The correct answer is option C. According to the fluid mosaic model of the membrane, proteins are encapsulated in a dynamic bilayer of phospholipids in membranes.
S.J.'s hypothesis states that the cell membrane. G.L. Singer and is made up of a protein-coated phospholipid bilayer, according to Nicolson in 1972.
The phospholipid bilayer is constantly changing as a result of the numerous internal and external stimuli it is exposed to, and the proteins create a mosaic of different configurations.
The proteins may interact with the polar head groups of the bilayer and the nonpolar core of the membrane because they are amphipathic or have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas.
The proteins are necessary for signal transduction, molecular transport, and cell-to-cell recognition. The barrier that controls how chemicals enter and leave the cell is the semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer.
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What is the role of lipopolysaccharide in bacteria?
LPS is a polysaccharide that is found in the outer membranes of most Gram-negative bacteria. It is essential to the survival and virulence of these bacteria.
The majority of Gram-negative bacteria have an essential substance called lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their outer membrane. It is made up of a lipid, commonly known as lipid A, and a polysaccharide chain that is joined to lipid A.
LPS serves as a structural element of the outer membrane, acting as a barrier against the outside world. By modifying the host immune response, LPS also has a significant impact on the pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria.
For instance, LPS can activate the complement cascade, causing the generation of inflammatory mediators, as well as trigger the creation of proinflammatory cytokines like tumour necrosis factor-.
LPS can also attach to Toll-like receptors on immune cells, activating the innate immune system and causing the release of inflammatory mediators. LPS is therefore essential for the persistence and pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria.
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What does the morphological species concept State?
The morphological species concept states that individuals belong to the same species if they share similar physical characteristics or morphology.
This concept is based on the idea that members of the same species share a common ancestry and have evolved similar physical characteristics as a result. It is one of several different species concepts used in biology to define and categorize different types of organisms. However, the morphological species concept can be limited because some species can have a lot of variation in physical traits within a population, while others can be very similar to other species in terms of physical appearance.
As a result, scientists often use multiple species concepts in combination to get a more complete picture of how different organisms are related to one another. Other species concepts include the biological species concept, which defines species based on their ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring, and the phylogenetic species concept, which defines species based on their evolutionary history and genetic relationships.
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Which of these is NOT true of the Kingdom Aveolata?a. Some members of this kingdom are decomposers, showing ecological convergence with the fungi.b. Some member of this kingdom a free-living and covered with cilia.c. Some members of this kingdom cause human diseases that require an insect vector.d. Some members of this kingdom are an important component of the phytoplankton.
The statement that is NOT true of the Kingdom Aveolata is option C. Some members of this kingdom cause human diseases that require an insect vector.
Unicellular organisms such as ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans are members of the Aveolata Kingdom. These organisms play an important role in aquatic ecosystems, and many of them can photosynthesis. Some members of this kingdom are free-living and covered in cilia, while others are important decomposers, demonstrating ecological convergence with fungi. However, none of them cause human diseases that necessitate the use of an insect vector.
The Kingdom Aveolata is a diverse group of protists that includes ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans as well as unicellular and multicellular organisms. They are distinguished by the presence of small cavities beneath their cell membranes known as alveoli.
Option A is correct because some members of this kingdom are decomposers that play important roles in nutrient cycling. Option B is also correct, because some members of this kingdom are free-living and have cilia on their bodies that they use for movement and feeding. Option D is also correct, as some members of this kingdom, such as dinoflagellates, are a component of phytoplankton and play an important role in aquatic food webs.
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What is the purpose of the enzymes in barley?
The primary purpose of enzymes in barley is to catalyze biochemical transformations in the grain to produce sugar, starches, and other compounds used in brewing and baking.
These enzymes are in charge of dissolving complicated proteins and carbohydrates into simple sugars and amino acids, which yeast may utilise to ferment and make alcohol.
Enzymes are also necessary for the conversion of starches into dextrins and maltose, which enables brewers to create various types of beer. Enzymes may also break down proteins into amino acids, which give finished beer its flavour and fragrance.
Lastly, enzymes are in charge of creating flavouring substances like glycerol, which gives beer its sweetness and full body.
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How do chromosomes move during meiosis?
The chromosomes start to move toward the cell's equator in the example described.
What is chromosome and its function?Chromosomes exhibit the highest degree of protein or DNA organization. Its basic function of chromosomes is to transport DNA as well as transmit genetic material through one population to the next. Chromosomes play a crucial role in cell division. They protect the DNA against tangles and harm.
