The following are the steps to decode the message. Given that receiver has p=5, q=7, modulus n = 35 and the exponent e=5 and message 12 18 28 6 0 8 13.
i) Let us first compute (p-1)*(q-1).=> (5-1)*(7-1) = 4*6 = 24
ii) Calculate the value of d. (d*e) mod (p-1)*(q-1) = 1 = > (d*5) mod 24 = 1i.e. d= 5 or 29 [because (29*5)mod24=1]
iii) Decoding the message using the formula: cipher text^d mod n= Message.
Decrypt 12, 18, 28, 6, 0, 8, 13 using the above formula:
12^d mod 35 = (12^5) mod 35 = 248832 mod 35 = 18 (because 248832 mod 35 = 18)
18^d mod 35 = (18^5) mod 35 = 1889568 mod 35 = 12 (because 1889568 mod 35 = 12)
28^d mod 35 = (28^5) mod 35 = 3226876976 mod 35 = 13 (because 3226876976 mod 35 = 13)
6^d mod 35 = (6^5) mod 35 = 7776 mod 35 = 1 (because 7776 mod 35 = 1)
0^d mod 35 = (0^5) mod 35 = 0 (because any number raised to 0 power is 1 and (1 mod 35) = 1)
8^d mod 35 = (8^5) mod 35 = 32768 mod 35 = 18 (because 32768 mod 35 = 18)
13^d mod 35 = (13^5) mod 35 = 371293 mod 35 = 28 (because 371293 mod 35 = 28)
Hence, the decoded message is: SMGAFHN. Therefore, the decoded message is SMGAFHN.
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I need help completing this code on c++.
Given the MileageTrackerNode class, complete main() to insert nodes into a linked list (using the InsertAfter() function). The first user-input value is the number of nodes in the linked list. Use the PrintNodeData() function to print the entire linked list. DO NOT print the dummy head node.
Ex. If the input is:
3
2.2
7/2/18
3.2
7/7/18
4.5
7/16/18
the output is:
2.2, 7/2/18
3.2, 7/7/18
4.5, 7/16/18
----------------c++ code-----------------------------
#include "MileageTrackerNode.h"
#include
#include
using namespace std;
int main () {
// References for MileageTrackerNode objects
MileageTrackerNode* headNode;
MileageTrackerNode* currNode;
MileageTrackerNode* lastNode;
double miles;
string date;
int i;
// Front of nodes list
headNode = new MileageTrackerNode();
lastNode = headNode;
// TODO: Read in the number of nodes
// TODO: For the read in number of nodes, read
// in data and insert into the linked list
// TODO: Call the PrintNodeData() method
// to print the entire linked list
// MileageTrackerNode Destructor deletes all
// following nodes
delete headNode;
}
The complete code in C++ is added below .
Given,
Mileage tracker node class .
Code:
#include
#include
using namespace std;
class MileageTrackerNode
{
double miles;
string date;
MileageTrackerNode *next;
public:
void setData(double miles,string Date)
{
this->miles=miles;
this->date=Date;
this->next=NULL;
}
string getData()
{
return to_string(this->miles)+", "+this->date;
}
void setNext(MileageTrackerNode *ptr)
{
this->next=ptr;
}
MileageTrackerNode* getNext()
{
return this->next;
}
};
void printNodeData(MileageTrackerNode *headNode,MileageTrackerNode *lastNode)
{
while(headNode!=lastNode)
{
cout
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Please complete the following java documents: Speak.java, Animal.java, Dog.java and Cat.java. Animal is base class; Dog and Cat are derived classes that are inherited from Animal. There is a override method, void speak() that is defined in the above three classes: Animal, Dog and Cat. For the method speak defined in Animal, it displays " I am an animal" in screen. For the method speak defined in Dog, it displays " I am a dog" in screen. For the method speak defined in Cat, it displays " I am a cat" in screen. In the Speak.java, we define three object reference obj1 that is under class Animal, obj2 that is under class Dog, and obj3 that is under class Cat. Then we use obj1, obj2 and obj3 to invoke the method speak respectively
//********************************************************************
// Speak.java
//********************************************************************
public class Speak{
public static void main(String[] args){
Animal obj1 = new Animal();
Dog obj2 = new Dog();
Cat obj3 = new Cat();
obj1.speak();
____________________
____________________
}
}
//********************************************************************
// Animal.java
//********************************************************************
public class Animal {
public void speak(){
_____________________________
}
}
//********************************************************************
// Cat.java
//********************************************************************
public class Cat extends Animal{
public void speak(){
__________________________________
}
}
//********************************************************************
// Dog.java
//********************************************************************
public class Dog extends Animal {
public void speak(){
____________________________
}
}
In the Speak.java file, objects of Animal, Dog, and Cat classes are created and their speak() methods are invoked, resulting in the respective messages being displayed.
The output will be:
"I am an animal"
"I am a dog"
"I am a cat"
Here is the completed code for the requested Java files:
//********************************************************************
// Speak.java
//********************************************************************
public class Speak {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal obj1 = new Animal();
Dog obj2 = new Dog();
Cat obj3 = new Cat();
obj1.speak();
obj2.speak();
obj3.speak();
}
}
//********************************************************************
// Animal.java
//********************************************************************
public class Animal {
public void speak() {
System.out.println("I am an animal");
}
}
//********************************************************************
// Cat.java
//********************************************************************
public class Cat extends Animal {
public void speak() {
System.out.println("I am a cat");
}
}
//********************************************************************
// Dog.java
//********************************************************************
public class Dog extends Animal {
public void speak() {
System.out.println("I am a dog");
}
}
In the Speak.java file, the speak() method is invoked on obj1, obj2, and obj3, which are objects of the Animal, Dog, and Cat classes respectively. The output will display the overridden speak() method based on the specific class.
When obj1.speak() is called, it will display "I am an animal" since it is invoking the speak() method of the Animal class.
When obj2.speak() is called, it will display "I am a dog" since it is invoking the overridden speak() method of the Dog class.
When obj3.speak() is called, it will display "I am a cat" since it is invoking the overridden speak() method of the Cat class.
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What is the output of running the following program (please read it carefully, there will be no partial credit!): #include using namespace std; class Embedded { public: }; class Base { public: private: Embedded() {cout << 1;} ~Embedded() {cout << 2;} private: }; class Derived public Base { public: Base() {cout << 3; } -Base() {cout << 4;} Embedded embeddedInBase; Answer: Derived() {cout << 5;} ~Derived() {cout << 6;} Embedded embedded InDerived; }; int main() { } Derived a;
The output of running the corrected program will be; 1352462. The code provided has various syntax errors, missing semicolons, and incorrect class definitions.
