The colonial government never made any sincere attempt to estimate India's National and per capita income. However some individual attempts were made to measure such incomes. Which among those individual attempts of estimates of national income and per capita income was considered very significant?

Answers

Answer 1

The correct answer to this open question is the following.

Among those individual attempts of estimates of national income and per capita income that were considered very significant to estimate India's National and per capita income in the colonial government, are the following.

Those important individual attempts belong to people like William Digby, Findlay Shirras, Dadabhai Naoroji, R.C. Desai, and VKVR Rao. From the British perspective, there was no real interest in the measurement of this economic indicator because what was important for the British government was to fulfill its economic and political interests such as the exploitation of natural resources and raw materials that were sent to England to be transformed in the fabrics and industries of London. The development or growth of India was never a goal.


Related Questions

Construction of new homes decreases. This will cause the demand curve to shift ___________ for complimentary goods used to build the homes such as timber.

Answers

Answer:

to the left

Explanation:

When the construction of new homes decreases, the demand curve for complimentary goods used to build homes shift to the left as a result of a decrease in their demands.

The demand curve is a graph that shows the demand for a product in relation to the price of the product at a specific point in time. When the demand for a product increases, the curve shifts to the right, and when it decreases, the curve shifts to the left.

Complementary goods are goods that are required in conjunction with other goods or services. For example, timbers are required for buildings, hence, they timbers serve as complementary goods to buildings.

When the construction of new homes decreases, it means there will be less demands for timbers and as such, the demand curve will shift to the left.

Forrester Company is considering buying new equipment that would increase monthly fixed costs from $120,000 to $150,000 and would decrease the current variable costs of $70 by $10 per unit. The selling price of $100 is not expected to change. Forrester's current break-even sales are $400,000 and current break-even units are 4,000. If Forrester purchases this new equipment, the revised break-even point in dollars would be: $300,000. $400,000. $325,000. $500,000. $375,000.

Answers

Answer: $375,000

Explanation:

Given the following :

Selling price = $100

New variable cost per unit =$(70 - 10) = $60

New fixed cost = $150,000

Break-even point in dollars:

Fixed costs/Contribution margin ratio

contribution Margin Ratio

[(selling price per unit - total variable cost per unit) /selling price per unit]

= [($100 - $60) / $100]

$40 / $100 = 0.4 = 40%

Break-even point in dollars:

$150,000 / 0.4 = $375,000

Blake eats two bags of potato chips each day. Blake's hourly wage increases from $8 to $15, and he decides to stop eating generic chips and instead eats a name brand potato chip. Use the midpoint method to calculate Blake's income elasticity of demand for generic potato chips Round your answer to 2 decimal places.The good isa. a normal good and income-elasticb. a normal good and income-inelasticc. an inferior good

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is option (c) good is an inferior good.

Explanation:

Solution

Given that:

Blake's hourly wage increases form  = $8 to $15

Now,

By using the midpoint method we compute Blake's income elasticity of demand for generic potato chips which is given below:

Income elasticity of demand =(Y₁ +Y₂)/(Q₁+Q₂) * (Q₂-Q₁)/ (Y₁ - Y₂)

Thus,

Y₁ =8

Y₂ = 15

Q₁ = 2

Q₂ = 0

So,

Income Ed =23/2x - 2/7

= -46/14

=- 3.28

Therefore, the increase in income decreases demand of generic potato chips. this shows negative income effect which implies that good is inferior in nature.

Answer:

Price elasticity= 2.875

The good is an inferior good

Explanation:

Elasticity of demand is defined as the sensitivity of quantity demanded to changes in price of a particular commodity.

Midpoint method is used to determine elasticity between two prices. Change in quantity and price are divided by the average of each.

Price elasticity= {Q1 ÷ (Q2 + Q1)/2} ÷ {P1 ÷ (P1 + P2)/2}

Average quantity = (2 + 0) ÷ 2= 1

Average price= (8 + 15) ÷ 2 = $11.5

Price elasticity= (2 ÷ 1) ÷ (8 ÷ 11.5)

Price elasticity= 2 ÷ 0.6957 = 2.875

The good is an inferior good

An inferior good is one that demand falls as income of the buyer increases.

In this case an increase in income from $8 to $15 resulted in a fall in demand from 2 to 0

Where do insurance companies get the money to pay for losses suffered by their customers?

Answers

Answer:

Through the Insured premium paid

Explanation:

Insurance is a form of contract where the insureds are indemnified by the insurer against potential future losses.