Can a female have XY chromosome?"XY chromosome girls were genetically masculine, but the male qualities never appear due to a number of factors, which including flaws in the genes that regulate fertility. They experience life first as girls, then as women, while some of them can even give birth.
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The figure shows four stages of a telomere shortening. What is the correct sequence of stages from youngest to oldest?
A.1, 3, 2, 4
B.3, 2, 1, 4
C.3, 4, 1, 2
D.2, 1, 4, 3
Correct sequence of stages from youngest to oldest is 1, 3, 2, 4, there are mainly 5 stages of live in human life cycle period.
The product life cycle is the progression of a product through 5 distinct stages—development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.
When we talk about the concept of life stages, three distinct phases come to mind: childhood, adulthood, and old age.
Childhood is divided into 3 stages of life which include early childhood, middle childhood, and late childhood (preadolescence). Early childhood typically ranges from infancy to the age of 6 years old.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an adult is a person older than 19 years of age unless national law delimits an earlier age, and an adolescent someone aged 10 to 19 years.
With age, your skin thins and becomes less elastic and more fragile, and fatty tissue just below the skin decreases. You might notice that you bruise more easily. Decreased production of natural oils might make your skin drier. Wrinkles, age spots and small growths called skin tags are more common.
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what is the correct order of the stages in the scientific method for investigating whether tomatoes produce more fruit in coller or warmer temperatures.
The correct order of the stages in the scientific method for investigating whether tomatoes produce more fruit in a cooler or warmer temperatures. is :
Your hypthesis is that tomatoes will produce more fruit during the cooler season of spring.One group of tomato plants are grown in the greenhouse with constant temperature of 22 degrees celsius while the other group is grown in a greenhouse with a constant temperature of 30 degrees celsius.the tomatoes grown at 22 degrees celsius produce more fruit in the spring which temperatures are mild compared to tomatoes grown in the summer.The hypothesis is supported.Tomato fruit settings are very important to keep the temperature in the ideal range.The optimum temperature is 60-75°F (night) and 60-90°F (day). Studies have shown that exposing plants to temperatures above 40°C for 3 hours on 2 consecutive days may result in fruit set failure.
Cooling stunts leaf growth and can cause wilting, pitting, leaf surface necrosis, and increased disease susceptibility. Low soil temperatures also stunt plant growth and hinder root development. Temperatures below 10°C during flowering can affect pollination and set fruit. Contrary to popular belief, tomatoes don't like heat. They prefer him 75-95 degrees. Many vegetables, including tomatoes and peppers, lose their flowers if the daytime temperature is too high (above 85°C) or nighttime temperature is too high (above 70°C).
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Complete question:
What is the correct order of the stages in the scientific method for investigating whether tomatoes produce more fruit in a cooler or warmer temperatures.
1. One group of tomato plants are grown in the greenhouse with constant temperature of 22 degrees celsius while the other group is grown in a greenhouse with a constant temperature of 30 degrees celsius.
2. The hypothesis is supported.
3. the tomatoes grown at 22 degrees celsius produce more fruit in the spring which temperatures are mild compared to tomatoes grown in the summer.
4. Your hypthesis is that tomatoes will produce more fruit during the cooler season of spring
hypoparathyroidism causes hypocalcemia by: a. increasing phosphate excretion b. increasing serum magnesium c. blocking release of calcium from bone d. blocking action of intestinal vitamin d
Hypoparathyroidism causes hypocalcemia by d) blocking the action of intestinal vitamin D. The parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is produced by the parathyroid gland, plays a key role in maintaining calcium homeostasis in the body.
PTH acts on several organs, including the kidneys, bones, and intestines, to increase calcium levels in the blood. One of the ways it does this is by stimulating the production of active vitamin D in the kidneys, which in turn increases calcium absorption in the intestines.
In hypoparathyroidism, the parathyroid gland does not produce enough PTH, leading to decreased calcium levels in the blood. This occurs because the production of active vitamin D is reduced, which decreases calcium absorption in the intestines, and also leads to increased calcium and phosphate loss through the kidneys.
Hypocalcemia can cause a variety of symptoms, such as muscle cramps, tremors, and seizures, and it can be a medical emergency if left untreated.
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how does the pollination of most trees and grasses differ from the pollination of flowers?
