Economists have devised a theory to help address this issue. The correct answer is E. The efficient level of pollution removal occurs where the marginal benefit of pollution removal equals the marginal cost of pollution removal (some cow farts could be allowed).
In the following section on the response, the interpretation of that specific question is demonstrated.It would appear that the economic analysis is a theoretical construct for interpreting and analyzing containerized cargo in such an economy.
The environmental protection agency is attempting to rule on whether pollution from greenhouse gas emissions endangers public safety. The effective level of emissions elimination exists when even the potential profit of removing exposure is equivalent to the marginal price of removing emission.
DISCLAIMER The question is incomplete.
The environmental protection agency is attempting to rule on whether pollution from greenhouse gas emissions endangers public safety. Among the many greenhouse gas polluters are cows emitting methane. Economists have devised a theory to help address this issue.
A. To maximize social welfare, all pollution should be removed.
B. If the cost of paying a pollution charge (fart tax) is less than the cost of reducing pollution, the farmer (and his or her cows) will have an incentive to reduce pollution.
C. The benefit of pollution cleanup to society is always less than the cost of pollution cleanup, especially if all costs are borne by the producer (which means the farmer, but technically, the cows are doing the producing).
D. Environmental standards (aka command-and-control regulation) regarding cow farts creates strong incentives for the farmer to reduce as much as possible.
E. The efficient level of pollution removal occurs where the marginal benefit of pollution removal equals the marginal cost of pollution removal (some cow farts could be allowed)
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What is the precipitation like in the arctic tundra?.
Precipitation in the Arctic tundra is relatively low, with an average annual precipitation ranging from 15 to 25 centimeters (6 to 10 inches).
The typical winter temperature is -34° C (-30° F), whereas the average summer temperature is from 3-12° C (37-54° F), allowing this biome to thrive. Rainfall may differ in different parts of the Arctic. The annual precipitation, including melting snow, ranges between 15 and 25 cm (6 and 10 inches). Soil takes time to create. The tundra receives 150 to 250 mm of precipitation each year, including melting snow. That is less than most of the world's most beautiful deserts! Despite this, the tundra is frequently moist because the low temperatures allow water evaporation to be sluggish.
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What two corporations worked with the Nature Conservancy to protect the Chowan swamp?
According to the Chesapeake Bay Journal article "Conservation Fund helps N.C. protect unique wetland," the two corporations that worked with the Nature Conservancy to protect the Chowan swamp are International Paper and Dominion Power.
In collaboration with these businesses and other partners, The Nature Conservancy, the Conservation Fund, and the North Carolina Coastal Land Trust were able to secure a conservation easement on 5,000 acres of the Chowan swamp.
This easement permits sustainable forestry practises and habitat maintenance while safeguarding the site from further development.
The red-cockaded woodpecker, which is federally endangered, as well as many other plant and animal species find a home in the Chowan swamp, which also aids in filtering and storing water in the Chowan River watershed.
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Convection occurs in the troposphere but not in the stratosphere because:.
Answer:
The temperature structure of the stratosphere is one of warmer air over colder air. No, convection never occurs in the stratosphere because of this temperature structure.
Which of the following air masses pictured here is typically unstable, with cold air overlying warm air? the westerlies often push this cool, damp wind of this air mass eastward.
The air mass that is typically unstable, with cold air overlying warm air, and is pushed eastward by the westerlies is the maritime polar air mass.
This air mass is characterized by its cool, damp, and unstable nature due to the presence of cold air from polar regions overlying warmer air from the ocean.
This unstable nature often leads to the formation of clouds, precipitation, and thunderstorms, making it an important source of precipitation for many regions.
However, it can also bring about severe weather conditions, such as blizzards and hurricanes, depending on the prevailing atmospheric conditions.
Overall, the maritime polar air mass plays a significant role in the weather patterns of many regions, particularly those along the east coast of continents.
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which rule tells you whether the basalt or layer d is younger? the principle of cross cutting relations the principle of superposition the principle of inclusions the principle of lateral continuity
The principle that tells us whether basalt or layer D is younger is the Principle of Superposition. This principle states that in a sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rock layers, the oldest layer is at the bottom and the youngest layer is at the top.
In this case, if layer D is found on top of the basalt, then layer D is younger than the basalt. If the basalt is found on top of layer D, then the basalt is younger. This is because the basalt, being a volcanic rock, would have been formed after the deposition of the sedimentary layer D.