The primary way through which insurance  generate money is through the premium , which is the amount of money that is periodically contributed by the policy holders. This premium is thereafter re-invested into other profit generating investment portfolio.

It is from this that the insurances pull out money for compensation for losses suffered by their customers whenever there is one.

In two to three sentences, answer the following:
What information you can obtain from a stock quote?

Answers

Answer:

The information that we can get from stock quote is about bidding price, details of previous bidding, etc.

Explanation:

A stock quote can be defined as the last price of stock of exchange. It is the price on which the traders and the buyers consented in their last trade or exchange.

The details that a stock quote provides is the price of last bid, volume of trade, bid price, volume of trade. The buyers and traders can access this information either on their phones, newspapers, news media, online portals etc. The stock quote is shown in decimals.

Only 3 days after the attacks of 9-11, Northwestern Mutual began providing death benefits to surviving families of the first responders who were killed in the line of duty, although official death certificates had not yet been issued. Other insurance companies took months to a full year to process similar claims for their customers. In this example, Northwestern Mutual demonstrated the service quality of _____________, fill in the blank, to its customers.

Answers

Answer:

Empathy

Explanation:

Empathy is the ability of a person of business entity to understand the thoughts, feelings, and emotions of their customers. It is the ability to personalise the customer's situation.

This makes the business go the extra mile in solving the customer's problem.

In this scenario Northwestern mutual felt the pain and understood the financial needs of the families of first responders during the 9-11 attack.

So without official death certificates they paid death benefits only 3 days after the attacks.

Other insurance companies however did not empathise with their customers and only paid death benefits some months to a year.

ANSWER ASAPP. Changes in monetary policy occur when the Federal Reserve 1.adjusts business laws to affect the money supply. 2.changes taxation levels to affect the economy. 3.changes spending levels to affect the economy. 4.adjusts interest rates to affect the money supply.

Answers

Answer:

D

Explanation:

In the economic system, the monetary policies of the government are implemented through the banks.

Adjusting the rate of interest can only be done by the Federal Reserve.

All other options are under government fiscal policy.

Changes in monetary policy occur when the Federal Reserve adjusts interest rates to affect the money supply.

What is monetary policy?

Monetary policy are the policy steps taken by the Federal Reserve (the Central Bank) to affect the level of money supply. The way by which the Federal reserve can affect money supply is either through changing the interest rate or undertaking open market operations.

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which of the following will increase investment spending

A) More optimistic business expectations
B) An increase in interest rates
C) Ann increase in business taxes
D) A decrease in capacity utilization
E) All of the above

Answers

Answer:

E

Explanation:

All the suggested options can increase investment spending

Investment spending is the money spent towards business expansion in the area of acquiring capital goods such as plant and machinery or goods used in the production like the raw materials.

Optimistic business decision : Leads to more investment in potential business opportunities

Increase in interest rates : As funds are borrowed to finance investment , increase interest rate will increase spending.

Increase in business taxes : This means that companies will have to pay more on taxes

Decrease in capacity utilization  : This will lead to the acquisition of more machinery and investment spending increase

Answer:A More optimistic business expectations

Explanation:

A p e x

Carmax is a national chain that sells used cars. the likely impact of its arrival in the market would be to _____. everything else held constant, this would likely _____ the price of used cars.

Answers

Answer:

1. shift the supply of used cars to the right

2. lower

Explanation:

1. With carmax's arrival in the market this has caused the number of sellers to increase thereby shifting the supply curve to the right. An increase in the number of sellers increases the quantity supplied at each price.

2. Since the supply of used cars have increased and demand remains the same, there will be a surplus in the market for used cars resulting in lowered prices of used cars.

Ayayai Corp. bought equipment on January
1, 2017. The equipment cost $470000 and
had an expected salvage value of $70000.
The life of the equipment was estimated to
be 6 years. The depreciable cost of the
equipment is

Answers

Answer:

The depreciable cost of the equipment is $400,000

Explanation:

In this question, we are tasked with calculating the depreciable cost of the equipment bought

To calculate this, we simply engage the use of a mathematical relation

Mathematically;

Depreciable cost = Original Cost - Salvage value

From the question, the original cost is $470,000

The salvage value = $70,000

Inputing these values into the equation, we have

Depreciable cost = $470,000 -$70,000 = $400,000

Taxes are often ovved on?
initial investments,
the current value of investments.
the real value of investments,
investment returns.

