The element Chromium has 4 naturally occurring isotopes. Use the relative abundance of each to calculate the average atomic mass of chromium. (Must show work!)

Cr-50 = 4.34%, Cr-52 = 83.79%, Cr-53 = 9.50%, Cr-54 = 2.37%

Answer:

⁶³Cu=69.2%

⁶⁵Cu=30.8%

Explanation:

for ⁶³cu

f1=x m1=62.9296

for ⁶⁵cu;

f2=y m2=64.9278

f means fraction of abundance

m means mass

Average atomic mass=63.546

Average atomic mass=f1m1 +f2m2

63.546=x * 62.9296 + y* 64.9278

63.546=62.9296x + 64.9278y.........eqn i

remember x+y =1

x=1-y

insert x into eqn i

63.546=62.9296(1-y) + 64.9278y

63.546= 62.9296-62.9296y+ 64.9278y

63.546-62.9296=64.9278y-62.9296y

0.6164÷1.9982= 1.9982y÷1.9982

y=0.308

recall x=1-y

x=1-0.308

=0.692

Therefore,x=69.2%

y=30.8%

We would need to know the concentration , volume and moles of hydrogen peroxide in order to determine the stoichometry .

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Increases the speed of the oxidation reaction is correct answer.

What is oxidation reaction?

The chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one chemical substance to another. These electron-transfer events are known as redox reactions or oxidation-reduction reactions. These reactions are accompanied by energy changes such as heat, light, and electricity, among others.

An oxidation-reduction reaction, often known as a redox reaction, is a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between chemical species (the atoms, ions, or molecules involved in the reaction). Redox reactions are all around us: the combustion of fuels, metal corrosion, and even photosynthesis and cellular respiration include oxidation and reduction.

Gray colours in soil are largely caused by oxidation-reduction processes. These reactions require organic substances, microorganisms, and no oxygen to take place. The amount of low chroma colour in soil is usually proportional to how long it has been reduced, rather than how long it has been saturated; however, some sandy soils are naturally low in iron and have low chroma colours that are not proportional to reduction. Concentrations and depletions are the types of redoximorphic features formed by Fe/Mn reduction, translocation, and oxidation. In the field, soil morphology caused by redox reactions is used to identify hydric soils.

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The self-sustained chemical reaction influence the oxidation reaction in flaming combustion in the way that it increases the speed of the oxidation reaction.

What is oxidation ?

Oxidation is the loss of electrons during reactions by molecules, atoms, or ions.

Oxidation occurs when the oxidation state of a molecule, atom, or ion increases. The reverse process, called reduction, occurs when electrons are gained or the oxidation state of an atom, molecule, or ion is reduced. The old meaning of oxidation was the addition of oxygen to a compound. This is because oxygen gas (O2) was the first known oxidant. The addition of oxygen to a compound usually satisfies the criteria of electron loss and oxidation state increase, but the definition of oxidation extends to other types of chemical reactions.

A classic example of the old definition of oxidation is the combination of iron and oxygen to form iron oxide or rust. The iron is said to have oxidized and rusted.

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Answer:

12grams

Explanation:

moles=mass/molar mass

-molar mass of Mg=24

-mass =x

-mole of Mg=0.5

using the formula moles=mass/molar mass,replace the values

so 0.5=x/24

so x=24×0.5

x=12grams

(where x represents mass in grams)

There are five in-equivalent Hs present in the product's H1 NMR. There are eight distinct C atoms in 13C NMR. The 13C thus has a wider variety of resonances.

When the bonding between two polyatomic ions or certain molecules cannot be described by a single Lewis formula, resonance is a means to describe the delocalized electrons inside such molecules or ions. Several resonance structures serve as representations for a molecule or ion with such delocalized electrons.

Because orbitals overlap, resonance happens. Pi bonds, created when two 2p orbitals meet, are the building blocks of double bonds. These pi orbitals' electrons are delocalized since they will be dispersed across more than two atoms.

Resonance, also known as mesomerism, is a valence bond theory concept that describes bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by combining a number of contributing structures into a resonance hybrid.