Here's the corrected code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Embedded {
public:
Embedded() { cout << 1; }
~Embedded() { cout << 2; }
};
class Base {
public:
Base() { cout << 3; }
~Base() { cout << 4; }
Embedded embeddedInBase;
};
class Derived : public Base {
public:
Derived() { cout << 5; }
~Derived() { cout << 6; }
Embedded embeddedInDerived;
}
int main() {
Derived a;
return 0;
}
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Which SQL keyword is used to sort the result-set? O SORT BY O ORDER O ORDER BY O SORT
The SQL keyword used to sort the result-set is ORDER BY. This keyword arranges rows in ascending or descending order based on one or more columns.
The SQL query comprises different components such as SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, and ORDER BY. In SQL, the ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set. It is used with the SELECT statement to sort the result-set in ascending or descending order based on one or more columns. The syntax of the ORDER BY clause is as follows:SELECT column1, column2, ...FROM table_nameORDER BY column1, column2, ... [ASC|DESC];The ORDER BY clause has two parameters: column names and ASC/DESC.
The column names parameter specifies the column(s) to sort the result-set. ASC is used to arrange rows in ascending order, while DESC is used to sort them in descending order.The SQL keyword used to sort the result-set is ORDER BY. This keyword arranges rows in ascending or descending order based on one or more columns. The ORDER BY keyword sorts rows in a result set based on one or more columns in ascending or descending order. It is used with the SELECT statement to sort the result-set. It is possible to sort the result-set using one or more columns.
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Consider the following definitions within the context of an asymmetric cryptosystem:
Alice is the owner of a pair of asymmetric cryptographic keys
PUBA - her public key
PRIVA - her private key
Bob is the owner of a pair of asymmetric cryptographic keys
PUBB - his public key
PRIVB - his private key
Encrypting a message can be represented withe the following:
A -> B: M
Alice sends Bob message M
C is a ciphertext
M is a message
K is a key
E( ) is an encryption algorithm
D( ) is a decryption algorithm
H( ) is a hashing algorithm
C = E(M, K1)
You get the ciphertext by encrypting the message with Key K1
M = D(C, K2)
You get the message by decrypting the message with Key K2
h = H(M)
You get the hash of message M
Use the above definitions to show how to provide security to communications between Alice and Bob. Below is an example:
Alice encrypts a message with her public key and sends it to Bob:
A -> B: E(M, PUBA)
QUESTIONS
Show how Alice can send a message to Bob that preservers ONLY the confidentiality of the message.
Show how Bob can send a message to Alice that enables Alice to verify the integrity of the message.
Show how Alice can send a message to Bob that preserves the message's confidentiality while also providing Bob the ability to verify the message's integrity.
Show how Bob can send a signed message to Alice that includes his digital signature.
Alice can encrypts the message M with Bob's public key PUBB.
2. Bob can sends the message M along with its digital signature S.
3. Alice can encrypts the message M with Bob's public key PUBB and calculates the hash of M.
4. Bob can sends the message M along with its digital signature S, which is generated using his private key.
What is the symmetric cryptosystem?
Alice can keep the message secret by making it secret code using Bob's public key. Bob can read the secret message by using his special key to decode it.
Alice uses Bob's public key to make a secret code for the message called M. Bob can sign a message with his secret key so Alice can check if the message is real. Alice can check if the message is real or not by using Bob's public key.
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Review CPU case episode #1 ( see below)
On a warm, sunny day in late October, Chip Puller parks his car and walks into his office at Central Pacific University. It feels good to be starting as a systems analyst, and he is looking forward to meeting the other staff. In the office, Anna Liszt introduces herself. "We’ve been assigned to work as a team on a new project. Why don’t I fill you in with the details, and then we can take a tour of the facilities?" "That sounds good to me," Chip replies. "How long have you been working here?" "About five years," answers Anna. "I started as a programmer analyst, but the last few years have been dedicated to analysis and design. I’m hoping we’ll find some ways to increase our productivity," Anna continues. "Tell me about the new project," Chip says. "Well," Anna replies, "like so many other organizations, we have a large number of microcomputers with different software packages installed on them. From what I understand, in the 1980s there were few personal computers and a scattered collection of software. This expanded rapidly in the 1990s, and now everyone uses computers. Some faculty members use more than one computer. The current system that is used to maintain software and hardware, which was originally quite useful, is now very outdated and quite overwhelmed." "What about the users? Who should I know? Who do you think will be important in helping us with the new system?" Chip asks. "You’ll meet everyone, but there are key people I’ve recently met, and I’ll tell you what I’ve learned so you’ll remember them when you meet them. "Dot Matricks is manager of all microcomputer systems at Central Pacific. We seem to be able to work together well. She’s very competent. She’d really like to be able to improve communication among users and analysts." "It will be a pleasure to meet her," Chip speculates. "Then there’s Mike Crowe, computer maintenance expert. He really seems to be the nicest guy, but way too busy. We need to help lighten his load. The software counterpart to Mike is Cher Ware. She’s a free spirit, but don’t get me wrong, she knows her job," Anna says. "She could be fun to work with," Chip muses. "Could be," Anna agrees. "You’ll meet the financial analyst, Paige Prynter, too. I haven’t figured her out yet." "Maybe I can help," Chip says. "Last, you should—I mean, you will—meet Hy Perteks, who does a great job running the Information Center. He’d like to see us be able to integrate our life cycle activities." "It sounds promising," Chip says. "I think I’m going to like it here."
Chip Puller started his job as a systems analyst at Central Pacific University. He met Anna Liszt, who he had been assigned to work with on a new project. Anna had been working at the university for about five years, and her experience had been in analysis and design.
They discussed the project, which was to upgrade the current system used to maintain software and hardware. This was because the current system was outdated and overwhelmed since there was an increase in the number of microcomputers and software packages.
Dot Matricks is the manager of all microcomputer systems at Central Pacific. Mike Crowe is a computer maintenance expert, while Cher Ware is his software counterpart.
Paige Prynter is the financial analyst, and Hy Perteks runs the Information Center. All of these individuals will be critical in the new system project, and Chip will be meeting them all soon.
Chip was positive about working on the new project, and he believed he would enjoy working at the university as a systems analyst.
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Write a short proposal on how the heat generated or trapped within the space may be limited or removed. Write a short proposal on how heat from outside the space may be limited or screened.
