The double coiled, staircase shape of dna is called double helix. As it relates to genomics, the phrase "double helix" is used to define the actual makeup of DNA. Two connected strands that spiral around one another to resemble a twisted ladder in a helix-like structure make up a DNA molecule.
A double-stranded DNA molecule's molecular form is referred to as a "double helix." The molecular structure of DNA, which Francis Crick and James Watson first referred to as a "double helix," was first published by them in the journal Nature in 1953. In 1962, Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins shared the Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize for their ground-breaking discoveries. Rosalind Franklin, however, contributed a significant contribution that made this finding possible but was not recognised at the time. Crick stated that her input had been crucial after her passing. Two straight strands of double-stranded DNA that run counter to one another, or anti-parallel, and twist together are known as the double helix. Each DNA strand in the double helix is a long, linear molecule consisting of nucleotides, which are smaller building blocks that link together to form a chain. The sugar-phosphate backbones, also known as the chemical backbones of the double helix, are composed of phosphate and sugar molecules joined together by chemical bonds. Base pairs, also known as pairs of nucleotides, interact to link the two helical strands together. Nucleotide A pairs with T and nucleotide C pairs with G, respectively, in two different types of base pairing.
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Transcription is similar to DNA replication, in that:
a. an RNA transcript is synthesized discontinuously, and the pieces are then joined together
b. it uses the exact enzyme as that used to synthesize RNA primers during DNA replication
c. the newly-synthesized RNA remains paired to the template DNA nucleotide
d. polymerization occurs only in the 5'-to-3' direction
The correct answer is option d. Transcription is similar to DNA replication in that polymerization occurs only in the 5'-to-3' direction.
Transcription is comparable to DNA replication in that it requires the creation of RNA from a DNA template, much like DNA replication. The RNA polymerase enzyme catalyses the 5'-to-3' polymerization of nucleotides throughout both procedures.
During transcription, RNA polymerase attaches to a gene's promoter region and then creates a corresponding RNA transcript using the template DNA nucleotide. Contrary to DNA replication, transcription happens in fragments, with freshly generated RNA bits being linked.
Additionally, during DNA replication, certain enzymes are utilised to create RNA primers; these primers are not needed during transcription.
The freshly generated RNA also stays coupled to the template DNA nucleotide throughout transcription, but the DNA double helix's two strands are separated during DNA replication.
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When a single fertilized egg divides into many separate embryos?
A single fertilized egg splits into two to produce monozygotic twins. Thereafter, two embryos develop into two children. This technique is referred to as monozygotic (where "mono" stands for one and "zygote" for fertilized egg).
What does embryo mean?Early stages of human and other animal or plant development. This stage in creatures with a backbone or spinal column lasts from shortly after fertilization to the emergence of all main body parts. When an egg and sperm combine, a zygote is created, which immediately starts to divide to become an embryo. As the pregnancy develops, the embryo develops into a fetus.
What are embryos used for?These stem cells are pluripotent, which means they can divide to create other stem cells or any form of cell in the body. Because of their adaptability, embryonic stem cells can be employed to replace or treat damaged tissue and organs. An embryo of a human is a fully developed, live individual of the Homo sapiens species.
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what is the difference between a negative feedback system and a positive feedback system?
A equilibrium state (or stable equilibrium) is maintained by the control centre turning the effector "on and off" in a negative feedback system; in a positive system, the actuator continually increasing its output.
Positively and negatively feedback react differently to change: good feedback intensifies change, whilst negative input slows it down. This implies that positive comments will lead to more of a given product, such as more apples, contractions, or platelets that coagulate. Positive feedback loops magnify or intensify changes, which tends to push a system out of balance and increase its instability. Negative feedbacks have the tendency to muffle or dampen changes, which serves to keep a system in an equilibrium condition and increase stability.
(What is the difference between a negative feedback system and a positive feedback system?
In a negative feedback system, the control center raises or lowers the set point until the signals from the sensor stop; in a positive feedback system, the set point remains constant.
In a negative feedback system, the control center signals the effector to go "on and off" to maintain a steady state (or stable equilibrium); in a positive feedback system, the effector keeps increasing its output.
In a negative feedback system, the organism is most likely experiencing a disease state. In a positive feedback system, the organism is most likely healthy.
In a negative feedback system, the consequences of the action can harm the animal; in a positive feedback system, the animal is not harmed.)
