The calvin cycle in a culture of algae grown in the light utilizes approximately 30,000 molecules of atp but only 20,000 molecules of nadph per hour. Cyclic electron flow is the source of the extra atp utilized.
The objective of this process is to synthesize ATP, so that proportion of ATP and NADPH could be met. To prevent photo-inhibition of PS 1 and 1.
It involved only Photosystem 1.(PS1) The process begins with the photo activation of chlorophyll molecule. The excited electrons at higher energy levels, emitted from the chlorophyll molecule is captured by electron acceptors and return to the chlorophyll molecule (rather than the usual PS) by chains of electron carriers. Therefore these electrons did not lose their energy as thermal energy.
Instead large quantity of energy is conserved for ATP synthesis , via chemosomosis with the resultant ATPs used in Calvin cycle for glucose, Amino acids and fatty acid production in light independent stage. The continuous cyclic flow of these electron carriers (instead of non cyclic flow or non cyclic photophosphorylation) ensures large quantity of energy conservation for the production of ATPs in chemosomosis. This explains the reasons for 30,000 molecules of ATPs consumed.
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True/False. The cell bodies of sensory neurons are found in an enlarged area of the dorsal root called the gray commissure.
Reaction: False
The spinal (dorsal root) ganglion is where the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located. Their axons enter the gray matter of the cord through the dorsal root.
Where are the sensory neurons' cell bodies located? quizletDorsal root ganglia are where sense neurons' cell bodies are found. The ventral region of the spinal cord's gray matter is where motor neurons' cell bodies are located.
Where can one find the big cell bodies of neurons?If found in the central nervous system, a group of neurons is referred to as a nucleus; if found in the peripheral nervous system, it is referred to as a ganglion (PNS). The structures that stand in between the central and peripheral nerve systems are known as ganglia.
Question:True/False. The cell bodies of sensory neurons are found in an enlarged area of the dorsal root called the gray commissure.
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what is alternation of generations? does meiosis occur in the sporophyte or the gametophyte? which is haploid, the sporophyte or the gametophyte? compare the relative sizes of the sporophytes and gametophytes in nonvascular plants. compare the relative sizes of the sporophytes and gametophytes in vascular plants.
In plants, the gametophyte stage and the sporophyte stage alternate in order to produce new generations.
Do sporophytes or gametophytes undergo meiosis during alternation of generations?The meiosis of a few cells in the diploid body results in the formation of spores. A new haploid generation is created as a result of the spores dispersing. A haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte alternate during the ensuing life cycle, which is known as alternation of generations.
What does generational alternation mean?Asexual and sexual phases of an organism's life cycle alternate, or metagenesis, also known as heterogenesis or alternation of generations in biology. Both physically and occasionally chromosomally, the two phases or generations can be distinguished from one another.
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Which of the following does not describe a total solar eclipse?
A.) it is seen on Earth within the moon's umbra
B.) the corona is the only part of the sun that can be seen
C.) it is dangerous to look at without eye protection
D.) it can be see from anywhere on earth
c. is the correct answer
connecting the concepts energy
Chemical reactions take place in steps to produce and break down complex molecules as part of cellular activities.
While some of these chemical reactions take energy to complete, others happen spontaneously and release energy. Cells must continuously produce additional energy to replace the energy spent by the numerous energy-intensive chemical reactions that take place all the time, just as living beings must continuously consume food to replenish their energy stores. The term "cell metabolism" refers to all of the chemical processes that occur within of cells, including those that use or produce energy. This is a well-known illustration of one of the several cellular processes that consume and generate energy. Sugars are an important source of energy for living organisms since their molecules have a lot of.
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ANS: b, , F, LO=3.1, (1) % correct 83 a= 10 b= 83 c= 4 d= 2 r = .42% correct 92 a= 5 b= 92 c= 2 d= 2 r = .31APA=1.13. Cells that are triggered by light, vibrations, sounds, touch, or chemical substances are called ________. a)ganglion cells
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b)bipolar cellsc)ossiclesd)sensory receptors
Sensory receptors are cells that are activated by light, vibrations, sounds, touch, or chemical substances.