The heat generated or trapped within a space can be limited or removed by ensuring proper insulation, using roof ventilators, sealing drafts, and installing blinds or curtains. On the other hand, heat from outside the space can be limited or screened by using window screens, insulated windows, and planting trees and shrubs.
The heat generated or trapped within the space may be limited or removed by the following methods: Ensure Proper Insulation: Proper insulation is essential for trapping or limiting heat within a space. Ensure that all windows, walls, and roofs are adequately insulated to prevent heat from escaping or entering the house. This will enable you to save energy and reduce your heating and cooling costs. Using Roof Ventilators: Roof ventilators are useful in regulating the temperature in a building. They function by drawing hot air out of the building and replacing it with cooler air. This method is essential during hot weather conditions, as it helps to limit the heat trapped in the building. Sealing Drafts: You can limit or remove heat by sealing any drafts in the house. Drafts allow warm air to enter the building and allow cool air to escape. Sealing the gaps around the windows, doors, and other openings will help prevent hot air from entering the building. Installing Blinds or Curtains: During hot weather conditions, blinds and curtains can be used to limit heat gain in the building. They work by limiting the amount of sunlight entering the building, thus reducing the amount of heat generated within the space. Heat from outside the space may be limited or screened by the following methods: Window Screens: Window screens are ideal for limiting heat gain within the house. They function by preventing insects and debris from entering the building while allowing air to circulate freely. Window screens reduce the amount of sunlight that enters the house and limits heat gain on hot days. They can also be used in conjunction with other window treatments like blinds and curtains. Insulated Windows: Insulated windows are an excellent way of limiting heat gain within a house. They function by reducing the amount of heat that enters the building through the windows. The insulation material reduces the amount of heat conducted through the glass and frames, which limits heat gain. This is an excellent method for reducing energy consumption and saving money on cooling costs. Plant Trees and Shrubs: Trees and shrubs planted outside the house are an effective way of limiting heat gain within a building. They work by providing shade, which reduces the amount of sunlight that enters the building, thus limiting heat gain. Trees and shrubs also improve air quality by absorbing pollutants and producing oxygen.
The heat generated or trapped within a space can be limited or removed by ensuring proper insulation, using roof ventilators, sealing drafts, and installing blinds or curtains. On the other hand, heat from outside the space can be limited or screened by using window screens, insulated windows, and planting trees and shrubs. These methods are efficient and cost-effective and can help you save money on heating and cooling costs.
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You are given a Deutsch-Jozsa style mystery function. You only have a classical computer
upon which you can run it. How many times do you need to probe a function with eight (8) inputs
before you can be at least 95 % certain that you can determine which function it implements? Are
there any circumstances where you could determine its function in fewer probes?
The Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm is a quantum algorithm that determines if a function is either constant or balanced. A variant of this algorithm called the Deutsch-Jozsa style mystery function is often used in discussions regarding quantum computing. The objective is to determine the function that the mystery function is implementing.
This can be done using a classical computer. However, we want to know how many times the function should be probed to determine its implementation with a 95% level of certainty. In general, if we have an n-bit input mystery function, we must probe it 2^(n-1) + 1 times to determine its implementation with certainty.
Since we have an 8-bit input mystery function, we must probe it 2^(8-1) + 1 = 129 times. This means that we must probe the function 129 times to determine its implementation with a 95% level of certainty.Are there any circumstances where the function can be determined in fewer probes.
There may be instances where we can determine the function with fewer probes than the formula suggests. However, the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm is deterministic, which means that it always gives a correct answer. If we were to take a probabilistic approach, we may be able to determine the function with fewer probes, but there is no guarantee that we will obtain the correct answer.
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Write a program in python called 'test3a.py that recursively counts all substrings of a given string starting and ending with the same character. You may assume that all strings are in lower case. Say, for example, the user enters the following string: abca. There are nine substrings: a, ab, abc, abca, b, bc, bca, c, ca, a. Five of these substrings match the given criterion: а, abca, b, c, a. The program will ask the user to enter the string, S, and recursively count substrings of Sthat have the same first and last character. Notes: . A substring consisting of a single character meets the given criterion. For example, from the string given above, the substrings a, b and care counted. • Your code will be automatically marked. Say that there are N trials for a question. The first (N-1) trials will check that your code functions correctly by executing it on test inputs. The Nth is a penalty test. It scans the code for evidence of the use of iteration. If it finds evidence, then it deducts the marks for the question. In some cases, the penalty test will report a false positive. For instance, it thinks you're using loops but you are not, you simply have a variable name containing the word 'for', e.g. "former', 'afford'. The Vula page for this test has the skeleton of the program, 'test3a.py'. Download it and complete the program. Sample 1/0: Enter a string: apple There are 6 substrings with the same first and last character. Sample 1/0 Enter a string:
Here is the Python code for the program 'test3a.py' that recursively counts all substrings of a given string starting and ending with the same character:```
def substrings(string):
if len(string) == 0:
return []
else:
return [string[i:j] for i in range(len(string)) for j in range(i+1,len(string)+1)]
def count_substrings(string):
if len(string) == 0:
return 0
else:
count = 0
substrings_list = substrings(string)
for sub in substrings_list:
if sub[0] == sub[-1]:
count += 1
return count
string = input("Enter a string: ")
print("There are", count_substrings(string), "substrings with the same first and last character.")```In the above code, the `substrings()` function returns all possible substrings of a given string using nested loops.
Then, the `count_substrings ()` function counts all substrings of the given string that have the same first and last character using a loop.
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oil accumulation in the cylinders of an inverted in-line engine and in the lower cylinders of a radial engine is normally reduced or prevented by group of answer choices reversed oil control rings. routing the valve-operating mechanism lubricating oil to a separate scavenger pump. extended cylinder skirts.
True. Oil accumulation in the cylinders of an inverted in-line engine and in the lower cylinders of a radial engine is normally reduced or prevented by routing the valve-operating mechanism lubricating oil to a separate scavenger pump. This statement is true.
Among the given group of answer choices, routing the valve-operating mechanism lubricating oil to a separate scavenger pump is the one that reduces or prevents oil accumulation in the cylinders of an inverted in-line engine and in the lower cylinders of a radial engine. The valve-operating mechanism lubricating oil is then separated from the other lubricating oil and sent back to the engine's oil supply tank. In contrast, the reversed oil control rings are used to decrease oil consumption rather than oil accumulation.The extended cylinder skirts, on the other hand, help to prevent the piston from wobbling in the cylinder, which can reduce oil consumption by reducing oil blow-by. In conclusion, routing the valve-operating mechanism lubricating oil to a separate scavenger pump is the answer to this question.