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what is the developmental stage of an embryo in which a single layer of cells is surrounded by a space filled with fluid called
The developmental stage of an embryo in which a single layer of cells is surrounded by a space filled with fluid is called a blastula.
During early embryonic development, the fertilized egg undergoes a series of cell divisions, forming a ball of cells called a morula. As the cells continue to divide and differentiate, a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel begins to form within the ball of cells, creating a hollow sphere called a blastula. The blastula is made up of a single layer of cells, called the blastoderm, which surrounds the blastocoel.
The blastula is an important stage in embryonic development, as it marks the transition from the earlier stages of cleavage and morula formation to the later stages of gastrulation and organogenesis. During gastrulation, the blastula folds in on itself to form a structure known as the gastrula, which gives rise to the three primary germ layers that eventually differentiate into all of the body's tissues and organs.
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In Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty'\'s experiments, homogenates from heat-killed bacteria were treated with different enzymes, and then the ability of those homogenates to transform bacteria was assayed. Under which condition would transformation not occur?
The transformation of the bacteria in Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiment would not occur when the homogenates from heat-killed bacteria were treated with the enzyme DNase.
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiment (which was reported in 1944) was an experiment that demonstrates that DNA is the substance that causes bacterial transformation. From their experiment, we know that the transformation of the bacteria would not occur when the homogenates from heat-killed bacteria were treated with the enzyme DNase. This is because DNase breaks down DNA, which is the genetic material that is responsible for transformation. Without any intact DNA, the bacteria cannot be transformed.
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what did went’s experiments with the gelatin block demonstrate?
Experiments with the gelatin block demonstrate that plants cannot be induced to bend during growth unless they are exposed .
Plants cannot be induced to bend during growth unless they are exposed to an indirect source of light. Light induces the coleoptile to produce a diffusible substance that moves to the growing region of a plant where it stimulates cells to elongate.
Experiment demonstrated the existence of auxin in plants. His interest gradually shifted to environmental influences on plant growth. At Caltech he was the first to examine the significance of hormones in plant development and growth .This signal, a hormone now known as auxin, moves down the dark side of the plant to stimulate faster growth on that side, causing the plant to curve toward the light.
This whole experiment of basically related to provide knowledge about plants the growth ,parts there behaviour with different atmosphere .
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Woolly mammoths became extinct around 4,000 years ago. A recent study conducted by scientists found that the last generations of woolly mammoths were plagued by harmful gene mutations. Some of the mutations caused them to have softer fur that didn’t protect them from the cold, a diminished sense of smell, and digestive problems.
A species potential for evolution is based on four factors:
the potential for a species to increase in number
the heritable genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction
organisms competing for limited resources such as food or water in their environment
the proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in the environment
In two to three paragraphs, explain why the last generations of woolly mammoths couldn’t meet these factors to evolve in a changing environment. Also explain how data such as the fossil record and DNA evidence can identify the factors that can lead to the evolution of a species.
Answer:
Explanation:
The last generations of woolly mammoths were unable to meet the four factors for evolution because they were plagued by harmful gene mutations. These mutations caused a decrease in their fur density and thickness, making them vulnerable to the cold, as well as a decrease in their sense of smell and digestive problems. These traits made it difficult for them to find food and survive in their environment, leading to a decrease in population numbers.
Data such as fossil records and DNA evidence can be used to identify the factors that can lead to the evolution of a species. The fossil record provides a timeline of a species' physical characteristics and adaptations over time, while DNA evidence provides information about genetic changes and mutations. Both sources of data help scientists understand how species have evolved over time and why some species have become extinct. In the case of the woolly mammoths, the fossil record and DNA evidence revealed that harmful gene mutations were a significant factor in their extinction. By understanding the evolutionary factors that led to the extinction of the woolly mammoths, scientists can better understand how to protect other species from a similar fate.
what is the correct order for the breakdown and disposal of heme?
The correct order for the breakdown and disposal of heme is as follows:
Heme -> biliverdin -> bilirubin -> bilirubin diglucuronide -> urobilinogen -> stercobilin/urobilin.
1. Heme is broken down into biliverdin by the enzyme heme oxygenase.
2. Biliverdin is then converted into bilirubin by the enzyme biliverdin reductase.
3. Bilirubin is then transported to the liver, where it is conjugated with glucuronic acid to form bilirubin diglucuronide.