The Principle of Cross-Cutting Relations, on the other hand, is used to determine the relative ages of features that cut across rock layers, such as faults or intrusions. The Principle of Inclusions is used to determine the age of a rock unit based on the inclusion of fragments of an older rock within it. The Principle of Lateral Continuity states that layers of sedimentary rock were originally continuous and extended in all directions until they thinned out or were deposited against an obstruction.
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. climate is described by the mean and annual variation in what two factors? how and why do these factors vary geographically? be able describe how variation in climate is related to the types of plant life found in an area (e.g., trees vs grasses vs dessert) 3. which of the following patterns of annual precipitation are caused by hadley cell circulation a. low precipitation on the leeward side of a mountain range b. high rainfall at 30n and 30s, with lower precipitation near the equator c. high rainfall at the equator d. low precipitation at the poles e. high amounts of rainfall during the summer in california
The answer is B. The climate is described by the mean and annual variation in temperature and precipitation.
These factors vary geographically due to a variety of factors such as latitude, altitude, ocean currents, and wind patterns. Variation in climate is related to the types of plant life found in an area because different plants have adapted to specific climate conditions. For example, trees are typically found in areas with higher amounts of precipitation and cooler temperatures, while grasses are found in drier, warmer areas. The pattern of high rainfall at 30N and 30S, with lower precipitation near the equator, is caused by Hadley cell circulation.
The climate is described by the mean and annual variation in temperature and precipitation. These factors vary geographically due to differences in latitude, altitude, proximity to large bodies of water, and ocean currents. For example, areas near the equator experience higher temperatures and precipitation due to direct sunlight and Hadley cell circulation, which causes high rainfall at the equator (option c). In contrast, regions at 30°N and 30°S have lower precipitation due to descending air in the Hadley cell circulation (option b).
Variation in climate is related to the types of plant life found in an area. In areas with high precipitation and warm temperatures, you might find tropical rainforests with diverse plant species. In regions with moderate precipitation, you can find grasslands and forests. Deserts typically form in areas with low precipitation, such as on the leeward side of a mountain range (option a).
Low precipitation at the poles (option d) is caused by polar cell circulation, while high amounts of rainfall during the summer in California (option e) are influenced by regional weather patterns, not Hadley cell circulation.
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According to the Chowan River Basin article, where is Hydrilla beginning to be found?
The Chowan River Basin article mention that Hydrilla is an invasive aquatic plant species that is present in many water bodies in the United States, including the Chowan River Basin.
Although it is native to Asia, the hydrilla plant has been spread throughout the world, including to North America, where it is regarded as one of the most troublesome aquatic weeds. It has the potential to grow quickly and produce thick mats on the water's surface, which can obstruct recreational activities, worsen water quality, and endanger local aquatic life.
Since the 1980s, Hydrilla has been in the Chowan River Basin and has had a substantial impact on the ecosystem. The adoption of integrated pest management and the creation of a long-term management strategy are two strategies mentioned in the article for managing and controlling the spread of Hydrilla in the basin.
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List the order of events, first on top, that would lead to the formation of a tsunami due to an earthquake.1.) megathrust is locked, causing the seafloor to bulge under stress 2.) megathrust ruptures, and bulging plate changes shape 3.) water above the plate lifts up toward the surface, forming a ridge of higher water 4.) a tsunami radiates away from the disturbance; not noticeable in the open ocean 5.) tsunami approaches shore; energy concentrates in shallows to create a higher wave
Answer:
Megathrust
Explanation:
viking 1 found evidence of what on the surface of mars? wind modification water modification simple life large amounts of subsurface water
Viking 1 found evidence of wind modification on the surface of Mars.
It is worth noting that wind modification refers to the patterns and effects that wind has on the surface features of Mars. The Viking 1 lander captured images of the Martian surface that revealed a variety of features shaped by wind, including sand dunes, ridges, and erosion patterns. While there is evidence of water on Mars, including large amounts of subsurface water, Viking 1 did not directly find evidence of water modification or simple life on the surface.
Viking 1, a NASA space probe, discovered evidence of wind modification on the Martian surface. This was observed through various features such as sand dunes, dust devil tracks, and wind-eroded rocks. These findings suggested that the Martian atmosphere and winds have played a significant role in shaping the planet's surface over time.
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Question 3 of 18
Match the term in column 1 to the definition in column 2.