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There would be no production of food during the times of the darkness hence plant growth is hindered for some parts of the year.

We know that the process by which the green plants are able to produce the food that sustains them is the process of photosynthesis. This involves the combination of carbon dioxide and water that occurs in the presence of sunlight. The implication of this is that it is not possible for there to be the production of food by a plant if the process of photosynthesis does not take place in the plant and sun must be present if the process of photosynthesis has to take place.

We are not told that there are some regions of the world close to the north and south poles can have months of daylight during one season and months of darkness during another. This simply means that the plants can not make food during the seasons of darkness and there would be no plant growth at that time of the year.

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We employ several indicators to determine the pH of a solution because indicators typically change color across small pH ranges.

A chemical that changes color in response to the pH of the solution in which it is utilized is called an indicator. The material is being examined in an acid-base titration with a specific target pH in mind.

Multiple signs of a same notion cannot exist. More crucial than accurate measurement is precise measurement. When in doubt about how precise a measurement should be, it is preferable to be more generic to make data gathering easier.

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At room temperature, the state in which we have the Oxygen difluoride  is the gaseous state.

We know that the state of a compound would vary at different temperatures. However, there is a particular state that the compound is found to be at a given temperature. The state in which we find a compound is found to be in line with the nature of the intermolecular forces that we have in the compound.

Now we are told that the compound Oxygen difluoride has a melting point of -224 degrees and a boiling point of -145 degrees where all the temperatures have been measured in degrees Celsius.

You have to consider the fact that the room temperature as we know it is 25 degrees. The means that at this temperature, we would still have the oxygen difluoride as a gas. If we continue to cool this gas to a low temperature, it could now turn to a liquid.

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Moles of Cl present in 24.0 ml of pure ccl4 is 0.992 mol.

Atomic mass M is the mass of a chemical compound divided by the molecular weight of the material. The formula for this is MB = m/nB, where m is the total mass of a sample of a pure substance and nB is the molecular weight of substance B.

Density = (mass of the substance/volume of the substance)

Or, mass = (volume × density )

Given,

Volume (CCl₄) = 24 ml = 24 cm³

Density = 1.59g/cm³

Thus, mass of CCl₄ = (1.59g/cm³×24 cm³)=38.16g

Now, moles of CCl₄ present = (Given mass of CCl₄/molar mass of CCl₄)

Given,

Mass of CCl₄ = 38.16 g

Molar mass of CCl₄ = 153.82 g/mol

Thus, moles of CCl₄ = (38.16/153.82)

Moles of CCl₄ = 0.248 mol

Using formula of CCl₄,

That 1 mol CCl₄ contains 4 mol Cl.

Thus, 0.248 mol CCl₄ contains:

(4 mol Cl/ 1 mol CCl₄) × 0.248 CCl₄

= 0.992 mol Cl

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The molecular formula is C6H12O6.

Solution:

1. Molar composition

Base: 100 g

C: 40.00 g / 12.0 g /mol = 3.333 mol

H: 6.72 g / 1 g/mol = 6.72 mol

O: 53.28 g / 16g/mol = 3.33 mol

2. Divide by the smaller number of moles

C: 3.333 / 3.33 = 1.00

H: 6.72 / 3.33 = 2.02 ≈ 2

O: 3.33/3.33 = 1.00

3. Empirical formula

CH2O

molar mass of the empirical formula = 12 g/mol + 2*1g/mol + 16 g/mol = 30 g/,ol

4. Number of times that the mass of the empirical formula is contained in the molar mass = 180 g/mol / 30 g/mol = 6

5. Molecular formula = 6 times the empirical formula

= C6H12O6

Compare structural formulas to chemical formulas that give the total number of atoms of each element in each molecule of a substance. A formula that indicates the actual number of atoms of an element present in a molecule of a substance. Example The molecular formula for ammonia gas is NH3.

This indicates that one molecule of ammonia gas contains one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms. A molecular formula is a representation of the number of atoms in each element in the molecule of a compound. The definition of the molecular formula is the formula that gives the actual number of each atom in the molecule.