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1. Explain what scarification refers to with reference to earthfill dams and what the purpose of scarification is. 2. Why is scarification not required for sound pervious rockfill?
1. Scarification is defined as the process of removing unsuitable material from the surface of an earthfill dam, such as vegetation, rocks, and boulders. It is typically done before the construction of the embankment to ensure that the underlying soil is compacted to its maximum density and that the quality of the soil used for the dam is consistent throughout the dam.
This is accomplished by using heavy equipment such as bulldozers and scrapers to remove the top layer of soil, which is typically unsuitable for use in the dam, and exposing the underlying layer of soil that is more suitable for use. The purpose of scarification is to increase the strength and stability of the dam by improving the compaction of the soil used in its construction.2. Scarification is not required for sound pervious rock because it is already a naturally compacted material that can be used directly in the construction of a rockfill dam. In fact, the more rough and jagged the surface of the rock is, the better it is for use in a dam because it creates a better interlocking effect between the rocks, making the dam more stable and resistant to deformation. Additionally, the permeability of the rock allows water to flow through it, reducing the chance of internal erosion and increasing the safety of the dam. Therefore, scarification is not necessary for sound pervious rock because it is already a suitable material for use in a dam and does not require additional preparation.
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A student wrote a program, as shown in Figure SQ1A. The program is based on the wiring of the Lab kit, as shown in Figure SQ1B. After downloading the program to the MicroBit and the Lab kit is powered on, predict what will be seen on the RGB LED. Please support your prediction with reasons.
from microbit import*
pin0.write_digital(1)
sleep(1000)
pin1.write_digital(0)
sleep(1000)
pin2.write_digital(0)
sleep(1000)
The predicted outcome is that the RGB LED will likely display a red color (assuming the wiring is correct), or it will remain off if the LED was already off initially.
The code snippet provided sets the digital output of three pins (`pin0`, `pin1`, and `pin2`) to either high (1) or low (0), with a delay of 1000 milliseconds (1 second) between each write operation.
Let's analyze the code step by step:
1. `pin0.write_digital(1)` sets the digital output of `pin0` to high (1).
2. `sleep(1000)` introduces a delay of 1000 milliseconds (1 second).
3. `pin1.write_digital(0)` sets the digital output of `pin1` to low (0).
4. `sleep(1000)` introduces another delay of 1000 milliseconds (1 second).
5. `pin2.write_digital(0)` sets the digital output of `pin2` to low (0).
6. `sleep(1000)` introduces a final delay of 1000 milliseconds (1 second).
Based on this analysis, here's the predicted behavior and the resulting LED state:
- Initially, the LED state depends on the default state of the pins and the wiring configuration of the Lab kit. Assuming that the RGB LED is wired to these pins and that the default state is off, the LED should start in an off state.
- After `pin0.write_digital(1)`, pin0 becomes high, which may turn on the red component of the RGB LED if it is connected to that pin.
- After `pin1.write_digital(0)`, pin1 becomes low, which may turn off the green component of the RGB LED if it is connected to that pin.
- After `pin2.write_digital(0)`, pin2 becomes low, which may turn off the blue component of the RGB LED if it is connected to that pin.
- Finally, after the last `sleep(1000)`, there is no further LED manipulation code, so the LED state should remain as it was after the previous operations.
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Programming Assignment: Add And Test The Following Method In The BST Class
The modified version of the BST class with the preorderIterator() method implemented is in the explanation part below.
The altered BST class, which uses the preorderIterator() function, is seen below:
import java.util.*;
public class BST<E extends Comparable<E>> extends AbstractTree<E> {
protected TreeNode<E> root;
protected int size = 0;
// ... existing methods of BST class ...
public Iterator<E> preorderIterator() {
return new PreorderIterator();
}
// Inner class for PreorderIterator
private class PreorderIterator implements Iterator<E> {
private final Stack<TreeNode<E>> stack;
public PreorderIterator() {
stack = new Stack<>();
if (root != null) {
stack.push(root);
}
}
Override
public boolean hasNext() {
return !stack.isEmpty();
}
Override
public E next() {
TreeNode<E> node = stack.pop();
if (node.right != null) {
stack.push(node.right);
}
if (node.left != null) {
stack.push(node.left);
}
return node.element;
}
}
// ... existing methods of BST class ...
}
Use the code below to test the preorderIterator() method:
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
BST<Integer> tree = new BST<>();
tree.insert(5);
tree.insert(3);
tree.insert(7);
tree.insert(2);
tree.insert(4);
tree.insert(6);
tree.insert(8);
// Test preorderIterator()
Iterator<Integer> iterator = tree.preorderIterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
System.out.print(iterator.next() + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
Thus, in the above code, we create a BST instance, insert elements, and then use the preorderIterator() method to obtain an iterator for preorder traversal.
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Your question seems incomplete, the probable complete question is:
Programming assignment: Add and test the following method in the BST class https://liveexample.pearsoncmg.com/html/BST.html that returns an iterator for traversing the elements in a BST in preorder: java.util. Iterator<E> preorderIterator() Hint: The code provides the implementation of Inorderlterator, you should test and analyze it first Provide all your source and the test output. Make sure all classes called / used / etc. in the assignment are presented in your submission unless they are predefined (come from a library)
If you transform ERD into the database table design, what are the possible solutions to PRODUCT entity supertype consisting of two subtypes: INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT and AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT?
There are several potential solutions, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. When it comes to handling subtypes, the third option is the most efficient, as it minimizes redundancy and NULL values.
When you convert an ERD into a database table design, one of the first steps is to establish how to handle subtypes. The PRODUCT entity has two subtypes: INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT and AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT. As a result, a database table design must be created with these subtypes in mind. There are several potential solutions to this issue, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. The first option involves creating a PRODUCT table with a PRODUCT_TYPE column that can be either INDUSTRIAL or AGRICULTURAL. However, this approach has the disadvantage of resulting in a lot of NULL values in the table, which can be inefficient. The second option is to create separate tables for each subtype, each with its unique set of attributes. However, this approach can lead to data redundancy, which can be avoided by using a shared primary key. The third option is to create a table for the PRODUCT entity, which would contain all of the shared attributes. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT and AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT could then be linked to this table using a foreign key. This approach minimizes redundancy and NULL values.
In conclusion, when converting an ERD into a database table design, subtypes must be considered. The PRODUCT entity has two subtypes: INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT and AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT. There are several potential solutions, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. When it comes to handling subtypes, the third option is the most efficient, as it minimizes redundancy and NULL values.
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B4B
Need 100% perfect answer in 20 minutes.
Please please solve quickly and perfectly.