The Eightfold
Path
Brahmin
Dharma
Karma
?
?
?
?
The measure and effect of
a Hindu's deeds
The duties of a Hindu
How a Buddhist achieves
enlightenment
A social class in Hinduism
Answer:
1. The Eightfold Path: How a Buddhist achieves enlightenment
2. Brahmin: A social class in Hinduism
3. Dharma: The duties of a Hindu
4. Karma: The measure and effect of a Hindu's deeds
What kind of celestial event occurred on earth this week after a coronal mass ejection on the sun in early march?.
The solar system consists of the Sun and everything that orbits around it, including eight planets, dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, and comets.
The eight planets, in order from the Sun, are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The four inner planets, including Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, are called the terrestrial planets because they are relatively small, rocky, and close to the Sun. The four outer planets, including Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, are known as the gas giants because they are much larger than the terrestrial planets and are primarily composed of gas and ice. The solar system formed about 4.6 billion years ago from a giant cloud of gas and dust.
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Which species is found in the Chowan River Basin and state-listed as threatened? Bald Eagle, American Alligator, or Rafinesque's Big Eared Bat
Neither Bald Eagle nor American Alligator are listed as threatened in North Carolina, but Rafinesque's Big Eared Bat is found in the Chowan River Basin and is state-listed as threatened.
The medium-sized Rafinesque's Big Eared Bat inhabits the eastern United States' forested regions close to streams and rivers. Due to habitat loss and degradation, as well as the effects of the fungal disease white-nose syndrome, which has destroyed bat populations over much of North America, the species is designated as threatened in North Carolina.
Rafinesque's Big Eared Bats have a significant habitat in the Chowan River Basin, hence protecting this species is essential to preserving the ecological integrity of the river ecology.
We can contribute to ensuring the long-term health and sustainability of the Chowan River Basin and the numerous other natural resources that rely on it by safeguarding the habitat of threatened species like the Rafinesque's Big Eared Bat.
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Estimate the range of time (XX to YY MYA) that the rocks in Death Valley were deposited in a marine environment. Explain your answer in 1-2 sentences.
The rocks in Death Valley were deposited in a marine environment during the Paleozoic era, which occurred between approximately 541 to 252 million years ago (MYA).
Based on geological studies, the rocks in Death Valley are estimated to have been deposited between 570 to 250 MYA, spanning the entire Paleozoic era. This range includes the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods, during which marine sedimentary rocks were formed due to the area being submerged under the ocean. The different types of sedimentary rocks found in Death Valley, including limestone, sandstone, and shale, provide evidence of the various marine environments that existed during this time period.
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true or false: the 1st step in primary succession is forces of nature help break down rocks into soil.
True, the first step in primary succession is the forces of nature helping to break down rocks into soil. This process is known as weathering and erosion and is a gradual process that creates the foundation for plant growth and colonization. Over time, small organisms such as lichens and mosses begin to grow on the newly formed soil, further contributing to the development of a new ecosystem.
The statement is true. The first step in primary succession is when forces of nature, such as weathering and erosion, help break down rocks into soil. This provides a foundation for the establishment of pioneer species and further ecological succession.
This soil provides a base for plants to grow, which in turn attracts animals and other organisms. Over time, as more and more organisms move in, the ecosystem becomes more complex and diverse. Therefore, the breakdown of rocks into soil is a crucial and necessary step in primary succession.
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A topographic map provides details about Emory Peak in Big Bend National Park. A radio tower on Emory Peak is indicated. Based on the topographic map, if a park ranger hiked due west from the radio tower, the ranger's path would —
A--cross a canyon with a river running through it
B-cross another peak in the park
C-be flat and then go up a steep slope
D-go down a steep slope and then become flatter
help me
Option A is the correct answer because it aligns with the information provided on the topographic map. The ranger's path would cross the canyon and the river, which would require some skill and experience in navigating through rough terrain.
A topographic map is a type of map that provides detailed information about the terrain and features of a particular area. It shows the contours of the land, elevation levels, and other physical features such as rivers, lakes, and mountains. In this case, the topographic map provides details about Emory Peak, which is located in Big Bend National Park.
The map indicates the presence of a radio tower on Emory Peak, which is a significant feature of the area. If a park ranger hiked due west from the radio tower, the ranger's path would likely cross a canyon with a river running through it. This is because the topographic map shows a significant drop in elevation in that direction, indicating the presence of a canyon or valley.