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Answer:

Metals conduct electricity and heat very well because of their free-flowing electrons. As electrons enter one end of a piece of metal, an equal number of electrons flow outward from the other end. These electrons are free to move around within the metal, colliding with the metal atoms and transferring heat to them efficiently. This makes metals better conductors of heat than most other materials.

The principal quantum level where the electron begin was 7

Quantum levels can refer to energy levels, a bound particle can only take on certain discrete energy values ​​called energy levels. Quantum domain, also known as quantum scale, is a physical term that refers to the scale at which quantum mechanical effects become significant.

To determine the principal quantum level, we would use the Rydberg equation:

[tex]\frac{1}{\lambda}[/tex] [tex]= R(\frac{1}{n_{2} ^{2} } - \frac{1}{n_{1} ^{2} })[/tex]

Given,

λ =  Wavelength (397. 2 nm or × 10⁻⁹m)

n₁ = Initial transition

n₂ = Final transition (n = 2)

R =  Rydberg constant (1.09 × 10⁷ m⁻¹)

Substitute the values in the above formula:

[tex]\frac{1}{ 397. 2* 10^{-9} }[/tex] [tex]=1.09*10^{7} (\frac{1}^{6^{2} } } - \frac{1}{n_{1} ^{2} })[/tex]

n₁ = 7.07

n₁ ≈ 7

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Many acid contain two or more ionizable hydrogen. There are two in carbonic acid H₂CO₃ and three in phosphoric acid H₃PO₄. For any such multiple hydrogen acid the first hydrogen is easily removed and the last hydrogen is removed with great difficulty.

Polyprotic Acid is a chemical that can donate more than one proton. Diprotic and Triprotic are two distinct varieties of polyprotic acid that can, respectively, donate two and three protons.

Depending on how frequently dissociation takes place, polyprotic acids have a variety of dissociation constants, including Ka1, Ka2, Ka3, and equivalence points.

Examples:

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The frequency of this photon is 5.94 x [tex]10^{14} H_{Z}[/tex].

Solution:

The speed of light has a value of approximately 3.00×108 m/s

The wavelength should have units of meters.

The frequency should have units of Hz or s−1. Hz is hertz or reciprocal seconds.

We know the value of the speed of light and we are given the wavelength. All we have to do is rearrange the equation to solve for the frequency:

v = c/λ

= 3.00×[tex]10^{8}[/tex] m/s/505×[tex]10^{-9}[/tex] m

= 5.94X[tex]10^{14}[/tex]s-1

= 5.94X[tex]10^{14}[/tex] Hz

Frequency describes the number of waves passing through a particular location at a particular time. A class interval frequency is the number of observations that occur in a particular predefined interval. So, for example, if 20 of her ages 5-9 appear in the survey's data, the interval 5-9 has a frequency of 20. The class interval endpoints are the lowest and highest possible values ​​of the variable.

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Lithium and potassium have similar chemical properties because they both have the same number of valence electrons.

A valence electron is an electron that is part of an atom's outer shell and can take part in the synthesis of a chemical bond if the outer shell is open. Each atom in the bond contributes one valence electron to create a shared pair in a single covalent bond.

The chemical properties of an element, such as its valence—whether it can connect with other elements and, if so, how quickly and with how many—may be affected by the existence of valence electrons. In this approach, the electrical arrangement of an element greatly influences its reactivity. A valence electron can only be found in the outermost electron shell of a main-group element, but it can also be found in an inner electron shell of a transition metal.

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The magnitude of the intramolecular forces is stronger than the intermolecular forces

Molecular interactions can be divided into intramolecular interactions and intermolecular interactions. Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold the atoms together in the molecule. If this force is disturbed, a chemical reaction will occur. Meanwhile, intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction between adjacent molecules.

Intermolecular and intramolecular forces are two types of forces that hold molecules and atoms together. These forces control the movement of molecules and atoms. Both types of Forces determine the chemical and physical characteristics of a substance.

The key difference between intermolecular and intramolecular forces is that intermolecular forces exist between the molecules themselves, whereas intramolecular forces exist between atoms in molecules.

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The solubility of oxygen in water rises, resulting in an increase in experimental R value.