4. Bilirubin diglucuronide is then excreted into the bile and stored in the gallbladder.
5. When the gallbladder contracts, bile is released into the small intestine, where bilirubin diglucuronide is broken down by intestinal bacteria into urobilinogen.
6. Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed into the bloodstream and excreted in the urine, while the rest is converted into stercobilin and excreted in the feces.
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what is the name of the method of processing coffee using these steps, cleaning, pulping, fermentation, drying, hulling?
The procedures involved in this wet technique of processing coffee include washing, pulping, fermentation, drying, and hulling.
The wet process include washing, pulping, fermentation, drying, and hulling. Prior to depulping, dry processed (natural) coffees are dried in the whole cherry. Coffee that has been wet processed (washed) is dried without the cherry. Depulped coffee is frequently fermented to help break up any pectin that may still be attached to the bean and paper before being cleaned and dried. Water is used in the wet process to remove the peel and pulp from the coffee cherry fruit. The faulty beans are then separated from the coffee cherries by submerging them in enormous water tanks (those with less density which float on top). The mucilage layer, which is still sticky and delicious, is still covering the bean.
Immature and damaged cherries are separated from the coffee cherries after harvesting. The fruit portion of cherries is then preserved by drying them straight in the sun. The main distinction is that, while drying these cherries, the outer peel and mucilage are left on the beans.
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The above question is incomplete. Check complete question below-
What is the name of the method of processing coffee using these steps, cleaning, pulping, fermentation, drying, hulling?
A. Wet process
B. Dry process
C. Mixed process
D. none of the above
Why are proteins (and therefore the process of translation!) important to living organism?
Answer:
Explanation:
Proteins are essential to living organisms because they perform a wide range of functions that are critical for life. Proteins are involved in almost all cellular processes, including structural support, metabolic reactions, signaling, and regulation. They also play key roles in maintaining the integrity of cells and tissues, facilitating the transport of molecules across cell membranes, and generating energy. Additionally, some proteins function as enzymes, which catalyze important chemical reactions in the body.
The process of translation, by which the genetic information in RNA is used to produce proteins, is a crucial step in the production of functional proteins. Translation takes place in the ribosome, where ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA work together to assemble the amino acid sequence of a protein. This process is critical because without functional proteins, cells, and organisms could not carry out their functions. Proteins are therefore essential to the survival and growth of living organisms.
true or false The ENERGY STAR program encourages manufacturers to reduce the amount of electricity used by computers and related devices.
The sentence is true. The energy star program pushes manufacturers to lower the electricity consumption of computers and related equipment.
What precisely is electricity?
The motion of charged particles like electrons results in the generation of electricity, a type of energy. It frequently supplies power for electrical equipment such as lamps, computers, televisions, and other gadgets. Electric trains and electric cars are examples of vehicles that can run on electricity. It is utilised in a number of sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, and manufacturing. Many energy sources, including as coal, natural gas, nuclear energy, hydropower, and wind, are used to produce electricity. Modern life is impossible without electricity since it provides the power required for numerous daily tasks.
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what is it called when a bunch of genes work together to create characteristics?
The phenomenon of a group of genes working together to create a particular characteristic is called gene expression.
Gene expression is the process by which the genetic code in a gene is used to direct the synthesis of a functional gene product. This product can be a protein, RNA molecule or other type of molecule, which in turn plays a role in various cellular processes and ultimately determines the characteristics of an individual. The regulation of gene expression is a complex process that involves the interaction of many different factors, including transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, and environmental factors. The coordinated action of many genes is often necessary to produce complex traits such as eye color, height, or the ability to digest lactose. Overall, gene expression is a fundamental process in biology that underlies the development and function of all living organisms.
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in eukaryotes, where do general transcription initiation factors bind?promoter
In eukaryotic cells, the universal transcription factor complex TFIID is crucial for the start of transcription. It works by tethering the TBP component protein to the "TATA box" sequence upstream of the transcriptional initiation.
A DNA transcription unit encoding for a protein may also comprise coding sequences that will be translated into the protein, in addition to regulatory sequences that direct and regulate the synthesis of the protein. The regulatory sequence that comes before (or "upstream" from") the coding sequence is known as the five prime untranslated region (5'UTR), whereas the regulatory sequence that comes after (or "downstream from") the coding sequence is known as the three prime untranslated region (3'UTR).
The complete question is:
In eukaryotes, where do general transcription initiation factors bind?
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True or False statement, in appositional growth, chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix.
Option B, In appositional growth of cartilage, new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue.