An internal or external physical stimulation can cause a sensory receptor, a structure, to respond. It is a sensory nerve terminal that processes information after receiving it and sends nerve impulses to the brain for interpretation and perception.
Whenever a sensory receptor is triggered, the central nervous system receives signals, which is the definition of a sensory receptor.
The ability to learn about our surroundings or the condition of our internal environment is one of the main functions of sensory receptors. Receiving different kinds of stimuli from various sources, the nervous system converts them into electrochemical signals. It is known as sensory transduction.
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what did the discovery of neanderthal dna in modern human genomes tell us about gene flow as homo sapiens emerged from africa? group of answer choices all of the human variation that exists today was derived from the variation that existed in the population of homo sapiens that first emerged in africa; there is no evidence of interbreeding with other hominin populations. very little human variation is derived from what was present in the population of homo sapiens that first emerged in africa; a significant amount of variation was introduced after interbreeding with neanderthals and denisovans. human variation is largely derived from what was present in the population of homo sapiens that first emerged in africa, but a limited amount of variation has been passed from neanderthals and denisovans through interbreeding after homo sapiens emerged from africa. although dna extraction techniques continue to improve, there are not enough data to provide conclusive evidence about whether modern humans interbred with neanderthals.
Breeding between Neanderthals and modern humans. This is a solid indication of how human migration out of Africa actually occurred: rather than leaving Africa in one or more massive dispersals, Neanderthal DNA entered Africa through gene flow back and forth throughout time.
What does the DNA of Neanderthals reveal?Neanderthal DNA has been linked in studies to fertility, pain perception, and immune system function. Neanderthal DNA may have an impact on a person's height, skin tone, hair color, sleeping habits, mood, and even addiction in modern-day Europeans.
What is implied by the absence of Neanderthal DNA in contemporary African humans?Other parts of the current non-African genome do not include any Neanderthal DNA, which shows that natural selection weeded out any Neanderthal versions of the genes in these locations since they would have caused issues in modern people.
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How many cells are formed at the end of meiosis 1 & how many copies of chromosomes does each cell have?
Each daughter cell will contain 23 chromosomes, or half of the original 46 chromosomes. There are two sister chromatids on each chromosome. The daughter cells now enter meiosis II, the third and last stage of meiosis. Two haploid cells are present at the conclusion of meiosis I.
What are Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2 ?
Half of the original 46 chromosomes, or 23 chromosomes, will be present in each daughter cell. There are two sister chromatids on each chromosome. The daughter cells now enter meiosis II, the third and last stage of meiosis. Two haploid cells are present at the conclusion of meiosis I.
Each of the haploid cells created after meiosis I undergoes a mitotic division during meiosis II. The chromosomes condense and a fresh pair of spindle fibers develop during prophase II. The chromosomes start to move in the direction of the cell's equator.
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A 30-year-old woman comes to the office for evaluation of an asymmetric smile. Two months ago, she underwent primary neurorrhaphy of a facial nerve laceration 2 cm lateral to the oral commissure. Physical examination shows no elevation of the upper lip with smiling on the side of the injury. Which of the following is the most appropriate management?
A) Cross-facial nerve grafting
B) Facial sling suspension
C) Free muscle transfer
D) Injection of botulinum toxin type A
E) Observation
After undergoing primary neurorrhaphy of a facial nerve laceration, free muscle transfer should be done to correct the asymmetric smile.
Crooked or uneven smile is caused due to many reasons like dental problems, stroke, nerve damage etc. In the given case, the woman’s facial nerve got damaged, which was corrected by primary neurorrhaphy surgery. A neurorrhaphy is suturing of severed nerves. Even after surgery, she is unable to smile properly, so the next step is to do a free muscle transfer. For doing a free muscle transfer a small piece of muscle from the inner thigh, the gracilis muscle is taken and transplant it to the face to replace the muscles which make patients smile.
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the pathophysiologic process responsible for the hemolytic-uremic syndrome is that: a. an autoimmune disorder in which immunoglobulin a (iga) coats erythrocytes that are destroyed by the spleen and remnants are excreted through the kidneys. b. failure of the nephron to filter urea increases the blood urea nitrogen, which binds to erythrocytes that are subsequently destroyed by the spleen. c. endotoxins from e. coli block the erythropoietin produced by the kidneys, which reduces the number of erythrocytes produced by the bone marrow. d. verotoxin from e. coli is absorbed from the intestines and damages erythrocytes and endothelial cells.