The other options, such as crossing another peak or going up a steep slope, are unlikely based on the information provided on the map.
In conclusion, a topographic map is an essential tool for hikers and outdoor enthusiasts who want to explore a particular area. It provides detailed information about the terrain, which can help them plan their routes and avoid potential hazards. In this case, the topographic map indicates that if a park ranger hiked due west from the radio tower on Emory Peak, their path would cross a canyon with a river running through it.
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earthquake waves travel faster in the lithosphere than the asthenosphere. question 6 options: a) true b) false
The statement is true that earthquake waves travel faster in the lithosphere than the asthenosphere.
The lithosphere is the solid and rigid outermost layer of the Earth, while the asthenosphere is the weaker and more ductile layer beneath it. This difference in strength and rigidity affects the speed at which seismic waves propagate through the two layers. In the lithosphere, the waves encounter a more rigid and compact material, allowing them to travel faster. In contrast, the weaker and more ductile asthenosphere slows down the waves, resulting in a slower velocity.
Earthquake waves, specifically seismic waves, travel faster in the lithosphere than in the asthenosphere because the lithosphere is composed of more rigid, cooler, and denser materials, allowing waves to move more quickly. The asthenosphere is partially molten and has a higher viscosity, causing waves to travel at slower speeds.
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T/F: The most famous of the comets is the one carrying Edmund Halley's name, the man who calculated its orbit in 1682 and predicted its return to the inner solar system.
True. The most famous of the comets is Halley's Comet, named after Edmund Halley who calculated its orbit and predicted its return to the inner solar system.
Halley's Comet is a periodic comet, meaning that it returns to the inner solar system at regular intervals due to its orbit being influenced by the gravity of Jupiter and other planets. Its most recent appearance was in 1986, and it is expected to return again in 2061. Halley's Comet has been observed and recorded for thousands of years, with records dating back to ancient Babylonian and Chinese astronomers.
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(q001) groundwater group of answer choices completely fills the zone of saturation above the water table. flows mainly in underground river channels. flows faster through shale than sandstone. typically moves slowly within the ground through permeable rock layers like sandstone.
Groundwater completely fills the zone of saturation above the water table.
Groundwater is the water that is stored below the earth's surface in soil and rock formations. This water fills the spaces between soil and rock particles and flows through permeable layers of rock like sandstone, as well as underground river channels. The movement of groundwater can vary depending on the type of rock it flows through, with shale allowing for faster flow than sandstone. Despite these differences, groundwater generally moves slowly within the ground due to the nature of permeable rock layers.
Groundwater is water that is stored in and moves through the pores and cracks in underground rock layers. It fills the zone of saturation and is found above the water table. Permeable rock layers, such as sandstone, allow water to flow more easily compared to less permeable layers like shale. This slow movement of groundwater is an important part of the natural water cycle and contributes to the replenishment of aquifers and surface water bodies.
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True or false
Cultural traits diffused from on group usually are changed or adopted over time by the people in the receiving culture
All diffused elements of culture are successfully integrated into other cultures
The given statement "Cultural traits diffused from on group usually are changed or adopted over time by the people in the receiving culture. All diffused elements of culture are successfully integrated into other cultures." is true as people tend to adapt to other cultures when start to share it.
When two different cultures interact, a process of cultural change known as acculturation or cultural adaptation takes place. When a culture takes on certain aspects from another it frequently modifies or adapts those aspects to better suit its own needs and values. A more extensive and profound change in cultural values and beliefs can also accompany acculturation.
For instance, immigrants to a new nation may alter their attire, diet and customs to conform to the expectations of the host culture. As the blending of two different cultural elements results in new ideas and practices, acculturation can occasionally lead to the formation of entirely new cultures or subcultures.
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which type of stream receives the bulk of its water from the groundwater? question 9 options: losing spring sinking gaining
Gaining stream receives the bulk of its water from the groundwater.
Hence, the correct answer is option d - gaining.
Gaining Stream:A gaining stream is a stream or river that receives water from the groundwater system through seepage. This means that the groundwater flows into the stream, adding to its flow and providing the bulk of its water.
Gaining streams are also important sources of water for many communities and ecosystems. They can provide a reliable source of water throughout the year, even during dry periods when surface water sources may be depleted.