Wind is frequently used to pollinate trees and grass, whereas insects are frequently used to pollinate flowers.
How do the two pollination techniques differ from one another?Self-pollination happens when pollen from the anther is dropped on the stigma of the same bloom or another blossom on the same plant. Pollen from one flower's anther is transferred to another flower's stigma on a different member of the same species in a process known as cross-pollination.Abiotic (pollination without the assistance of organisms) and abiotic (pollination mediated by animals) techniques of pollination have both evolved in flowering plants (biotic). Animals pollinate plants in a total amount of about 80%. 98% of the species that are pollinated by wind and 2% by water make up the remaining 20% of abiotic species.For more information on pollination kindly visit to
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what a molecular process found only in retroviruses?
Only simple retroviruses, not complex retroviruses, have been found to transmit cellular genes. It is unclear why these two viruses differ, but it may have something to do with how retroviruses acquire cellular sequences or how the viral genome is organised, which must be tolerant of foreign insertion.
Retroviruses carry changed cellular genes that give the virus a high level of tumorigenicity. The growth-regulatory genes in these viral or v-onc genes are typically altered. Protooncogenes or c-onc genes are the names given to their cellular progenitors (Bishop 1983, Varmus 1984, Cooper 1990). Gain of function of a positive growth signal is caused by over expression or incorrect expression, which is frequently paired with mutation of an oncogene that has integrated into a viral genome.
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an increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in total peripheral resistance. T/F
True. Total peripheral resistance will rise with a rise in blood viscosity.
Given a steady systolic blood pressure, an increase in blood viscosity will inevitably result in an increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR), which will reduce blood flow. On the other hand, blood flow & perfusion will increase when viscosity falls. A higher risk of morbidity and mortality from a number of deadly conditions, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, is linked to a higher whole blood viscosity. Increased viscosity worsens organ perfusion by increasing blood flow resistance, taxing the heart's pumping capacity. Some anaemic people have low hematocrits, which results in lower blood viscosities. Temperature is a significant component that affects blood viscosity.
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What are spirochetes in humans?
Answer:
Spirochaetes are long and tightly coiled bacteria that cause diseases in humans. Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi are among the best‐known spirochaetes, responsible for syphilis and Lyme disease, respectively.
Explanation:
Which of the following reads the nucleotide sequence of a gene and synthesizes the corresponding primary transcript? a. DNA polymerase b. Ribosome
The elements required for eukaryotic transcription include DNA polymerase, universal transcription factors, DNA, and RNA nucleotides.
The process by which RNA is created from genetic information encoded in DNA is called transcription. This process is carried out in eukaryotes by RNA polymerase and a number of common eukaryotic transcription factors. Using RNA nucleotides, RNA polymerase reads the DNA template and creates a complementary RNA molecule. Ribosomes use the RNA molecule created during transcription as a template for protein synthesis. It's crucial to remember that neither transcription nor the production of RNA use DNA nucleotides or ribosomes. DNA polymerase, common transcription factors, DNA, and RNA nucleotides make up the ideal combination of elements required for eukaryotic transcription.
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agricultural practices put in place to conserve resources for future generationsA. DomesticationB. SustainabilityC. HerbicideD. Pesticide
Sustainability agriculture aims to boost output while minimising negative environmental effects and preserving natural resources for future generations.
Utilizing renewable resources, such as water, soil, and energy, as well as adopting techniques like agroecology, integrated pest management, cover crops, and no-till farming, are all part of this process.
The preservation of biodiversity, the use of organic fertilisers, and non-toxic pest management techniques are all components of sustainable agriculture.
Environmental protection and guaranteeing future generations' access to food depend on sustainable agriculture. It contributes to soil conservation, water pollution reduction, and a decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
Additionally, it aids in agricultural output growth, input cost reduction, and a decrease in the use of chemical pesticides and fertilisers. It is critical to provide a favourable policy environment and encourage the adoption of such techniques among farmers in order to successfully implement sustainable agriculture methods.
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The Nereus is a(n) _______.
a.
new class of submarine
b.
species of fish
c.
unmanned deep-sea robot
d.
ocean mapping program
C) unmanned deep-sea robot
What is nereus?One of the deepest diving underwater vehicles in the world, HROV Nereus, could be set up to function as an autonomous underwater vehicle or as a remotely controlled vehicle (ROV) attached to a surface ship (AUV).Nereus can dive to great depths and is extremely manoeuvrable thanks to a lightweight, thin, fiber-optic tether that its operators aboard a surface ship use to control it remotely.Every 661 days, Nereus completes one orbit around the sun (1.81 Earth-years). Up until 2060, when Nereus will pass at only three lunar distances, Saturday's close flyby of around 10 lunar distances will be its closest. The eye won't be able to see it.