Appositional growth is one of the mechanisms by which cartilage grows. During appositional growth, chondrocytes in the outer layer of the cartilage, also known as the perichondrium, divide and differentiate into new chondrocytes. These new cells secrete additional extracellular matrix, including collagen and proteoglycans, on the surface of the existing tissue. As a result, the cartilage grows by the addition of new cells and matrix on the outside of the tissue. This is in contrast to interstitial growth, where chondrocytes within the tissue proliferate and add more matrix from the inside. Both mechanisms of growth are important for maintaining Appositional growth the structural and functional properties of cartilage in various parts of the body.
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In appositional growth of cartilage,
a) chondroblasts within the tissue proliferate and add more matrix from the inside.
b) new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue.
c) osteoblasts replace the chondroblasts.
d) the tissue becomes vascularized in order to grow.
e) the cartilage is replaced with another kind of connective tissue.
macrophages that reside in tissues express several types of receptors that are broadly referred to as what types of receptors?
Two different types of receptors are expressed by macrophages in tissues. They are broadly referred to as phagocytic and signaling receptors, thus the correct option is B.
Macrophages are effector cells of the innate immune system that release both pro-inflammatory and antibacterial mediators in addition to phagocytosing microorganisms. Additionally, macrophages are crucial in the elimination of sick and damaged cells due to their programmed cell death. Typically, macrophages consume and break down foreign substances, tumor cells, debris, and dead cells. They assist the body in maintaining homeostasis by acting as phagocytes, trophic, regulatory, and repair cells in response to both internal and external disturbances.
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The complete question is:
Macrophages that reside in tissues express two types of receptors. They are broadly referred to as _______ and ______ receptors.
A) death; neutralizing
B) phagocytic; signaling
C) activating; inhibitory
a double-stranded dna oligonucleotide and a double-stranded rna oligonucleotide of identical sequence (substituting u for t) are both present in an aqueous solution near neutral ph. apart from the presence of u in rna versus t in dna, how will their helical structures differ?
In terms of their helical structures, DNA and RNA differ in several ways. Firstly, DNA typically forms a double-stranded helix, with the two strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.
These base pairs consist of adenine (A) paired with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) paired with guanine (G). In contrast, RNA typically forms a single-stranded helix, although it can fold back on itself to form double-stranded regions. RNA also contains the base uracil (U), which pairs with adenine (A) in a similar manner to thymine (T) in DNA.
In terms of the specific question posed, a double-stranded DNA oligonucleotide and a double-stranded RNA oligonucleotide of identical sequence (substituting U for T) would differ primarily in their helical structure due to the difference in base pairing. In RNA, uracil (U) would pair with adenine (A), while in DNA, thymine (T) would pair with adenine (A).
This difference in base pairing would affect the overall shape of the molecule, as well as the stability of the helix. In particular, the hydrogen bonding between uracil (U) and adenine (A) is weaker than that between thymine (T) and adenine (A), meaning that the RNA helix may be less stable than the DNA helix.
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the equilibrium potential of k ions in nerve cells is about -90 mv. the membrane potential of typical neurons at rest is -70 mv. what would happen if the permeability of the membrane to k increased compared to a typical neuron?
if the permeability of the membrane to k increased compared to a typical neuron, then this Increasing the permeability of a resting neuronal membrane to K+ will make the membrane potential more negative inside with respect to outside.
permeability can be defined as the about how easily a molecule can pass through the cell membrane between the internal cytoplasm and external interstital fluid and membrane potential is the charge difference inside neuron and outside environment.
This easy flow of potassium ion is due tothe membrane which is permeable to potassium at rest and due to the open non-gated channels, potassium will be able to flow across the membrane very easily.
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the fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse is the .
The fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse is called myelin.
Myelin is a complex substance composed of lipids and proteins that forms a sheath around the axon of a neuron. This sheath serves as an insulator and provides a protective layer around the nerve fiber.
The glial cells responsible for producing myelin are known as oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. These cells wrap around the axons of neurons, forming a spiral of myelin that covers the entire length of the axon.
Myelin serves several critical functions in the nervous system. First and foremost, it provides insulation around the axon, allowing electrical signals to travel quickly and efficiently along the length of the neuron. This speeds up the neural impulse and helps to ensure that signals are transmitted accurately and without interference.
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___________ leave the blood and enter tissues to fight off pathogens and invaders.