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frictional drag beneath a tsunami wave occurs when what else happens? question 5 options: a) when the sediment type on the sea floor changes b) when the depth to the sea floor is equal to tsunami wave base c) when height of the tsunami wave is doubled d) when the wave period equals 10 minutes
Frictional drag beneath a tsunami wave occurs when the depth to the sea floor is equal to tsunami wave base.
The is a sequence of exceptionally long waves created by a significant and abrupt displacement of the water, which is generally the result of an earthquake beneath or near the ocean floor. Waves produced by this friction travel in all directions away from their source, occasionally spanning whole ocean basins. Tsunamis go through the whole water column, from the ocean floor to the surface, in contrast to wind-driven waves, which only pass through the highest layer of the ocean.
Tsunamis, due to their speed and volume, may be highly damaging. They are hazardous because they bring people and trash back to the sea with them. It's possible that a tsunami's initial wave won't be its final, biggest, or most destructive one.
Option B is the correct answer.
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The theory of plate tectonics states that
(A) earthquakes and volcanic activity result from convection motion in the lithosphere.
(B) buoyant lithospheric plates float on top of the rigid asthenosphere.
(C) the plates move in conveyor-belt fashion as new crust is generated at the continental margins and destroyed at the mid-ocean ridges.
(D) the lithosphere is broken up into several plates that move about as a result of convective motion in the asthenosphere.
The theory of plate tectonics states that the lithosphere is broken up into several plates that move about as a result of convective motion in the asthenosphere. Option D .
These plates move on top of the underlying, partially molten asthenosphere due to the forces of convection currents. This movement results in a variety of geological features such as earthquakes, mountain ranges, volcanic activity, and oceanic trenches. The plates move in different directions and at different rates, with new crust being formed at the mid-oceanic ridges and old crust being destroyed at the subduction zones. The theory of plate tectonics has been supported by various lines of evidence, including the distribution of earthquakes, the pattern of magnetic anomalies on the seafloor, and the geological features of the Earth's surface.
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What did the Nature Conservancy do between 1973-1994 for the Chowan swamp?
According to the CRB article, between 1973 and 1994, the Nature Conservancy acquired more than 50,000 acres of land in the Chowan swamp and established it as a preserve.
To safeguard and manage the land, they collaborated with businesses, the government, and private landowners. This included managing the forest and wetland habitats through controlled burns.
As a result of logging and fire suppression, longleaf pine savannas had been decimated; they also sought to recover them.
To better understand the ecology and guide management choices, The Nature Conservancy also performed study and monitoring of the plant and animal species in the swamp.
The Chowan swamp and its distinctive natural features were conserved and preserved in large part because to the organisation.
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(q020) tillites group of answer choices offer evidence of one ice age on the earth before the pleistocene ice age. contain clasts that have been glacially polished and striated. consist of sandstone and mudstone. are rocks composed of well-sorted sediment.
Tillites offer evidence of one ice age on the earth before the Pleistocene ice age, contain clasts that have been glacially polished and striated and consist of sandstone and mudstone.
Tillite is a sedimentary rock made up of consolidated masses of unweathered blocks, which are massive, angular, disconnected rock bodies, as well as glacial till, which is unsorted and unstratified rock material that glacial ice deposited in a rock flour-matrix or paste of unweathered rock. Tillite is made up of a matrix with relatively fine-grained rock fragments, ranging in size from pebbles to bigger chunks.
The matrix, which makes up a sizable portion of the rock, is often an extremely fine-grained paste made of angular quartz and feldspar grains and rock pieces. Its color ranges from dark gray to greenish black. The only tillites with a decent likelihood of being preserved in the geologic record are those produced from the till deposited by continental ice sheets.
Therefore, option A, B and C are the correct answers.
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which land cover has the most stormwater discharge (runoff) after a storm given the image? question 13 options: urban agricultural agricultural-forest forest
urban land cover is likely to have the most stormwater discharge (runoff) after a storm. Option A.
Urban areas typically have a high percentage of impervious surfaces such as roads, parking lots, and buildings, which prevent water from infiltrating into the ground. This means that when it rains, a large amount of water runs off these surfaces and into storm drains, ultimately discharging into nearby waterways. In contrast, agricultural and forested areas have more vegetation and permeable soil, allowing for greater infiltration and less runoff. However, the specific amount of stormwater discharge depends on factors such as the intensity and duration of the storm, topography, and soil characteristics.