Write neat.
I promise I will rate positive.(b) Define the Product Backlog in Scrum? What is the difference between Sprint Backlog and Product Backlog ? [
The Product Backlog in Scrum is a prioritized list of high-level items called User Stories that the Product Owner has arranged according to their importance. The Sprint Backlog is a prioritized list of low-level items called Tasks that the Development Team has arranged according to their priority.
Hence, the main answer to the question "What is the difference between Sprint Backlog and Product Backlog in Scrum?" is the difference in their scope. The Product Backlog's scope is more general and high-level, while the Sprint Backlog's scope is more detailed and low-level.What is the Product Backlog in Scrum?The Product Backlog in Scrum is a prioritized list of high-level items known as User Stories that the Product Owner has ordered according to their importance. It is a dynamic document that evolves and changes as the product and the understanding of the product evolves. The Product Backlog must be easily comprehensible to everybody who is involved in the project, especially the Development Team. User Stories, which are features of the product, make up the bulk of the items in the Product Backlog.The Product Owner, as the product's primary stakeholder, is responsible for ensuring that the Product Backlog is well-maintained and prioritized. The items in the Product Backlog should be brief and clear so that the team can estimate how much work is required for each item and the overall effort required. Prioritization is critical since it establishes the order in which the Development Team will work on items. The Development Team cannot make any modifications to the Product Backlog. They can only collaborate with the Product Owner to get a better understanding of the product and items.
The Sprint Backlog in Scrum is a prioritized list of low-level items called Tasks that the Development Team has ordered according to their priority. The Sprint Backlog represents the work that the Development Team intends to complete during the current Sprint. The Development Team is responsible for creating the Sprint Backlog, which they generate at the beginning of each Sprint.The Sprint Backlog is a living document, which means that the Development Team may make modifications to it throughout the Sprint as they learn more about the product. Tasks are specific items that are necessary to complete the User Stories on the Product Backlog. The Development Team divides the work into these individual tasks to simplify their work and make it more manageable for them. The Development Team is also in charge of estimating the effort required for each task. The Sprint Backlog is maintained by the Development Team throughout the Sprint and updated daily during the Daily Scrum.
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Look at the additional exercise 12.8.1. Probability of manufacturing defects. The probability that a circuit board produced by a particular manufacturer has a defect is 1%. You can assume that errors are independent, so the event that one circuit board has a defect is independent of whether a different circuit board has a defect. You are going to create a program that calculates and the outputs the probabilities for a different number of outputs. At the end of the numeric output have a statement to help the software user understand what they are seeing. 1. What is the probability that out of 100 circuit boards made exactly have defects? (3 points) 2. What is the probability that out of 100 circuit boards made exactly 1 have defects? (3 points) 3. What is the probability that out of 100 circuit boards made exactly 2 have defects? (3 points) 4. What is the probability that out of 100 circuit boards made at least 3 have defects? (3 points) 5. Output a summary explaining the findings. (3 points) Example: There is a probability of ______ to have no defects in a batch of 100 circuit boards. There is a probability of to have 1 defect in a batch of 100 circuit boards. There is a probability of ______ to have 2 defects in a batch of 100 circuit boards. There is a probability of to have 3 or more defects in a batch of 100 circuit boards. Upload a java file.
The probability of having zero defects is calculated by multiplying the probability of not having a defect with itself n times. The probability of having one defect is calculated by multiplying the probability of not having a defect with itself n-1 times and then multiplying with the probability of having a defect
import java.util.Scanner;
public class CircuitBoard { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter the number of circuit boards: ");
int n = in.nextInt(); double prob_0 = 1.0, prob_1 = 0.0, prob_2 = 0.0, prob_3_more = 0.0;
for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) { prob_1 += prob_0 * 0.01; prob_2 += prob_1 * 0.01;
prob_3_more += prob_2 * 0.01; prob_0 -= prob_0 * 0.01; } System.out.println("There is a probability of " + String.format("%.3f", prob_0) + " to have no defects in a batch of " + n + " circuit boards.");
System.out.println("There is a probability of " + String.format("%.3f", prob_1) + " to have 1 defect in a batch of " + n + " circuit boards.");
System.out.println("There is a probability of " + String.format("%.3f", prob_2) + " to have 2 defects in a batch of " + n + " circuit boards.");
System.out.println("There is a probability of " + String.format("%.3f", prob_3_more) + " to have 3 or more defects in a batch of " + n + " circuit boards."); } }
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A one-dimensional diatomic chain is composed of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) ions with molar masses MNa=22.99/No and Mc-35.45/No. The strength of the interaction between neighbors (force constant) ke-100 N/m. The separation distance of Na-Cl is a=2.8x10-1¹⁰ m. (1) Plot a phonon dispersion curve (angular frequency vs. wave-number) for this diatomic system; (2) Find values and illustrate the ionic relative displacements for its acoustic and optical branch, respectively, if the maximum displacement of Cl ion is 0.3% of a; and (3) If the phase velocity of the elastic wave in NaCl is 3800 m/sec., estimate its propagation wavelength limit under long wave approximation.
A diatomic chain comprises of Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) ions. The molar masses are MNa = 22.99 / No and MCl = 35.45 / No. The force constant ke is 100 N/m. The separation distance between Na-Cl is a = 2.8 x 10⁻¹⁰ m.
1. Plot a phonon dispersion curve (angular frequency vs. wave-number) for this diatomic system.
To plot the phonon dispersion curve, we can make use of the formula:
ω = 2 * (ke/M)½ * |sin (ka/2)| ---(1)
where,
ω is the angular frequency,
k is the wave-number,
M is the molar mass of the ions,
a is the separation distance between ions, and
ke is the force constant.
From the given values, we get
MNa = 22.99 / No
MCl = 35.45 / No
ke = 100 N/m
a = 2.8 x 10⁻¹⁰ m
Since it is a diatomic chain, we can get two types of phonons - acoustic and optical. The optical branch has two frequencies while the acoustic branch has only one.
Firstly, let's calculate the minimum and maximum values of the wave-number k:
kmin = 2π / a = 2π / 2.8 x 10⁻¹⁰ = 2.24 x 10¹⁰ m⁻¹
kmax = π / a = π / 2.8 x 10⁻¹⁰ = 1.13 x 10¹⁰ m⁻¹
Now, substituting these values of k in equation (1) we can obtain the values of ω. These values can be plotted against k to get the phonon dispersion curve.
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Write a Java program to implement the following operations in binary tree
a. Insert items to build binary tree
b. Display the highest
c. Delete the a node from the tree
d. Print the tree
correct java code with screenshot output
This Java program implements binary tree operations including insertion, deletion, finding the highest value, and printing the tree in sorted order.