For the purpose of fending off infections and intruders, white blood cells leave the plasma and go into tissues. The ideal choice is d).
What would be tissue and what does it do?Tissues are groups of cells that function as a cohesive block and share a common structure. The body processes give it shape and help to store energy and retain heat. Connective tissue, parenchyma cells, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue are the four different types of tissues.
Why is tissue so crucial?They indicate a level of order and cell differentiation in living things. The activities of tissues include respiration, digesting, and transportation. Tissues are therefore essential for multicellular organisms.
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The Complete Question :
___________ leave the blood and enter tissues to fight off pathogens and invaders.
a. Platelets
b. Capillaries
c. Red blood cells
d. White blood cells
1.What does Endocrine System your do? (Include the major organs in your organ system and explain what they do)
2. How does your organ system work with other systems to help you survive?
3. What are some disorders that could happen with your organ system (these can be rare or common placed occurances and are not limited to just genetic disorders for example the bubonic plague affect the lymphatic system or pneumonia affects the respiratory system) and how do we treat them?
please make it long its about the Endocrine System
Hormones in the endocrine system govern a wide range of vital body functions, including growth and development, metabolism, and reproduction.
Which of the following are the three basic endocrine organs?Several glands comprise the endocrine system. The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland are all located in your brain. In the neck are the thyroid and parathyroid glands. The thymus gland is placed between your lungs, the adrenal glands are on top of your kidneys, and the pancreas is behind your stomach.
The endocrine system is made up of many glands. In the human brain are the hypothalamus, pituitary, and pineal glands. The thyroid and parathyroid glands are found in the neck. The pancreas lies behind the stomach, while the adrenals are on top of the kidneys.
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baboons and colobuses are the only old world monkeys included in this phylogenetic tree. what species or group of species is most closely related to the old world monkeys? please select all correct answers.
The species or group of species that are most closely related to the old world monkeys are Option G, H, and I: Orangutan, human and Chimpanzee respectively.
Because the two species are so closely related, human and chimp DNA are remarkably similar. From a single progenitor species that existed six or seven million years ago, humans, chimpanzees, and bonobos all descended. Their DNA, which is passed down from generation to generation, changed as humans and chimpanzees eventually evolved from a shared ancestor.
A taxon in biology is a collection of one or more populations of an organism or populations of organisms that taxonomists consider to be a single entity (backformation from taxonomy; plural taxa). A taxon is typically known by a particular name and assigned a particular grade, while neither is necessary.
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The zygote is a single cell and human adult has about 100 trillion cells. Approximately how many divisions should the zygote undergo to form the adult, considering the fact that one cell division leads to the formation of two cells?
Answer: 47 Divisions
Explanation:
We developed from a single-celled zygote by the process of mitosis and meiosis. The cells continued to divide until you were a multicelled organism. It would take 47 divisions to become an organism with 100 trillion cells.
What does this symbol represent in terms of life cycles, and why is it drawn this way? O Sporophyte: It is a simple way of drawing the many spores within the sporophyte. O Multicellular organism: It is a simple way of drawing many cells to represent a multicellular life stage. O Spore: It is drawn this way to distinguish it from gametes, which are also single-celled. O Cell with cytoskeleton: It is drawn to show microtubules. O Nucleus with chromosomes: It is drawn to show two sets of chromosomes, making it diploid.
Multicellular organism: it is a simple way of drawing many cells to represent a multicellular life stage.
What is a Multicellular organism?
An organism with numerous cells is said to be multicellular. Technically, "multicellular" refers to more than one because the word "multi" is used to describe multiples of something.
The division of labor and cellular specialization enables the development of multicellular creatures. Cells become proficient at a single task and rely on other cells to do other tasks. To ensure an organism functions properly, all cells collaborate.
The following are crucial traits of multicellular organisms:
Complex organisms, multicellular organisms are made up of several cells.They can be seen with the unaided eye.They have unique organ systems and organs.Since they are eukaryotes, they have structures that are bound to membranes.To learn more about Multicellular organisms visit;
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Does epistasis require two or more loci?
Yes, in order to create a particular phenotype, epistasis requires interactions between two or more loci (genes). When a gene mutation has unintended consequences, this is known as epistasis in genetics.