The pathophysiological process responsible for the hemolytic-uremic syndrome is d. verotoxin from e. coli is absorbed from the intestines and damages erythrocytes and endothelial cells.
What is a hemolytic-uremic syndrome?The hemolytic uremic syndrome is an immune system disorder that causes kidney failure, thrombocytopenia (low levels of platelets), and anemia (low levels of red blood cells). Disorders of the immune system most often occur after an infection in the digestive tract.
The hemolytic uremic syndrome is the most common cause of acute kidney failure in children.
The toxins contained in the germs that cause digestive infections trigger an overreaction of the immune system. This results in excessive destruction of red blood cells and platelets. In addition, excessive immune reactions also cause injury to the kidneys.
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Ryan has a condition called achalasia, where the muscles in his esophagus refuse to relax and allow food to enter his stomach. Ryan has seen specialists for this issue but his last treatment involving a laparoscopic myotomy did not fix it. In fact, Ryan has seen a substantial increase in the amount of acid reflux he has since the procedure. He hears about an experimental new treatment called POEM that is being tried in a hospital across the country. Ryan sends a letter to the surgeons on staff, asking that he be considered for this treatment. In this situation, what healthcare role is the hospital experimenting with POEM filling?
ANSWERS
1. primary care
2 secondary care
3 tertiary care
4 quaternary care
Most patients receive complete relief from swallowing difficulties and may return to regular activity in about a week.
What is a poem medical procedure?Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is an endoscopic therapy for achalasia. It uses upper endoscopy rather than conventional surgery, which involves an incision in the skin. In patients with achalasia, the lower esophageal sphincter is too tight.Our initial experience with POEM suggests that patients experience mild–moderate pain that is usually managed with modest doses of opioids.A total of 372 (99.7%) patients successfully underwent POEM. The only one failed procedure was due to serious inflammation and adhesion of the esophagus [15]. The average operational time was 66.7 min, and the mean length of the submucosal tunnel was 11.72 cm.Peroral endoscopic myotomy is a procedure to treat swallowing disorders caused by muscle problems such as spasms in the esophagus. POEM uses an endoscope — a narrow flexible tube with a camera — that is inserted through the mouth (peroral) to cut muscles in the esophagus (a myotomy).To learn more about Peroral endoscopic myotomy refer to:
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Which of the following might contribute to the rapid evolution of a small population? A. genetic drift B. natural selection C. physical isolation D. all of the above
Genetic drift is the term for random changes in allele frequency in a small population. Alleles can disappear from the population as a result of genetic drift.
These alleles will eventually go extinct, or the population as a whole might do the same. Rapid evolution may potentially result from this.
Genetic drift is the arbitrary change in the population's frequency of a gene variant that already exists. Gene variations may totally vanish due to genetic drift, which would limit genetic diversity. Additionally, it might make previously uncommon alleles much more common and even fixed.
Genetic drift is the term used to describe the haphazard changes in gene variant frequencies within a population. Genetic drift occurs when the frequency of different alleles, or variable forms of a gene, fluctuates over time through chance. Changes in allele frequencies are used to measure these variations in allele presence.
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Please answer as quick as possible! Thank you
The adrenal or suprarenal glands are two endocrine glands located craniomedially to the kidneys. They respond to stress by synthesizing and releasing corticosteroids, such as cortisol, and catecholamines, such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine.
EndocrineWhat hormones are produced by the Adrenal Gland?The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline and noradrenaline (catecholamines), which are hormones released in the acute phase of stress: in the fight-or-flight reaction. It is part of the autonomous nervous system, that is, it is not in control of our will.
What are adrenal glands?They are endocrine glands, responsible for the production of important hormones, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, which act in various organs and participate in the functioning of the organism. There are two distinct regions in the adrenal gland, the medulla and the cortex.
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When preparing a disinfectant solution, you should:
When preparing a disinfectant solution, you should: add the disinfectant to the water.