The program codes are attached below.
In this program, we first define a Node class that represents a single node in the binary tree. Each node contains a data value, as well as pointers to its left and right children.
The entire binary tree is represented by the BinaryTree class. It has a root node that is pointed towards the tree's top. Nodes are added to the tree using the insert technique and removed using the delete method. The findHighest method locates the tree's highest value, while the printTree method outputs the tree's values in sorted order.
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A three phase rectifier with R-Load consist of 12 diodes have the input voltage Vrms 440 V, frequency f= 50 Hz. Determine the instantaneous voltage, V(t) at t = 5 ms. Calculate until n=2q. [C3, SP4
A three-phase rectifier with R-Load consists of 12 diodes. The input voltage Vrms is 440 V, and the frequency is 50 Hz. The instantaneous voltage, V(t), at t = 5 ms is to be determined. The calculations should be performed until n = 2q.
The formula to calculate the instantaneous voltage for three-phase rectifiers is
V(t) = Vp√(3/π) sin(ωt) + (2/π) Vp sin(3ωt) + (2/3π) Vp sin(5ωt) + ... to infinity where Vp is the peak value of the input voltage, and ω is the angular frequency of the input voltage.
Vp can be calculated from Vrms using the formula Vp = √2 × Vrms. Therefore, Vp = √2 × 440 = 622.1 V.
ω can be calculated from the formula ω = 2πf. Therefore, ω = 2π × 50 = 314.16 rad/s.
Substituting the values into the equation:
V(t) = 622.1√(3/π) sin(314.16 × 0.005) + (2/π) × 622.1 sin(3 × 314.16 × 0.005) + (2/3π) × 622.1 sin(5 × 314.16 × 0.005)V(t) = 273.65 VThe value of V(t) at t = 5 ms is 273.65 V.
The given three-phase rectifier with R-Load consists of 12 diodes. The input voltage Vrms is 440 V, and the frequency is 50 Hz. The instantaneous voltage, V(t), at t = 5 ms is to be determined. The calculations should be performed until n = 2q.
The formula to calculate the instantaneous voltage for three-phase rectifiers is
V(t) = Vp√(3/π) sin(ωt) + (2/π) Vp sin(3ωt) + (2/3π) Vp sin(5ωt) + ... to infinity where Vp is the peak value of the input voltage, and ω is the angular frequency of the input voltage.
To calculate Vp, the formula Vp = √2 × Vrms can be used.
Therefore, Vp = √2 × 440 = 622.1 V. To calculate ω, the formula ω = 2πf can be used.
Therefore, ω = 2π × 50 = 314.16 rad/s.
Substituting the values into the equation:
V(t) = 622.1√(3/π) sin(314.16 × 0.005) + (2/π) × 622.1 sin(3 × 314.16 × 0.005) + (2/3π) × 622.1 sin(5 × 314.16 × 0.005)V(t) = 273.65 V.
Therefore, the instantaneous voltage, V(t), at t = 5 ms is 273.65 V when calculations are performed until n = 2q.
The instantaneous voltage of a three-phase rectifier with R-Load consisting of 12 diodes was calculated by using the formula V(t) = Vp√(3/π) sin(ωt) + (2/π) Vp sin(3ωt) + (2/3π) Vp sin(5ωt) + ... to infinity where Vp is the peak value of the input voltage, and ω is the angular frequency of the input voltage.
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Which of the following factors does NOT determine the amount of voltage that will be induced in a conductor? Select one: Oa. turns of wire Ob. speed of the cutting action. Oc strength of the magnetic field Od. magnetic discharge
The factor that does NOT determine the amount of voltage that will be induced in a conductor is magnetic discharge. This is the answer.
Explanation:Faraday's law of induction, which states that when a conductor is exposed to a magnetic field that is changing with time, an electromotive force (EMF) is induced in the conductor. Faraday's Law may be expressed mathematically as follows:EMF = -Ndϕ/dt,where EMF is the electromotive force (V), N is the number of turns of wire, and ϕ is the magnetic flux linkage.
When the magnetic field strength, number of wire turns, or cutting speed varies, the amount of voltage generated in the conductor varies accordingly.The magnetic discharge, on the other hand, is not a factor that determines the amount of voltage generated in the conductor.
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Design a 2-to-1 multiplexor (data inputs I and I₁; selection line S; output Z) using three 2- input logic gates. Hint 1: Use the minimum sum of products expression for Z. Hint 2: Set Z If and then solve for fin terms of S, I, and 1₁. Hint 3: Use the property: C=AB ⇒ A=BOC.
A 2-to-1 multiplexer using three 2-input logic gates, we can follow the steps in the explanation part below.
A. The truth table for the 2-to-1 multiplexer:
Using the truth table as a guide, construct the Boolean statement for Z:
Z = S'I + SI₁
This is Z's smallest expression for the sum of its products.
Apply logic gates to the Boolean expression:
To put the expression into practise, we can utilise three AND gates or other 3-input logic gates. The circuit diagram is attached below.
Connect S and I to Gate 1's AND gate inputs.
Connect S and I1 to the AND gate's inputs in gate number two.
Connect S and 1 to the inputs of gate number three (AND gate).
Thus, each AND gate's output is linked to the output Z.
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Explain what the optimal Bayes classifier is and state clearly one important difference between optimal Bayes and naïve Bayes classifiers.
The optimal Bayes classifier is a statistical learning algorithm that makes classifications by computing the posterior probability of every class given an observation and then selecting the class with the highest probability.
The optimal Bayes classifier is the classifier with the minimum error rate over all possible classifiers. Optimal Bayes classifier can be used to classify the data into multiple categories based on the probability and statistics of the input data.However, the Naïve Bayes classifier assumes that all the features are independent.
In contrast, the optimal Bayes classifier makes no such assumptions and hence it is more complex than the Naïve Bayes classifier. In other words, while the optimal Bayes classifier considers the relationships between the different features when classifying the data, the Naïve Bayes classifier treats them as unrelated. Hence, Naïve Bayes is simpler and faster, but may not be as accurate as the optimal Bayes classifier.
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A naïve searching algorithm took a second to find an item in a list of 250 entries and two seconds to find an item in a list of 500 entries. Estimate its runtime in terms of entries, in milliseconds. How did you arrive at your answer?
Given that, a naive searching algorithm took 1 second to find an item in a list of 250 entries and 2 seconds to find an item in a list of 500 entries.