Solubility is defined as the amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature. The solubility of a specific solute-solvent combination varies greatly.

R is a constant in the gas law.

The solubility of a gas is proportional to its temperature.

1/Temperature ∝Gas Solubility

This means that as the temperature rises, the solubility of the gas decreases and vice versa.

However, R is proportional to temperature.

R(1/T ∝ R) ∝ Solubility

That is, as R increases, the solubility of the gas increases.

As a result of the preceding conclusion, the solubility of oxygen in water rises, resulting in an increase in R value.

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The number of valence electron pairs in the outermost shell, as determined by the valence shell electron repulsion theory (VSEPR), determines the molecular shape.

By analyzing the repulsion between bond electron pairs in the outermost electron shell, a process known as the molecular shape can determine the shape of a molecule. Because most physical and chemical properties are influenced by molecular shape, it is crucial to study molecular shape or geometry.

The foundation of VSEPR is minimizing the strength of the electron-pair repulsion surrounding the central atom under consideration. The foundation of the VSEPR theory is the notion that the geometry (shape) of a molecule is primarily determined by the repulsion between the pairs of electrons surrounding a central atom.

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The most electron that can be inserted into each subshell is six in 3p, two in 6s because it is a sublevel, ten in 5d, and fourteen in 7f.

A subshell is the collection of states within a shell that are indicated by the azimuthal quantum number, l. S, P, D, and F subshells are represented by numbers l = 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The formula for the maximum amount of electrons that can fit into a subshell is 2(2l + 1).

The formula 4l+2 indicates the maximum amount of electrons that can fit inside a subshell, where l is the azimuth and elevation quantum number. There are therefore no more than 10 electrons in the D shell of an atom.

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Samples for which the absorbance value exceeds the linear area of calibration curve should be re-analyzed at a higher dilution. this step is very often used within different methods and should be a part of method validation.

This specific test in validation is called dilution integrity

Dilution of samples should not affect the accuracy and precision. If applicable, dilution integrity should be demonstrated by spiking the matrix with an analyte concentration above the Upper limit of quantification (ULOQ) and diluting this sample with blank matrix (at least five determinations per dilution factor). Accuracy and precision should be within the set criteria, i.e. within ±15%. Dilution integrity should cover the dilution applied to the study samples. Evaluation of dilution integrity may be covered by partial validation. Use of another matrix may be acceptable, as long as it has been demonstrated that this does not affect precision and accuracy.

If the method measures diluted samples, the integrity of the dilution should be monitored during validation by diluting QC samples above the Upper limit of quantification (ULOQ) with like matrix to bring to within quantitation range, and the accuracy and precision of these diluted QCs should be demonstrated. Dilutions used during the validation should mimic the expected dilutions in the study.

Those criteria and general philosophy could be used in any method and analytical technique

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Washing Clothes & Dissolving Sugar are applications we choose a liquid over a gas or solid.

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If iron metal is added to a solution of copper (ii) nitrate then a balanced chemical equation can be represented as;

[tex]Fe + Cu(NO_{3} )_{2} ---- > Fe(NO_{3}) _{2} + Cu[/tex]

If iron metal is added to a solution of copper (ii) nitrate then a replacement reaction will take place.

A replacement reaction can be described as a reaction in which elements switch places in compounds. This type of reaction generally involves ions. In a replacement reaction, the more reactive elements replace the less reactive elements. A single replacement reaction takes place if one element replaces another element in one compound.

In this case, copper of copper (ii) nitrate is replaced by iron to give the product of iron (iii) nitrate and copper

Hence the chemical reaction, in this case, can be given as;

[tex]Fe + Cu(NO_{3} )_{2} ---- > Fe(NO_{3}) _{2} + Cu[/tex]

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The steps which make chocolate less likely to melt are: heat the chocolate up to 120 degree Fahrenheit and then after removing the bowl cool down it below 80 degree Fahrenheit.

Chocolate is made up of the combination of cocoa solids and cocoa butter. Most chocolate  includes sugar, and many chocolates have milk, vanilla and an emulsifier called lecithin added as well.