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Answer:
it's c
Explanation:
Which of the following mRNA modifications is common in human cells? a. 5' cap addition b. intron removal and exon joining c. 3' poly-A tail addition
Option D is correct. In human cells, each of the above said mRNA changes occurs frequently. Option 3' methacrylate tail added splicing, exon joining, and intron removal.
There are numerous billions of cells in a human body. They merely serve as the body's structural support, absorb nutrients from food, transform those into energy, and perform specific tasks. Cells contain the genetic material for the organism and are able to reproduce themselves.
There are 100 quadrillion trillion cells in a typical human body. A 200 or more distinct types of cells from each of the 80 known organs will be categorized, visualized, and their energetic genes will be identified in a giant new science project.
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Complete Question-
Which of the following mRNA modifications is common in human cells?
a. 5' cap addition
b. intron removal and exon joining
c. 3' poly-A tail addition
d. All of the above are common mRNA modifications in human cells.
Scientific Method in Action 1 The Strange Case of Beriberi In 1887 a strange nerve disease attacked the people in the Dutch East Indies. The disease was beriberi Symptoms of the disease included weakness and loss or are Watims offen died of heart failure. Scientists with beribers. The injected chickens became sick. However, so did a group of chickens that were more information with bacteria grain rice, but during the experiment, the chickens were fed polished rice. Dr. Eijkman researched this One of the scientists, Dr. Eijkman, noticed something before the experiment, all the chickens had eaten whole interesting case and found that polished rice lacked thiamine, a vitamin necessary for good health 1. State the Problem 2. What was the hypothesis? Strange nerve disease attached People in Dutch East Indies The disease beriberi might be caused by bacteria They injected chickens with bacteria from the blood or patients 3. How was the hypothesis tested?
The hypothesis was tested by injecting chickens with bacteria from the blood of patients with beriberi, as well as feeding them polished rice lacking thiamine.
What is thiamine?A necessary nutrient that is important for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats is thiamine, usually referred to as vitamin B1. It is a water-soluble vitamin that the body cannot produce on its own; therefore, it must be received through food or supplements. Thiamine has a role in the synthesis of energy from food and is necessary for the healthy operation of the neurological system, heart, and muscles. Thiamine deficiency can result in a number of medical conditions, including beriberi, a condition marked by weakness, loss of appetite, and nerve damage. Whole grains, legumes, nuts, and meat are among the foods high in thiamine.
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Gradual drifting of membrane potential toward threshold in autorhythmic cells is termed a
A) receptor potential.
B) pacemaker potential.
C) gated potential.
D) ligand-gated potential.
E) action potential.
Pacemaker potential refers to the gradual drift of membrane potential towards threshold in autorhythmic cells. The ideal selection is B).
What are receptors and what do they do?A distinct family of proteins called receptors work by attaching to a particular ligand molecule. The receptor can shift conformation when a ligand attaches to it, sending a signal into in the cell. In some circumstances, the ligand will gradually diffuse away while the receptors stay attached to the cell's surface.
Describe a receptor using an example :Numerous immune cells, including B cells, T cells, cell lines, and monocytes, include these receptors. Other sections of the body outside the immune system include receptors. The senses, which include the ears, eyes, and nose,
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what enzyme forms covalent bonds between restriction fragments?what enzyme forms covalent bonds between restriction fragments?dna primasedna helicasesingle-strand binding proteindna polymerasedna ligase
DNA ligase is an enzyme that helps covalent connections between phosphate and the sugar of one nucleotide form. Ester bond is the name of it.
DNA ligase is an enzyme that helps covalent connections between phosphate and the sugar of one nucleotide form. Ester bond is the name of it. DNA ligase is an enzyme that helps covalent connections between phosphate and the sugar of one nucleotide form. Ester bond is the name of it. The complementary pairing of bases from the first and second strands creates hydrogen bonds between the two strands. Even though each of these hydrogen bonds is weak individually, taken together, they are tremendously strong. a guide for DNA replication.To catalyse a chemical process, enzymes engage in a variety of interactions with their substrates. In covalent catalysis, the R groups on the side chains of the amino acids in the enzyme's active site establish covalent connections with the substrate molecule.