Answers

Answer:

Investment returns

Explanation:

Tax is a compulsory levy imposed by the government on an individual, firms etc for the provision of infrastructure.

Generally speaking, taxes are paid as soon as money is earned. While some taxes are due for payment when investments are sold at a profit, others like dividend , mutual funds are due when distribution is paid on the investment.

The ratio of gain or losses on an investment is referred to as investment returns. The returns could be higher which means profit hence must be taxed. It could also be the other way round,i.e lower returns . In such situation, loss is incurred on the investment and it is not taxed same way as having profit on the investment.

D. investment returns.

.WHAT ARE THE MERITS AND DEMERITS OF MNC

Answers

Explanation:

Merits

1. it has created a competition through which large varieties of a single goods is available in the market.

2. for the home country, it has lessens the dependence on import and lead to economic development by providing new jobs opportunity .

Demerits

1. in some host Nation, the appearance of MNC can regulate competition and main event create a monopoly .

2. workers in the MNCs are paid on an irregular bases and they are often laid off without any payment during the time of recession .

When Coca-Cola purchased first a part and then all of Honest Tea, what would have been appropriate ways to help this change be successful? Select all that apply. A: To the extent that Honest Tea began using Coca-Cola's payroll and expense reimbursement systems, train employees on these systems. B: Conduct team-building exercises to help groups of employees from Coca-Cola and Honest Tea communicate effectively and address conflict. C: Survey Honest Tea employees to identify sources of anxiety and conflict related to the acquisition. D: Use a change agent to freeze Honest Tea's very successful culture before Coca-Cola could have any impact.

Answers

Answer:

The most applicable choices in the order of importance are

C, B then A. Of course, they have to be applied at various stages of the acquisition.

Explanation:

C should have occurred (if possible) before the acquisition. Usually, when there is a major acquisition such as the one described above, it comes with good and bad tidings.

In some cases, especially one involving a large and efficient system like Coca-Cola, many positions become redundant.

In other cases, people are worried if their compensation will be affected. There are usually questions such as:

Will my compensation be reviewed upwards or, downwards?Will my insurance or 401K be affected adversely? e.t.c.

Thus, executing a survey of Honest Teas' employees to identify such sources of anxiety and conflict related to the acquisition with the goal to address them constructively, will help the change to be successful.

Option B is one strategy that ought to have been executed upon the conclusion and official announcement of the acquisition exercise. This is the most crucial and maybe the most important part of the acquisition/takeover process.

This is true especially if there is going to be changes in management,  communication styles, and the culture.  Other benefits of team building excercises are, it increases and or improves:

ProductivityMoraleStaff Motivation andCommunication all of which are critical to the success of any organisation.

Option C: On the balance of probability, it is expected that when a bigger company like Coca-Cola acquires a smaller one, the process comes with a lot of benefits. One of such benefits is the payroll upgrade.

After all is said and done, it will serve to boost the motivation and morale of the staff if Honest Tea began to use Coca-Cola's payroll which is likely to be more robust.

Because Cocal-cola is an older, more experience and more global company, it is more likely to have more efficient reimbursement systems. If these are inculcated into the Honest Tea process, with adequate training on how to use it, it will also serve to ensure homogeneity of systems and operations which is critical to the success of an acquisition.

Cheers!

JohnBoy Industries has a cash balance of $54,000, accounts payable of $134,000, inventory of $184,000, accounts receivable of $219,000, notes payable of $129,000, and accrued wages and taxes of $41,500. How much net working capital does the firm need to fund?

Answers

Answer:Net working capital = $152,500

Explanation:

Net working capital = CA– CL

Where CA= Current Assets = Cash + Inventory + Accounts Receivable

and CL= Current Liabilities= Account payable + Notes payable + accrued wages and taxes

CA=$54, 000 + $184,000 + $ 219,000 =$457,000

Current liabilities = Account payable + Notes payable + accrued wages and taxes

CL = $134,000 + $129,000 + $41,500 = $304,500

Net working capital = Current assets – Current liabilities

Net working capital = $457,000 – $304,500=  $152,500

Net working capital = $152,500

2. Lessack Auctioneers advertised an auction sale that was open to the public and was to be conducted with a reserve price of $150. Gordon attended the auction and bid $100 for a work of art that was worth much more. No higher bid, however, was made. Lessack refused to sell the item for $100 and withdrew the item from the sale. Gordon claimed that because he was the highest bidder, Lessack was required to sell the item to him. Was he correct? Explain

Answers

Answer:

No

Explanation:

There was a reserve on the item which means the seller refuses to sell for a price lower then a certain price.