What is a disinfectant?A chemical solution that has the potential to eradicate pathogenic microorganisms is often referred to as a disinfectant solution. These solutions can kill microorganisms but they cannot eliminate viruses or bacterial spores. The most common disinfectant solution used widely in our everyday life is hand sanitizer. It is an alcohol-based disinfectant used widely in hospitals as well as households.
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What are the four stages of citric acid cycle?
The four stages of citric acid cycle include;
The citric acid cycle begins when Coenzyme A transfers its 2-carbon acetyl group to the 4-carbon compound oxaloacetate to form the 6-carbon molecule citrate The citrate is rearranged to form an isomeric formThe 6-carbon isocitrate is oxidized and a molecule of carbon dioxide is removed producing the 5-carbon molecule alpha-ketoglutarateAlpha-ketoglutarate is oxidized, carbon dioxide is removed, and coenzyme A is added to form the 4-carbon compound succinyl-CoAWhat is the citric acid cycle?The citric acid cycle also known as the Krebs cycle is described as a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
In conclusion, the citric acid cycle functions as the mitochondrial hub for the final steps in carbon skeleton oxidative catabolism for carbohydrates.
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a mutation in a silencer region for gene x leads to a decrease in binding affinity for a negative transcription factor. what is the most likely effect?
A mutation in a silencer region for gene x leads to a decrease in binding affinity for a negative transcription factor. what is the most likely effect reduced.
Mutations can result from mistakes in DNA replication at some point of mobile department, publicity to mutagens or a viral contamination. Germline mutations (that arise in eggs and sperm) may be handed on to offspring, at the same time as somatic mutations (that occur in frame cells) are not exceeded on.
maximum mutations are not dangerous, however some can be. a dangerous mutation can result in a genetic disorder or maybe most cancers. some other type of mutation is a chromosomal mutation. Chromosomes, located inside the mobile nucleus, are tiny threadlike structures that bring genes.
when mutations occur they could cause termination (death) of an organism or they can be in part deadly. which means the organism has difficulty adapting to and surviving in its surroundings. Mutations are normally the motive of many illnesses and defects in an organism's existence.
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which of the statements are examples of hypotheses?
A scientist predicts that the DNA molecule of the virus contains its genetic material.
A scientist concludes that some viruses contain DNA within their protein shells.
A scientist observes that viruses are composed of a DNA molecule contained in a protein shell.
A scientist proposes that the protein shell of the virus contains its genetic material.
A scientist expects that in a forest that has been contaminated by factory soot, birds will consume more fair skinned moths than dark moths.According to a scientist, in a forest free of soot, birds will consume more dark moths than white-bodied moths.
What are the three primary theories?One type of hypothesis is a straightforward one.difficult theory direction-based theory.
What is an example of a hypothesis?A straightforward hypothesis can indicate that there is a causal relationship—that is, that one variable affects the other—between two variables.Here's an illustration:Higher grades are the result of more time spent preparing for an exam.In this statement, the independent variable is the number of hours spent studying, and the dependent variable is the outcome.
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similar to the regulation of body temperature, blood glucose level regulation in humans involves the process of negative feedback. drag the labels to show how blood glucose level is maintained within a narrow range.
The pancreas releases insulin, which causes glucose to enter body cells and raises blood glucose levels above normal. Reduced blood glucose levels.
When blood glucose levels are low, what should happen first?As a result, the blood glucose level is kept steady. Therefore, the proper chain of events is a fall in blood sugar level followed by an increase in circulating glucagon, which causes the release of glucose from glycogen and a rise in blood glucose level. Consequently, choice is the right response (C).
Which of the following contributes to the homeostasis of blood sugar?Cells use blood glucose to make energy when it enters the cells thanks to insulin. Together, insulin and glucagon provide homeostasis, the stable state of conditions within the body.
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Which best expresses the relationship between genes and DNA? Genes contain DNA
DNA destroys genes
Both contain chromosomes
The are unrelated
Answer: The best choice is "Both contain chromosomes"
Explanation: A gene is a short segment of DNA that works in conjunction with chromosomes to make up someone's genetic code. Hope this helps!
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, gene regulation most commonly occurs at the level of __________ initiation.