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Does protein expression begin with transcription or translation? a. translation. b. transcription
The process of protein expression begins with the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA, followed by the translation of RNA into a protein. So option b is correct.
Transcription is the first step in protein expression, during which the genetic information encoded in a DNA sequence is transcribed into RNA. This process is carried out by RNA polymerase enzymes, which bind to the DNA template strand and synthesize a complementary RNA molecule that carries the genetic information for the protein being expressed. The RNA molecule produced during transcription is known as messenger RNA (mRNA), and it serves as a template for the next step in protein expression, which is translation.
Translation is the process by which the genetic information contained in mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. This process occurs on ribosomes, which read the codons on the mRNA and use this information to select the appropriate amino acids and link them together to form a protein chain.
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A typical eukaryotic cell that would have the greatest amount of mitochondria would be?
A. Liver
B. Muscle
C. Fat
D. Skin
Answer:
B. Muscle
Explanation:
Muscle cells have lots of mitochondria because they need to be able to generate a lot of energy at once.
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refer to the flowchart. which phrase best fills in the missing information in the flowchart? chemical energy stored in electron transport proteins chemical energy stored in oxygen chemical energy stored in a proton concentration gradient chemical energy stored in atp synthase
The flowchart's missing information refers to the manner in which chemical energy is stored after the electron transport chain. The term "chemical energy stored in a proton concentration gradient" best fills in the blanks in the flowchart.
The electron transport chain (ETC) is the final stage of cellular respiration, which is a metabolic process that transforms glucose and other organic molecules into ATP energy (adenosine triphosphate). During the ETC, electrons are transported via a sequence of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane, eventually generating a proton gradient across the membrane.
Because electrons given to the ETC are utilised to push protons (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembranous space, a larger concentration of protons is produced in the intermembranous space than in the matrix. The protons then return to the matrix through an ATP synthase enzyme, which uses the energy produced by the flow to fuel the synthesis of ATP from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate.
As a result, chemical energy is stored in the ETC in the form of a proton concentration gradient, which is formed by pumping protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase then uses this stored energy to power the creation of ATP, the fundamental energy currency of cells.
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which type of gland would release its secretion through exocytosis with no harm to the glandular cell itself?
Merocrine type of gland would release its secretion through exocytosis with no harm to the glandular cell itself.
PhysiologyThe most widespread subtype is merocrine glands. Exocytosis is the process through which merocrine gland secretions leave the cell. There is no cell toxicity in this secretion process. The merocrine sweat gland is a prime example of merocrine secretion.merocrine glands Through a process known as exocytosis, merocrine glands expel their chemicals. The cells aren't harmed at all during exocytosis. One type of merocrine gland is the eccrine sweat gland. The apocrine glands Apocrine glands form buds out of the cell membranes that separate into the duct.An example of an epithelial tissue is glandular tissue. Endocrine and exocrine glands are two different types of glands that are created by the glandular tissue. Substances are produced and secreted into body fluids by endocrine glands.For more information on merocrine gland kindly visit to
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organisms living in marine and freshwater environments generally have solute concentrations (or ion concentrations) that are quite different from the water around them. which of the following statements is true? organisms living in marine and freshwater environments generally have solute concentrations (or ion concentrations) that are quite different from the water around them. which of the following statements is true? fish living in salt water are naturally in balance with their surrounding environment, so no special adaptations are needed. fish that live in estuaries must possess special behavioral or physiological adaptations to survive daily changes in salinity. freshwater bony fish excrete very small amounts of concentrated urine. saltwater bony fish excrete copious amounts of dilute urine. fish living in fresh water are naturally in balance with their surrounding environment, so no special adaptations are needed.
To withstand daily fluctuations in salinity, fish that reside in estuaries must have particular behavioural or physiological adaptations. This claim is accurate.
Freshwater fish are more likely to swell and burst because the biogenic salt concentration in their bodies is higher than that of the surrounding water. Here, the fish must draw out as much salt as it can from the water and store it within itself, excreting as much water as it can in the pee in the process. In seawater, estuarine fish excrete salts and retain water, and when the water grows fresher, they excrete water and retain salts. These fish have evolved to employ both methods. These species can take advantage of both marine and freshwater (or semi-freshwater) settings thanks to their amazing physiological adaptation.
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Which amino acid is most likely to participate in hydrogen bonding with water?