No, Gordon's claim is not correct because if the reserve price is not met, the seller is under no obligation to sell the item to the highest bidder. As a result, some buyers dislike reserve prices because they encourage bids that may not be successful.

What are the advantages of an auction?

Through competitive bidding, an auction generates fair market value, allowing you, the buyer, to make an informed purchasing decision with a seller who is eager to sell. The market value is determined by buyers. Auctions allow for a quick purchase and eliminate the need for lengthy negotiations.

If a minimum bid is not met by any of the bids present at an auction, the auctioneer may 'pass in the property, which means that it has not sold. If this occurs, the winning bidder is usually decided to invite to start negotiating with the seller to see if the sale can still be completed.

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Tucker works for a retail distributor company that was recently started. Tucker already invested a lot of his earnings into shares of the company. When the quarterly earnings are posted, Tucker receives a check for 8% of the quarterly profit of the company. Tucker belongs to a _________ Corporation.
A. Professional
B. Closely-Held
C. Sub chapter S

Answers

Closely- Held I think


A video game system is on sale for 25% off its original price. If the original price is $200, how much money will be saved?​

Answers

Answer:

$50

Explanation:

25% = 1/4

200 / 4 = 50

50*3=150, which is 25% off.

You can best show a business your interest in their job position through:
A.)social media
b.) an application
c.) a resume
d.) a cover letter

Answers

Answer:

d.) a cover letter

Explanation:

The best way to show a company/business your interest in the job position is through the cover letter. This is a letter that goes in front of your resume when applying for a job and is where the applicant usually explains who they are and why they want the job. This cover letter is the first thing that the employer will see and should tell them why you want the job and why you are the best choice for that job in order to convince them into interviewing or hiring you.

Both the Onus ferry operator in the monopoly market and each of the Yuri ferry operators in the perfectly competitive market will want to produce at the point that the marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost. Explain in detail the two reasons that the monopoly’s marginal revenue will always be less than its price while the marginal revenue in the perfectly competitive market will always be equal to the market price.

Answers

Answer:

The overview of the given statement is described in the explanation segment below.

Explanation:

Monopoly Market:

The demand curve or market price towards the firm was indeed sloping downhill. MR is also below P and AR. Therefore, when earnings are maximized, whereby MR = MC has been used. Price is therefore above MR (Marginal Revenue).

Perfectly Competitive Market:

The  price shall be calculated whenever market forces are equivalent. The firm seems to be the fixed price and therefore the individual company market price becomes horizontal.

Thus,

⇒  [tex]AR=P =MR[/tex]

Hence,

⇒  [tex]P = MR[/tex]

Question 6 of 10
3 Points
A body of the letter is composed of the:​

Answers

Answer:

Introduction

The body of the letter is usually divided into the three paragraphs (one is the introduction, then supporting details, then conclusion of topic).

Which of the following is an example of promotion?
A The quality of a product
B. The price of a product
C. An advertisement
D. An employee who works for your company

Answers

Answer:

A. An advertisement

Explanation:

Answer:

it is c

Explanation:

on edg 2021

Analyse the implications to Mr Flake’s business if: In May and June Mr Flake fell ill and he had to pay somebody else £1200 a month to run the business as well as himself? Answer: He received 6 more party bookings for September?

Answers

Answer:

1. Paying somebody else and himself represent cash outflow.

2. Party bookings represents forecasted cash inflow.

Explanation:

Remember, a cash flow shows where money is coming from into the accounts of a business and where money goes to from the accounts of the business. Inflows represent credit transactions into the business account, while the outflows represents debit transactions to external sources.

Thus, paying somebody else £1200 a month to run the business as well as himself (Mr Flake) both represents outflow of cash from his ice-cream business. But the 6 more party bookings for September represents cash inflows since he will be receiving a pay from the clients.

"Creditors do not actually have to worry about their dues in case the business fails." In which form of business is this possible? Which special feature is highlighted in this statement ?

Answers

Answer:

sole proprietorship.

Explanation:

An exclusive property can be defined as a business structure that is managed and owned by a single person, so there is no legal distinction between the owner and his company. This is a type of simple business structure, and is generally used by people who are starting some kind of enterprise.

Therefore, this is the most appropriate business form for the statement of the issue, since in this structure there is only a single owner in the company, which guarantees its sole responsibility for all profits, debts and losses inherent to the business.