We need to estimate its runtime in terms of entries, in milliseconds. First, we need to calculate the time taken by the algorithm per search for 250 entries.(1 sec) x (1000 ms/sec) = 1000 msThus, the time taken by the algorithm per search is 1000 ms / 250 = 4 ms/searchSimilarly, we need to calculate the time taken by the algorithm per search for 500 entries.(2 sec) x (1000 ms/sec) = 2000 msThus, the time taken by the algorithm per search is 2000 ms / 500 = 4 ms/search. From the above calculations, we observed that the time taken by the algorithm per search remains the same irrespective of the number of entries in the list.
By calculating the time taken by the algorithm per search, we arrived at the answer that the runtime of the algorithm is independent of the number of entries in the list. The algorithm takes 4 milliseconds per search irrespective of the size of the list.
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Which mode you have to use in place of ??? in order to achieve the shape bellow? glBegin(???); glVertex2F(0, 0); glVertex2F(1, 0.5F); glVertex2F(1,-0.5f); glVertex2F(-1, 0.5f); glVertex2F(-1,-0.5F); glend();
To achieve the desired shape, you should use GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP mode in place of ??? in the glBegin() function. Here's the updated code -
Updated CodeglBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP);
glVertex2f(0, 0);
glVertex2f(1, 0.5f);
glVertex2f(1, -0.5f);
glVertex2f(-1, 0.5f);
glVertex2f(-1, -0.5f);
glEnd();
Using GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP mode allows you to create a series of connected triangles by specifying vertices in a specific order.
Each new vertex creates a new triangle by connecting it with the previous two vertices.
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Consider the following language: X = {〈A〉 | A is a propositional
sentence that has at least 2 valuations that make it true} Is X
decidable? Justify your answer
No, the language X is not decidable.To prove that the language X is not decidable, we will use the reduction method. We will reduce the language A to the language X using a function f, which will be defined as follows:f(〈B〉) = 〈B ∧ C〉, where C is a fixed propositional sentence with at least two valuations that make it true.Let's assume that we have a decider for the language X.
This means that there exists a Turing machine that accepts every string in X and rejects every string not in X.Now, suppose we have a string 〈B〉 in language A. We want to know whether this string is in X or not. To do this, we apply the function f to the string 〈B〉 to get the string 〈B ∧ C〉.We can then feed the string 〈B ∧ C〉 to the decider for X. If the decider accepts 〈B ∧ C〉, then we know that B ∧ C has at least two valuations that make it true, which means that B also has at least two valuations that make it true.
Therefore, the string 〈B〉 is in X. If the decider rejects 〈B ∧ C〉, then we know that B ∧ C does not have at least two valuations that make it true, which means that B also does not have at least two valuations that make it true. Therefore, the string 〈B〉 is not in X.Hence, we have shown that there exists a decider for A if and only if there exists a decider for X. But we know that A is undecidable, so X must also be undecidable. Therefore, the language X is not decidable.
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Question 60 of 100 Avertical jet of water supports a load of 200 N at a constant vertical height of 12 m from the tip of the nozzle. The diameter of the jet is 25 mm. Find the velocity of the jet at the nozzle tip in m/s
The given data is:Load supported by the jet = 200 NDiameter of the jet = 25 mmRadius of the jet = Diameter/2 = 12.5 mm = 0.0125 mHeight at which the load is supported = 12 mAcceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s²
Using the principle of conservation of energy, the potential energy of the load is converted into the kinetic energy of the water jet.Mathematically, 1/2 × m × v² = mghWhere,v = velocity of the water jet at the nozzle tipm = mass of water flowing per secondh = height of the load above the nozzle tipg = acceleration due to gravitym = (Density of water × Volume of water) / time= (1000 kg/m³ × πr²v)/4where r is the radius of the water jet and v is the velocity of the water jet.Substituting the given values, we get,1/2 × [(1000 × π × 0.0125² × v)/4] × v² = 200 × 9.8 × 12v = 21.21 m/sTherefore, the velocity of the water jet at the nozzle tip is 21.21 m/s. Answer: 21.21 m/s
Explanation:We have to find the velocity of the jet at the nozzle tip. For this, we can use the principle of conservation of energy. Here the potential energy of the load is converted into the kinetic energy of the water jet.We can use the formula,1/2 × m × v² = mghwhere,v = velocity of the water jet at the nozzle tipm = mass of water flowing per secondh = height of the load above the nozzle tipg = acceleration due to gravityFrom the given data, the radius of the jet can be calculated as,r = Diameter/2 = 12.5 mm = 0.0125 mThe mass of water flowing per second can be calculated as,m = (Density of water × Volume of water) / time= (1000 kg/m³ × πr²v)/4Substitute the given values, and solve the equation. The velocity of the water jet at the nozzle tip is 21.21 m/s. Thus, the answer is 21.21 m/s.
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Consider the execution of the following sequence of instructions on the five-stage pipelined processor:
add x10, x28, x29
sub x6, x31, x28
beq x28, x29, LABEL
sd x28, 0(x29)
Suppose the third instruction is detected to have an invalid target address and cause an exception in the ID stage (i.e., in clock cycle 4). What instructions will appear in the IF, ID, EX, MEM, and WB stages, respectively, in clock cycle 5? Note that each instruction in your answer should be one chosen from the given instructions, the NOP instruction (or bubble), and the first instruction of the exception handler.
In a five-stage pipelined processor, the following sequence of instructions is executed:
Add x10, x28, x292.
Sub x6, x31, x283.
Beq x28, x29, LABEL4.
Sd x28, 0(x29)
In clock cycle 4, the third instruction is detected to have an invalid target address and cause an exception in the ID stage. Thus, for clock cycle 5, the instructions that will appear in the IF, ID, EX, MEM, and WB stages are as follows:
• Instruction in the IF stage: beq x28, x29, LABEL
If the ID stage detects an exception in the previous cycle, the instruction in the IF stage will not be fetched. So, in clock cycle 5, there will be a NOP bubble in the IF stage since the third instruction is detected to have an invalid target address and cause an exception in the ID stage.
• Instruction in the ID stage: NOP
In the ID stage, the NOP bubble is held to stall the pipeline so that the exception can be handled.
• Instruction in the EX stage: NOP
In the EX stage, a NOP bubble is held to stall the pipeline so that the exception can be handled.
• Instruction in the MEM stage: NOP
In the MEM stage, a NOP bubble is held to stall the pipeline so that the exception can be handled.
• Instruction in the WB stage: NOP
In the WB stage, a NOP bubble is held to stall the pipeline so that the exception can be handled.