A. Asparagine
B. Leucine
C. Valine
D. Alanine
E. phenyilanine
The amino acid asparagine is most likely to form a hydrogen bond with water.
In contrast to other amino acids, polar or hydrophilic amino acids—those having hydroxyl groups, like serine, threonine, and tyrosine, or amide groups, like asparagine or glutamine—are readily able to establish hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
The amino acid has a total hydrogen bonding capacity of 13, including 8 from the amino group and 2 from the carboxyl group, and 5 from the side chain.
Since the amide group may absorb two and contribute two hydrogen bonds, asparagine has a high potential to form hydrogen bonds.
The side chains of the amino acids glutamine and asparagine both have amide groups, which are typically hydrogen-bonded anytime they are found inside a protein. The sidechain of asparagine is a versatile hydrogen bond donor and acceptor. An oxygen atom that can serve as a hydrogen bond acceptor and a nitrogen atom that can serve as a hydrogen bond donor can both be found on the sidechain of asparagine.
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which type of cell junction allows cardiac muscle tissue to transmit signals rapidly?
Gap Junctions allows cardiac muscle tissue to transmit signals rapidly.
The intercalated disks that join the cardiac muscle cells (myocytes) end to end within the heart are known as this. These are atypical transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma, which contain desmosomes that bind the cells together and to which the myofibrils are linked and function as a structural support for the cells. The gap junctions, which are located near to the intercalated discs, allow action potentials to move directly from one myocyte to the next. More specifically, the disks bind the cells collectively by protein channels in addition to mechanical attachment. Proteins work with neighbouring cell membranes to form the strong mechanical connections. Through the channels that the protein connexin creates, the myocytes are electrically connected to one another. Ions can pass between cells thanks to these channels.
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Which amino acid is most likely to participate in hydrogen bonding with water? To answer this you will need to look at the R-groups (.e. side chains) of each the amino acids. Use can use the slide in the lecture notes or go to Fig. 4.2 (Structures of the 20 amino acids) found in the text book.a. asparagine b. Oleucinec. valined. alanine e. phenyilanine
Answer: chicken amino acids
Explanation:
why are archaea considered a monophyletic group according to the three-domain hypothesis?
A. Because this group includes all organisms exept eukaryotes.
B. Because this group evolved after the origin of bacteria.
C. Because this group includes an ancestral population and all of its descendants.
D. Because all member of this group lack membrane-bound organelles.
Archaea are considered a monophyletic group according to the three-domain hypothesis because this group evolved after the origin of bacteria.
Due to certain characteristics, archaeal cells are distinct from the bacteria and eukaryota in the other two domains. There are numerous recognised phyla that further divide archaea. Since the majority haven't been isolated in a lab and have only been found in environmental samples by their gene sequences, classification is challenging. It is unknown if they are able to produce endospores. The size and shape of bacteria and most archaea are comparable, however some archaea, such the flat, square cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi, exhibit a wide range of shapes. Despite resembling bacteria in form, archaea have more eukaryotic-like genes and metabolic pathways than bacteria do. The transcriptional and translational enzymes are a good example of this.
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how dna controls the workings of the cell?
DNA controls the workings of the cell by providing instructions for the synthesis of proteins and enzymes, which in turn control all of the biochemical processes that occur within the cell.
For example, DNA is responsible for encoding the instructions that tell the cell how to build specific proteins and enzymes, which will then help the cell to carry out its specific functions. Additionally, DNA helps to regulate gene expression, which is the process by which certain genes are turned on or off in response to certain environmental or internal cues. As such, DNA plays a critical role in controlling the workings of the cell.
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describe how resting membrane potential is established and maintained in a neuron including the ion channels involved, the relative ion concentrations across the plasma membrane, plasma membrane permeability to ions, and electrochemical gradients.
The operation of ion channels that are selective for certain ions establishes and maintains the resting membrane potential (RMP) in a neuron.
Ions can diffuse through the neuron's plasma membrane thanks to these ion channels. The sodium ions (Na+) outside the cell and the potassium ions (K+) inside the cell are both more abundant in the neuron.
Na+ ions flow into the cell up its electrochemical gradient while K+ ions migrate out of the neuron down its electrochemical gradient because K+ channels are more permeable than Na+ channels.
These ion concentrations and ion channel permeabilities combine to produce a negative RMP. This negative RMP gives the neuron the electrical potential required for action potential production and propagation.
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