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, gene regulation most commonly occurs at the level of transcription initiation.
What is transcription?
Transcription involves the copying of a DNA fragment into RNA. DNA segments that are translated into RNA molecules that can encode proteins are known as messenger RNA. RNA molecules called non-coding RNAs are made up of copies of different DNA sequences. MRNA makes up just 1% to 3% of all RNA samples.
What distinguishes eukaryotic transcription from that of prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic transcription takes place inside the nucleus, whereas prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm. Proteins referred to as transcriptional factors are required for eukaryotic transcription but not for prokaryotic transcription.
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molecules called free radicals attack cells, which impairs the cells' ability to function as a result of
Oxidative stress results when free radicals overwhelm the body's capacity to control them. Thus, free radicals damage lipids, proteins, and DNA and cause a variety of human diseases.
Fried foods, alcohol, tobacco smoke, pesticides, air pollutants, and many other things are among these substances. By stealing their electrons through a process known as oxidation, free radicals can harm components of cells like proteins, DNA, and cell membranes.
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Strips of tough connective tissue that hold bones together are known as a. tendons. b. smooth muscles. c. striated muscles. d. ligaments.
Option D. Ligaments. Ligaments are strips of tough connective tissue that hold bones together at the joints and provide stability to the body. They help to resist excessive movement and protect the body from injury.
Role of Tendons in Connecting BonesStrips of tough connective tissue that hold bones together are known as:
Answer: Option D. Ligaments.Ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue, and they are made up of dense bundles of collagen fibers. Ligaments are not as elastic as tendons, so they are not able to stretch as far. The collagen fibers in ligaments are also arranged in a specific pattern, which provides strength and stability to the joint.
Ligaments also contain nerve endings which allow them to detect changes in joint position and provide feedback to the brain. The combination of all of these properties makes ligaments an important component of the musculoskeletal system, as they provide stability and protection for the body.
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which condition is associated with cirrhosis? increased metabolism of alcohol accelerated liver function destruction of digestive enzymes replacement of liver cells with fibrous scar tissue
Usually, a result of liver damage from conditions such as hepatitis B or C, or chronic alcohol use condition is associated with cirrhosis.
Cirrhosis is a form of advanced liver scarring (fibrosis) brought on by a number of illnesses and disorders affecting the liver, such as chronic alcoholism and hepatitis. Usually, cirrhosis results in irreversible, permanent liver damage. However, if liver cirrhosis is discovered early and the cause is treated, more injury can be avoided and, in rare instances, reversed.
If your liver becomes damaged by a disease, too much alcohol, or any other factor, it tries to repair itself. During the procedure, scar tissue is produced. Cirrhosis gets worse when more scar tissue forms, making it challenging for the liver to function (decompensated cirrhosis). Cirrhosis has advanced stages and is lethal.
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amylase catalyzes a reaction with starch to directly create _______.
Maltose is produced instantly when amylase reacts with starch.
Starch is a polysaccharide molecule made of glucose units. The chemical formula of the starch is written as (C₆H₁₀O₅)ₙ. The starch consists of amylose and amylopectin. The glucose units in this starch are linked with the help of two kinds of bonds α 1,4 glycosidic linkages and α 1,6 glycosidic linkages.
This starch molecule is first hydrolyzed into shorter polysaccharides, dextrins, and maltose with a help of an enzyme called amylase. The maltose can be further hydrolyzed into glucose units with the help of the maltase enzyme.
Therefore, the blank can be filled with maltose.
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Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in influencing a reaction rate? temperature o particle size concentration of reactants Орн
рH is the factor that does not influence a reaction rate.
What is rate of reaction?Reaction rate or rate of reaction is the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs and is defined as proportional to the increase in concentration of products per unit time and the decrease in concentration of reactants per unit time. Reaction rates can change dramatically.
Reaction rate or velocity can be defined as the change in concentration of one of the reactants or products per unit time.
Rate of reaction = Δconcentration/Δtime
According to the common definition, reaction rate is the speed at which a reaction occurs. For example, burning wood has a fast reaction speed, so the reaction speed is fast, and rusting iron has a slow reaction speed, so the reaction speed is slow.
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Why is water a versatile solvent?
