v-u) = 1.27 m/s

Explanation:

Given that,

Mass of a car, m = 1100 kg

Force with which the wall strikes, F = 4000 N

Time, t = 0.35 s

We need to find the change in velocity of the car.

The net force acting on the car is given by :

F = ma

a is acceleration

[tex]F=\dfrac{m(v-u)}{t}\\\\(v-u)=\dfrac{Ft}{m}\\\\(v-u)=\dfrac{4000\times 0.35}{1100}\\\\(v-u)=1.27\ m/s[/tex]

(v-u) is the change in velocity. Hence, the change in the velocity of the car is 1.27 /s.

QUESTION 7
How much force is required to bring a car of mass 1,126 kg, initially traveling at 20.4 m/s, to rest in 7.4 s?

Answers

Answer:

The force required is 3,104 N

Explanation:

Force

According to the second Newton's law, the net force exerted by an external agent on an object of mass m is:

F = ma

Where a is the acceleration of the object.

On the other hand, the equations of the Kinematics describe the motion of the object by the equation:

[tex]v_f=v_o+at[/tex]

Where:

vf is the final speed

vo is the initial speed

a is the acceleration

t is the time

Solving for a:

[tex]\displaystyle a=\frac{v_f-v_o}{t}[/tex]

We are given the initial speed as vo=20.4 m/s, the final speed as vf=0 (at rest), and the time taken to stop the car as t=7.4 s. The acceleration is:

[tex]\displaystyle a=\frac{0-20.4}{7.4}[/tex]

[tex]a=-2.757\ m/s^2[/tex]

The acceleration is negative because the car is braking (losing speed). Now compute the force exerted on the car of mass m=1,126 kg:

[tex]F = 1,126\ kg * 2.757\ m/s^2[/tex]

F= 3,104 N

The force required is 3,104 N

an astronaut must journey to a distant planet, which is 300 light years from earth. what speed will be necessary if the austronaut wishes to age only 12 years during the round trip

Answers

Answer:

First, if you are inside a spaceship that travels with a relativistic speed, your inner time does not change. So your cells and DNA feel the time exactly as how they would feel it on Earth. This means that if you spend 12 years travelling on your spaceship, you will age those 12 years, while the ones that are still in Earth may be experienced time in a different way (The ones on Earth may measure the time between your departure and your arrival as 15 years, for example, so they feel the time in a different way).

Then we only need to solve the equation:

Distance/time = speed

Distance = 300 Light years.

Time = 12 years:

300 light-years/12 years  = speed = 25*C

where C is the speed of light:

C = 3*10^8 m/s

From this, we can conclude that you would need to travel a lot faster than the speed of light.

Then the speed is:

speed = 25*3*10^8 m/s= 7.5*10^9 m/s.

The graph below shows the force required to stretch a spring various distances. Review the graph below.

What is the best approximate value for the elastic potential energy (EPE) of the spring elongated by 3.0 meters?

Answers

Explanation:

Elastic string constant (k)

= Slope of the graph F/x

= 15.0N/10.0m = 1.50N/m

Hence,

EPE = 0.5kx² = 0.5(1.50N/m)(3.0m)² = 6.75J.

Answer:

6.8

Explanation:

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Please help!!!!!!!!!The last answer is Input x -3 -2 -1 0 1Output y -1 0 1 2 3 why the american civil war has been named the reconstruction period? you are given a task of making Lesotho map which cartographic problem would you expect to encounter? when chemical reactions require a substance called a catalyst. the main purpose of a catalyst is? Why does Anne refuse to allow her mother to hear her prayers?Anne does not feel very close to her mother.Anne prefers to pray with her sister.Anne is too sleepy to pray that night.Anne does not want to pray at all. Find the missing side length on the triangle. 21 yd 28vd 1. Which of the following was the provision in the Treaty of Paris 1763? (1 point) what is the additive inverse ofa -66b 66c- 1/666 1/66 Determine which embryo is a cow, horse, cat, and human. Thank you! (scroll down to see A,B,C,&D) ( p 1) 6 = ? halp Suppose a child was born with growth hormone receptors that did not work properly. How do you think this would affect the childs development? Which two empires emerged after the fall of the Muslim caliphates What is the mean of the data set shown below?{10, 2, 8, 9, 5, 2, 6} A. 42 B. 7 C. 6 D. 2 Reduce the fraction 6/12 In a systems development life cycle (SDLC) model, the purpose of the _____ is to create a physical model that will satisfy all documented requirements for the system. The average price of gas in 2000 was $1.57 per gallon, and $2.30 in 2005. What is the rate of change for each year between 2000 to 2005? 5. In recent years, the Miranda decision has been criticized by some persons as protectingthe rights of criminals and neglecting the rights of crime victims. Do you agree ordisagree with this point of view? Why? Write a paragraph about your business, how you plan toCompete with the other local frozen-yogurt shop, and whyyour action plan will work 13 points!! Mikes bikes charges an initial fee of $10 to rent a bike plus $5 per hour (h) of use. If the total cost (t) can be determined using the equation t=10+5h, what is the greatest number of hours someone can rent a bike for $25 Why do scientists believe the universe is still expanding? aThe further away an object is, the higher the temperature and pressure eventually become, causing nuclear fusion bDistant objects shift in frequency toward red on the electromagnetic spectrum, which tells us objects are moving away from us cSpiral galaxies spin, so they appear to be a rotating disk of stars and dust dDistant objects shift in frequency toward blue on the electromagnetic spectrum, which tells us objects are closer to us us