Why are ethics important in the workplace?

Answers

Answer:

Ethics is important in a workplace because :

a) It creates a positive and safe work environment.

b) It helps to instill professional behavior in employees

c) It helps to maintain orderliness in an organization and prevents chaos from happening.

d) It prevents discrimination or favouritism in organizations.

e) Workplace Ethics ensures that all employees are treated fairly.

f) Workplace Ethics improves the relationships of employees with one another and this lead to the development of team work amongst employees.

Explanation:

Ethics at a workplace or Workplace Ethics can be defined as the standards or regulations that are put in place by a firm or organisation that helps to guide the behavior or attitude of employees at work such that safe work ambience is created and employees relate in a professional manner to one another.

Examples of Workplace Ethics are:

a) Punctuality

b) Honesty

c) Loyalty

d) Productivity

e) Dependability

Ethics at the workplace in important because:

a) It creates a positive and safe work environment.

b) It helps to instill professional behavior in employees

c) It helps to maintain orderliness in an organization and prevents chaos from happening.

d) It prevents discrimination or favouritism in organizations.

e) Workplace Ethics ensures that all employees are treated fairly.

f) Workplace Ethics improves the relationships of employees with one another and this lead to the development of team work amongst employees.

Answer: professional organizations

Explanation: took the test (:

Define Red Gross Society.​

Answers

Answer: The Indian Red Cross Society is a voluntary humanitarian organization to protect human life and health based in India.

Explanation: It is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, and so shares the Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.

Do u think that the production employees should recieve the same fringe benefits and share of profits as a factory manager? Justify ur answer.pls

Answers

Answer:

No

Explanation:

Production employees don't do half as much work as the Factory manager

Study the entries in Lupe's records and bank statement. What is the first action Lupe should take when she discovers a difference between her records and the bank's records?

Answers

Answer: A

She should check her own records to see if she made a mistake.

Explanation:

She should check her own records to see if she made a mistake is the first action Lupe should take when she discovers a difference between her records and the bank's records. Hence, option A is correct.

What is bank's records?

Account statements, signature cards, account applications, wire transfers, and any other DOCUMENT attesting to deposits, withdrawals, balances, and/or other account activity are all considered to be bank records.

If you use Online Banking, you can log in, choose Statements & Documents from the Accounts menu, then pick Order a paper statement copy from the Request statements tab. After you submit your request, paper statements will be mailed to you within 7 to 10 business days.

Any person who employs a financial institution's services, Any person for whom the financial institution serves as a fiduciary; and Corporations or partnerships with five or fewer partners.

Thus, option A is correct.

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The options are attached in the picture-

A large company issues stock. The company selling the stock often distributes profits by issuing to its shareholders.

Answers

Answer:

Following are the answer to this question:

Explanation:

It is an Act, in which an individual disposes or sells equity shares. Any reasons for selling stocks involve income, reducing losses, or access to money. There is indeed a big corporation of blue-chip stocks. In the stock marketing firm commonly allocates profits towards its stockholders whilst also releasing dividend payments.A major, well known, and financially sound company, which is in business for many years is a blue-chip stock.

Answer:

The answers are - blue chips and dividends.

Explanation:

   

an increase in the velocity of money will lead to​

Answers

Answer: an increase in money supply increases aggregate demand, which increases prices

Explanation: Hence, a very high inflation rate will also maximize the velocity of money, which will increase the inflation rate even further.

Money circulates more quickly when velocity of money increases  , which indicates that there are more transactions between people. The degree of inflation is high when the velocity is high.

What is inflation?

The rate at which prices increase over a specific time period is known as inflation. Inflation is often measured in broad terms,  the general rise in prices or the rise in a nation's cost of living.

Demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, and built-in inflation are the three basic sources of inflation.

Demand-pull inflation describes circumstances in which there is not enough production of goods or services to meet demand, leading to an increase in their prices.

On the other side, cost-push inflation happens when firms are compelled to raise prices as a result of rising costs associated with producing goods and services.

When workers seek greater pay to keep up with rising living costs, built-in inflation—also known as a wage-price spiral—occurs. A self-reinforcing cycle of salary and price rises results from businesses increasing their pricing to cover their rising wage costs.

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You run a game-day shuttle service for parking services for the local ball club. Your total costs for different customer loads are 0: $27, 1: $30, 2: $32, 3: $35, 4: $38, 5: $42, 6: $48, 7: $57, and 8: $68. a. For each customer load level beginning with 1, what is your average total cost? b. For each customer load level beginning with 1, what is your marginal cost? c. If you are compensated $9 per ride, what customer load would you want?