Water is a versatile solvent because it is capable of dissolving many different compounds. It is a polar solvent, meaning that it has a positive and negative side that can interact with other compounds to break them down into ions.
Water as a versatile solventWater is a versatile solvent because it is able to dissolve a variety of compounds. This is due to its polar nature, meaning that it has a positive and negative side. This allows it to interact with other compounds and break them down into ions. Water is also able to dissolve both polar and non-polar compounds, making it one of the most versatile solvents available.
This versatility makes water an ideal choice in many industries, from cleaning products to biochemical processes. Its ability to dissolve a wide range of compounds makes it an invaluable tool for many different applications.
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What level of ecology is concerned with groups of individuals of different species?
A) community
B) organism
C) ecosystem
D) population
community level of ecology is concerned with groups of individuals of different species.
What is ecology?
Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels.
A biological community consists of all the populations of different species that live in a given area. Community ecologists focus on interactions between populations and how these interactions shape the community. Community ecologists study interspecific interactions, like predator-prey and competition. There are also symbiotic interactions like mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
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sequences that are conserved, that is, similar in many different organisms, are unlikely to be functionally important. (True or false)
The assertion made is false. Sequences that are conserved, or those that are identical across a variety of animals, are not likely to be essential for function. The DNA sequences of no two persons are ever exactly the same.
Can the DNA sequences of two persons be identical?Humans have 99.9% genetic similarity. That means that the only portion of your DNA that differs from a total stranger is 0.1%! People who are closely connected to each other, however, share more DNA than 99.9% of the population. As an illustration, identical twins have identical DNA.
What transpires if a child born to two persons who share DNA?Therefore, it has been established that a child would not be a clone if the egg and sperm came from the same parent. However, it is unfortunate that the infant would probably be ill. In our DNA, each of us has five to ten hidden illness genes. If both parents pass on the same disease gene to their offspring, then these genes only create an issue.
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6. Seismic waves that go straight through Earth make the trip very quickly.
A. What does that tell us about the composition of Earth's center? (5 points)
B. What characteristic of seismic waves tells you this? (5 points)
According to calculations, the core contains roughly 85% iron metal and most of the remaining 15% is composed of nickel metal.
What does core mean in its entirety?the core, interior, or most vital component of anything. also known as the magnetic core. Electricity. the centre or inner component of an electromagnet, coils, transformer, or similar device made of an iron chunk, bundles of iron wires, and other ferrous material.
What is a core in a human?The pelvis and spine are stabilized and controlled by a set of muscles known as the "core" (and therefore influences the legs and upper body). The intricacies of maintaining the body in the best positions to lighten the ligaments and promote are more important than brute strength when defining core strength.
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suppose a food chain consists of three trophic levels, beginning with primary producers. if the amount of energy fixed by the producers is denoted by x, approximately how much energy will be available to the third trophic level (secondary consumers)?
According to the question, if a plant fixes X amount of energy, the second trophic level will have access to 10% of X, or 0.1*X, and the third trophic level will have 10% of 0.1*X, or 0.01*X.
Approximately energy will be available to the third trophic level will be 0.01*X.
What phases of an ecosystem's energy flow are there?
The transmission of energy from one organism to another, starting with the autotrophs and rising up the food chain as animals are consumed by one another, is referred to as energy flow. Pyramids of food and energy are another approach to show this kind of chain or just to show the trophic levels.
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Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli that will produce the same effect every
Reflex is a rapid, unlearned, involuntary (automated) reaction to a stimulus (alternate withinside the environment) is true.
Reflexes are responses that defend the frame from probably dangerous activities that require instant action. They contain exceptionally few neurons (nerve cells) in order to arise rapid.Reflexes are involuntary actions induced with the aid of using a sensory stimulus. These sensory stimuli may be external (e.g., auditory) or internal (e.g., proprioception).
Reflexes are commonly managed in a graded , wherein a more stimulus reasons a more reflexive reaction. Reflexes are rapid, automated responses to specific stimuli that reason the equal reaction each time. Spinal cord reflexes are stereotyped and reliable motor responses, which include the stretch of a muscle. The neuronal circuit concerned is known as the reflex arc.
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