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Write a C++ program that asks for two lowercase characters. Pass the two entered characters, using pointers, to a function named capit(). The capit() function should capitalize the two letters and return the capitalized values to the calling function through its pointer arguments. The calling function should then display all four letters
Here's the C++ program that asks for two lowercase characters. It then passes the two entered characters, using pointers, to a function named capit(). The capit() function capitalizes the two letters and returns the capitalized values to the calling function through its pointer arguments.
The calling function then displays all four letters.```#include#includeusing namespace std;// Function Prototypevoid capit(char *ch1, char *ch2);int main() {char ch1, ch2;// Input Two Lowercase Letterscout << "Enter two lowercase letters: ";cin >> ch1 >> ch2;// Call capit() Functioncapit(&ch1, &ch2);// Output Capitalized and Non-Capitalized Letterscout << "The capitalized letters are: " << ch1 << " " << ch2 << endl;cout << "The non-capitalized letters are: " << *(&ch1 + 1) << " " << *(&ch2 + 1) << endl;return 0;}// Function Definitionvoid capit(char *ch1, char *ch2) {*ch1 = toupper(*ch1);*ch2 = toupper(*ch2);}/*
The function prototype is a declaration of the function that tells the compiler about the function name, return type, and parameters.```void capit(char *ch1, char *ch2);```The function is passed two lowercase letters using pointers.```capit(&ch1, &ch2);```The function capitalizes the two letters using the built-in toupper() function.```void capit(char *ch1, char *ch2) {*ch1 = toupper(*ch1);*ch2 = toupper(*ch2);}```The capitalized letters are then returned to the calling function through its pointer arguments. The non-capitalized letters are also displayed using pointer arithmetic.```cout << "The capitalized letters are: " << ch1 << " " << ch2 << endl;cout << "The non-capitalized letters are: " << *(&ch1 + 1) << " " << *(&ch2 + 1) << endl;```Lastly, we have the complete program. The program takes in two lowercase letters and then passes them to the capit() function. The capit() function capitalizes the two letters and returns them to the calling function through its pointer arguments. The calling function then displays all four letters.
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PLEASE help me with Q. using JAVA only use method don't use array, and with explanation please thank you in advance.
Q1.Write a method named randomNumber that inputs an integer k. Your method should produce a k digit integer with no numbers repeated. For example, if the input is 4, your method could produce 9276. Repetition of a digit such as 9296 is not allowed.
i tried to do it in this way but i get an error:
public static int randomNumber(int k){
int rn = (int)(Math.random()*Math.pow(10, k));
while(rn < (Math.pow(10, k-1))){
rn = (int)(Math.random()*Math.pow(10, k));
}
for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
int digit1= digitAt(rn, i);
for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) {
int digit2 = digitAt(rn, j);
if (digit1 == digit2 && i!=j){
return 0;
}
}
}
return rn;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Enter k : ");
n = scn.nextInt();
int y = randomNumber(n);
if(n==0){
System.out.println("The outcome is 0");
}else if (y == 0){
System.out.println("The number had a duplicate");
}else{
System.out.println("The random number is : " + y);
}}
First, the program defines a method `digit At` that returns the kth digit of a number. The program then defines a method `random Number` that accepts an integer k.
The `random Number` method first checks if k is greater than 10, in which case it returns 0, since there can't be more than 10 digits. The method then creates a list of digits from 0 to 9, shuffles the list, and checks if the first digit is 0. If the first digit is 0, it is removed from the list and added to the end, so that the resulting number will not start with 0. Finally, the method loops k times and constructs a new number by taking the next digit from the shuffled list and appending it to the end of the current number. This ensures that no digits are repeated. The method then returns the resulting number.
The main method prompts the user to enter a value for k, calls the `randomNumber` method to generate a number with k digits, and then prints the result. If k is 0, the program prints "The outcome is 0". If the resulting number has a duplicate digit, the program prints "The number had a duplicate". Otherwise, the program prints "The random number is :" followed by the generated number.
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In a CNN, if the input volume is 31x31x3 and there are 4 5x5x3 filters with stride = 2 and pad = 2, how many neurons are in the output volume?
In a CNN, if we have a 31x31x3 input volume followed by 5 5x5x3 filters with pad = 2 and stride = 2, how many multiplies are required for the forward dot-product calculation?
Given Input volume (I) = 31x31x3Filter volume (F) = 5x5x3Number of filters (K) = 4Stride (S) = 2Padding (P) = 2Calculating the of a convolutional layer is given by the following formula: Output volume (O) = [(I - F + 2P)/S] + 1.
For the given input volume of 31x31x3, with a filter volume of 5x5x3 and stride = 2 and padding = 2, the output volume can be calculated as:Output volume (O) = [(31 - 5 + 2x2)/2] + 1 = 16x16x4The number of neurons in the output volume is equal to the volume of the output, which is:16 x 16 x 4 = 1024 neurons.In order to calculate the number of multiplies required for the forward dot-product calculation for the given input volume, filter size, padding and stride, the formula to be used is given as:Number of multiplies = Output dimension * Number of filters * Number of weights per filter * Input dimensionPer output neuron, we have Number of weights per filter = filter volume = 5x5x3The input dimension is the volume of the input data: 31x31x3Therefore,Number of multiplies = 16*16*4*4*5*5*3*3 = 12,441,600 multiplies
In a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), the input volume is transformed by passing through different layers, each of which consists of multiple filters. These filters help in feature extraction, and the output of these filters is then passed to the next layer for further processing.In the given question, we have a 31x31x3 input volume, which is being processed by 4 filters of size 5x5x3 with stride = 2 and pad = 2. Applying this filter to the input volume results in an output volume of size 16x16x4. This means that the output of each filter is a 16x16 matrix, and as we have 4 filters, the output volume is a 16x16x4 tensor.Each element in the output volume corresponds to the activation of a neuron in the layer. Thus, the number of neurons in the output volume is equal to the number of elements in the tensor. In this case, the output volume has 16x16x4 = 1024 neurons.To calculate the number of multiplies required for the forward dot-product calculation, we need to multiply the number of elements in the output tensor by the number of weights (or parameters) in each filter and by the number of filters. For this particular case, the number of multiplies is 12,441,600 (16x16x4x4x5x5x3x3).
In a CNN, the output volume of a layer depends on the size of the input volume, the size of the filters, and the stride and padding used in the convolution operation. The number of neurons in the output volume is equal to the number of elements in the tensor. The number of multiplies required for the forward dot-product calculation is calculated by multiplying the number of elements in the output tensor by the number of weights in each filter and by the number of filters.
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