Tightly packed beta crystals gives the  tempered chocolate its distinct snap , gloss and the smooth texture. Alpha crystals, on the other hand, makes chocolate soft and dull.

Tempering is the process in which the crystal formation in chocolate is controlled; desirable beta crystals that make the chocolate firm can be formed by taking the chocolate through the series of gentle and controlled temperature changes.

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Because metals like sodium and potassium react so violently that they catch fire if left out in the open, these substances are maintained beneath oil. Lithium is also kept under oil. They are thus maintained submerged in kerosene oil as protection.

Lithium, potassium, and sodium are very reactive metals that react quickly with both air and water. As a result, they are maintained submerged in kerosene oil to avoid exposure to air and moisture.

Heat, hydrogen gas, and the equivalent metal hydroxide are all products of the reaction between alkali metals and water. A fire or an explosion might happen from this reaction's heat igniting the hydrogen or the metal itself. heavy metals made of alkali.

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Minimum energy must be added to the molecule to dissociate it-that is, to separate the two atoms to an infinite distance apart is b²/4a.

The energy needed to break a bond and create two atomic or molecular fragments, each containing one electron from the original sharing pair, is known as the bond dissociation energy. This process is endothermic.

At [tex]F_{r}[/tex] = 0, the equilibrium point is stable,

[tex]U_{r}[/tex] = (a/r¹² - b/r⁶)

lets put [tex](2a/b)^{1/6}[/tex] for r

Thus ∆H(r) = a/[tex](2a/b)^{12/6}[/tex]- b/[tex](2a/b)^{6/6}[/tex]

Thus ∆H(r) = a/(2a/b)² - b/(2a/b)

∆H = ab²/4a² - b²/2a

∆H = b²/4a -b²/2a

∆H = -b²/4a.

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11.1 moles of CO2 are produced when 5.55 moles of ethane is burned in excess of oxygen

What is combustion reaction?

Burning, also known as combustion, is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical process that occurs when an oxidant, typically atmospheric oxygen, reacts with a fuel (the reductant) to generate oxidized, frequently gaseous products in a mixture known as smoke. Fire does not always arise from combustion because a flame can only be seen when the chemicals being burned evaporate, but when it does, the flame serves as a distinctive indicator of the reaction.

The balanced equation for combustion of ethane is

2C2H6(g)+7O2(g)⟶4CO2(g)+6H2O(g)

According to this reaction it is understood that,

2 moles of carbon ethane produces 4 moles of CO2

So, 5.55 moles of ethane produces x moles of CO2

x=  (5.55* 4) / 2= 11.1 moles

Hence, 11.1 moles of CO2 are produced when 5.55 moles of ethane is burned in excess of oxygen.

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34.53 g of NaN₃ are required to fully inflate an airbag of 11.9 L at STP.

In airbags, sodium azide decomposes to form sodium and nitrogen gas, which inflates the bag. The decomposition reaction is:

2 NaN₃ ⇒ 2 Na + 3 N₂

We can calculate the mass of NaN₃ needed to produce 11.9 L of N₂ at STP, using the following relations.

Number of moles of NaN₃ = mass (m)/MW = m/65 mole

I mole of NaN₃ requires 22.4L air bag

m/65 mole of NaN₃ required 11.9L

22.4m/65 = 11.9

22.4m = 65×11.9

22.4m = 773.5

mass = 773.5/22.4 = 34.53 grams of NaN₃

Therefore, 34.53 g of NaN₃ are required to fully inflate an airbag of 11.9 L at STP.

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stored oxygen and fuel gas cylinders . a. must be separated by 20 feet .

Label and separate the full and empty cylinders.

Store in a secure location that is dry, cool, ventilated, sheltered from the elements, apart from combustible items, and dry.

Cylinders should be kept away from doorways, aisles, elevators, gangways, staircases, and heat sources in a storage space that is easily visible, dry, well-ventilated, and out of the way. Put up "no smoking" signs all around.

To prevent them from toppling over, all oxygen cylinders should be fastened in racks or supports. A huge cylinder may reach 40 MPH in 0.5 seconds if it is toppled over and its valve comes off. It is strong enough to destroy two cinderblock walls.

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