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Full Question ;
which land cover has the most stormwater discharge (runoff) after a storm given the image? question 13 options:
urban
agricultural
agricultural-forest
forest
select the correct answer. in what country would one be able to see a fjord? a. argentina b. suriname c. colombia d. brazil
In Argentina would we be able to see a fjord. The correct option is a. Glaciers carved out fjords.
Long, deep, and narrow bodies of water that extend far inland are known as fjords. Fjords are frequently located in valleys that are U-shaped and have steep granite walls on either side. Most countries with fjords are Norway, Chile, New Zealand, Canada, Greenland, and Alaska in the United States. A fjord in Norway by the name of Sognefjorden is more than 160 kilometres (almost 100 miles) long.
Almost everything was covered by glaciers during the most recent ice age. Over time, glaciers travel very slowly, yet once they have traversed a region, they can significantly affect the landscape. We refer to this process as glaciation.
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Please help guys !!!!!!! geoscience
For the given image, correct answers are:
Metamorphic rocksFoliatedNon-foliatedGneissquartziteMarbleShaleGraniteSandstoneFalseTrueFalseTrueMetamorphic Rocks:Metamorphic rocks are a type of rocks that are formed by the transformation of pre-existing rocks under high temperatures, pressures, and chemical reactions without melting. These rocks are altered in their mineral composition, texture, and structure, resulting in a different appearance and physical properties from the original rock.
Metamorphic rocks can form from different parent rocks, including not only igneous rocks, but also sedimentary rocks and other metamorphic rocks. The specific type of metamorphic rock that forms depends on the characteristics of the parent rock and the conditions it undergoes during metamorphism.
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list the three general regions of the sun's atmosphere in the order of increasing temperature
Answer:
Explanation:
The three general regions of the Sun's atmosphere in order of increasing temperature are:
The photosphere: This is the visible surface of the Sun that emits visible light. It has a temperature of around 5,500 degrees Celsius.
The chromosphere: This is the region of the Sun's atmosphere just above the photosphere. It has a reddish colour and is visible during total solar eclipses. The temperature of the chromosphere increases with height, ranging from about 4,000 to 50,000 degrees Celsius.
The corona: This is the outermost and hottest region of the Sun's atmosphere, extending millions of kilometres into space. The temperature of the corona is extremely high, ranging from about 1 to 3 million degrees Celsius. The corona is visible during total solar eclipses as a bright halo around the Sun.
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Part D
The bar graph shows the cost per megawatt-hour comparison of various renewable and nonrenewable energy sources in the United States. The blue portion of the bars represents the cost of electricity. The red portion represents the additional system costs of harnessing that type of energy. Systems costs may include equipment expenses and costs of connection to a power grid.
Based on the graph, compare and contrast the total cost of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources. Explain what might account for the differences in cost. Do additional research as necessary.
The bar graph illustrates the cost per megawatt-hour comparison of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources in the US, considering blue as the cost of electricity and red as the extra system cost incurred. Wind energy is the cheapest source with a system cost of around $3/MWh, followed by solar and hydroelectric energy. Natural gas and coal have lower electricity costs but high system costs ($28/MWh and $60/MWh, respectively). Nuclear energy has the highest system cost ($105/MWh), making it one of the most expensive energy sources. Overall, the graph highlights the significant difference in system costs among energy sources, making renewable sources a more cost-effective option.
In a hot-spot volcanic island chain, such as the Hawaiian Islands, which of the following is true?All volcanoes in the chain can be simultaneously active.The ages and distance between volcanoes can be used to calculate plate velocities.The presence of volcanism is related to a plate boundary.The magma source moves to form a hot-spot track.
In a hot-spot volcanic island chain, such as the Hawaiian Islands, the magma sources move to form a hot-spot track. Option d is correct answer.
In a hot-spot volcanic island chain, the volcanoes are formed by magma rising from a hot spot within the mantle, which could be an area of unusually high temperature and a warm stream. As the structural plate moves over the hot spot, a series of volcanoes is shaped, with the most seasoned and most disintegrated volcanoes at one end of the chain and the youngest and most dynamic volcanoes at the other end.
The movement of the tectonic plate over the hot spot causes the magma source to move, making a hot-spot track that's checked by a chain of volcanic islands. As the plate moves away from the hot spot, the magma source is cut off and volcanism ceases. In this way, as it were the volcanoes that are as of now over the hot spot are dynamic, whereas the others are dormant or terminated.
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