A sort of genetic interaction known as "epistasis" occurs when the activity of one gene (locus) depends on the presence of one or more additional genes (loci). In other words, the presence or lack of additional genes affects the phenotypic expression of a single gene. Since the interaction between the genes takes place at the genotype level, epistasis therefore necessitates the presence of at least two loci. The expression of the hypostatic gene may be improved or concealed by the epistatic gene. Based on the specifics of the interaction between the implicated genes, epistasis may be divided into many categories.
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In guinea pigs, black coat color (B) is dominant over white coat color (b) and short hair (S) is dominant over long hair (s). Based upon the dihybrid cross shown, what is the genotype and phenotype for letter X? BbSs; white coat, long hair BbSs; black coat, short Bbss; white coat, short
Answer:
I believe it would be BbSs: black coat, short
Explanation:
why is it logical to observe that wind-pollinated species usually grow in dense stands containing many individuals of the same species?
It makes sense for wind-pollinated plants to grow in dense numbers as they need dense stands of the same species to thrive and because the great majority of wind pollen does not find an adequate ovule.
Wind pollinates many of our most prevalent plant species, including grasses, conifers, and food plants like wheat, rice, and corn.
The wind, which came into existence before insects and creates tiny, inconspicuous flowers, physically transports pollen. Yet, there are a number of drawbacks to wind pollination as well: There is a lot of pollen produced by these plants, but the majority of it does not find an adequate ovule. unpredictable wind direction and speed. Wind-pollinated plants often require dense stands of the same species to survive..
Some of this wind-borne pollen was ingested by early insects, which later evolved over millions of years into the bees and other pollinators we see today.
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the body cells of scorpions have proteins that connect together. in one scorpion, the structure of the proteins in the body cells changed, but the amount of that type of protein in the cell stayed the same. what happened to the function of that type of protein?
It is likely that the function of a protein was altered if the structure of a protein in a scorpion's body cells changed but the amount of that protein in the cell remained the same.
Body cells of scorpionsThe function of a proteins is governed by its structure, which is made up of extensive amino acid chains that fold into particular three-dimensional configurations.The three-dimensional structure and hence the function of a protein can be altered by even minor alterations to its amino acid sequence. Therefore, if the protein's structure altered within the scorpion's body cells, this might have an impact on how the protein interfaces with other molecules and performs biological activities.The particular protein in question and its function in cellular processes would determine the precise impact of this alteration in protein structure on the scorpion's body cells. For instance, if the protein was an enzyme, the structural alteration might impair the protein's capacity to catalyze chemical reactions. If the protein changed structure, the physical characteristics of the cell or the organism as a whole might be impacted.In conclusion, even if the quantity of a protein in a scorpion's body cells remains constant, a change in the protein's structure could alter its function and possibly have an impact on the creature.learn more about scorpion here
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daptomycin is an antibiotic that binds to the bacterial membrane and allows ions to freely flow through the membrane. how would this kill a cell?
Daptomycin is an antibiotic that binds to the bacterial membrane, causing depolarization of the membrane potential and rapid efflux of potassium ions from the cell.
This Daptomycin disrupts the integrity and function of the bacterial membrane, ultimately leading to cell death. Specifically, the increased permeability of the membrane leads to leakage of cellular contents, including ions and other molecules. The loss of intracellular contents disrupts essential cellular processes, Daptomycin which ultimately leads to cell death. Additionally, the loss of potassium ions can lead to a reduction in the proton motive force, which is required for ATP production, and can also trigger the release of bacterial membrane enzymes, causing further damage to the cell.
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what is the tissues that cover external and internal body surfaces?
The epithelium is a kind of bodily tissue that forms the coating on all of your body's internal and exterior surfaces, lines body cavities and hollow organs, and is the main tissue in glands.
Depending on where it is in your body, epithelial tissue has a range of roles, including protection, secretion, and absorption. The organs in your body are made up of four different types of tissue:
Epithelial.Connective.Muscular.Nervous.Epithelial cells make up epithelial tissue. Depending on where they are in your body and what tasks they perform, the cells might have varied forms and organised in a single layer or numerous layers.
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waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called ___
Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called Peristalsis
What exactly is peristalsis, and where does it occur?Peristalsis is the wave-like movement of the muscles that lining your digestive tube. Peristalsis is the movement of food through your digestive system. It begins in your throat when you swallow and continues through your oesophagus, stomach, and intestines as you digest.
Motilin is a hormone that is secreted cyclically during fasting by entero-endocrine cells (Mo cells) in the upper small intestine. Motilin increases gastric and small intestinal motility, causing undigested food to migrate into the large intestine.
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