Answers

Answer and Explanation:

a and b. The average total cost and the marginal cost is shown below:

As we know that

Average cost is

= Total cost ÷ total number of customer loads

And, the Marginal cost is

= Additional total cost incurred for extra units generated

So based on this, the marginal cost and the average total cost are as follows

Customer load level   Total cost  Average cost   Marginal cost

     0                               $27

     1                                 $30          $30 ÷ 1 = 30        30 - 27 = 3

    2                                 $32          $32 ÷ 2 = 16        32 - 30 = 2

    3                                 $35        $35 ÷ 3 = 11.67     35 - 32 = 3

    4                                  $38        $38 ÷ 4 = 9.5       38 - 35 = 3

    5                                  $42       $42 ÷ 5 = 8.4       42 - 38 = 4

    6                                  $48       $48 ÷ 6 = 8          48 - 42 = 6

    7                                  $57        $57 ÷ 7 = 8.14      57 - 48 = 9

    8                                  $68       $68 ÷ 8 = 8.5      68 - 57 = 11

c. Now the customer loan you want is

As we know that

Profit = Marginal revenue - marginal cost

And, as we can see that at marginal cost 9 we can load 7 customers so the 7 customers would be wanted

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Only answer if you know :) What are some ways that the nitrogen cycle overlaps with or influences the oxygen and carbon cycles?Are any of these interactions between the cycles positive?Are any negative?What about when the nitrogen cycle is thrown off balance by the Haber-Bosch process and others like it?How can that influence the oxygen and carbon cycles?Are there other cycles involved that have not been mentioned in this question?What does this discussion suggest about the nature of the Earth as one large system? pls help me with my work What was Neptune's distance from the Sun in 1989? How does the discussion of music videos and reality shows help readers understand MTVs influence? Use evidence from the text in your response.(here is the passage)"ladies and gentlemen, rock 'n' roll.MTV went on the air with those words, a minute after midnight on Aug. 1, 1981. The first video was, of course, Video Killed the Radio Star, by the Buggles.Few people saw the fledglingnetwork; it was carried by cable operators in Kansas City, but not New York or Los Angeles. But within a couple of years, MTV had grown into a behemothof the music industry. Craig Marks and Rob Tannenbaum have compiled a new oral history of the network, I Want My MTV: The Uncensored Story of the Music Video Revolution.Tannenbaum tells weekends on All Things Considered host Laura Sullivan that when MTV was launched, music videos were almost unknown.In fact, if you had said to someone in 1981, 'Do you want to watch a music video?' the person would have said, 'I don't know what you're talking about,' because the phrase didn't actually exist. MTV struggled during its first few years. Conservativecable operators often refused to carry the channel.They thought that MTV was a bunch of coked-up rock and roll fiends, and they were right in a way, Marks says.The company was just a few bad months away from going under, until several ad executives cooked up what became a legendary ad campaign featuring rock stars yelling, I want my MTV!That really was the turning point, that and Thriller were the two things that kept the network afloat, Marks says.Thriller caused a controversy at lily-whiteMTV. The network came under fire for its lack of black artists, but executives worried that their viewers just wouldn't like Michael Jackson. They changed their tune once the ratings came in.They weren't idiots, Tannenbaum says. Once they saw the ratings go up, they realized that they could program black musicians.Jackson led to Lionel Richie, Billy Ocean and other black musicians, though leerynetwork executives had to be persuaded all over again when rap became popular. MTV's impact was immense during the 1980s. It made artists like Madonna and Guns N' Roses into stars. But if you turn on MTV today, you'll have a hard time finding any videos at all. The network began to back away from playing music videos in 1992, the year Marks and Tannenbaum chose to end their book.One of the signature things that happened that year was that Bill Clinton was a constant presence on MTV in 1990-91, and he was elected president, Tannenbaum says. Once you've helped elect a U.S. president, are you gonna go back to playing Winger videos? Marks adds. That year also marked the debut of the first reality show, The Real World, which had a huge impact on the television industry.It's very easy to trace the line from The Real World to Snooki, Tannenbaum says. It's an alcoholic, crooked line all the way there, but MTV quickly realized and learned that narrative television, even reality TV, rated better than music videos.Other networks jumped on the reality show bandwagon.I think The Real World was the last point where MTV could be considered revolutionary, Tannenbaum says. Someone who actually knows what they doing please