The heart can be found in which body cavity?
spinal
cranial
thoracic
pelvic

Cytoplasmic inheritance is defined because the inheritance of organelle DNA from the mother and father. Cytoplasmic inheritance differs from “plain antique” nuclear genetics because it does now not observe the laws of gene inheritance which kingdom that half of the genes will come from every discern.

There are five simple modes of inheritance for unmarried-gene illnesses: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-related recessive, and mitochondrial. Genetic heterogeneity is a not unusual phenomenon with both single-gene illnesses and complex multi-factorial diseases.

The most, not unusual inheritance patterns are autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-related dominant, X-connected recessive, multifactorial, and mitochondrial inheritance. "Autosomal" refers to developments decided by means of the genes placed in the autosomes.

We've got learned the meaning of cytoplasmic inheritance. Cytoplasmic DNA is observed in certain cell organelles and may be exceeded onto offspring strictly from the female, male, or aggregate of both parents. Cytoplasmic inheritance examples are Iojap in maize, pokiness in Neurospora, Oenothera, and many others.

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One of the fundamental functions of lysosomes is the digestion of fabric taken up from outdoor the cell with the aid of endocytosis, that is mentioned in element in chapter 12. but, the function of lysosomes inside the digestion of fabric taken up with the aid of endocytosis relates not only to the characteristic of lysosomes but also to their formation.

Endosomes are membrane-certain vesicles, fashioned through a complex circle of relatives of techniques collectively known as endocytosis, and found inside the cytoplasm of in reality every animal cellular.

Endocytosis is a kind of energetic shipping that movements debris, together with huge molecules, elements of cells, and even whole cells, into a cellular. There are unique endocytosis variations, however all percentage commonplace characteristics: The cellʼs plasma membrane invaginates, forming a pocket across the target particle.

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Vitamin C, such as vitamin C-fortified fruit drinks and supplements at amounts greater than 250 milligrammes (mg) daily.

If the faecal occult blood test results are positive, blood has been discovered in the stool. Your doctor will need to identify the cause of the bleeding, either by doing a colonoscopy or by performing an examination to establish if the stomach or small intestine is the source of the bleeding.

A faecal occult blood test examines a sample of faeces for blood that is not visible to the  eye. A sign of bleeding in the digestive tract is blood in the stool. This might be a sign of diverticulosis, diverticulitis, cancer, polyps, hemorrhoids, or inflammatory bowel disease.

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Answer:

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation happen at the same time.

Explanation:

hope it helps

A general term for a group of hereditary, progressive disorders affecting skeletal muscles is muscular dystrophy.

A group of diseases called muscular dystrophy result in progressive weakness and muscle loss. Mutations in genes that cause muscular dystrophy prevent the production of proteins that are necessary for healthy muscle formation. Thus, it is a hereditary disorder.

Multiple forms of muscular dystrophy exist. The most common type begins in childhood, typically in boys. Other kinds don't show up until you're an adult.

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The trait caused by a dominant allele or a recessive allele has been easier to produce is a recessive allele.

A plant that when self-pollinated always produces offspring of the same phenotype. Homozygous for the trait being tracked. Peas also grow well in one season, allowing several generations to be produced in a relatively short period of time. can be evaluated between True breeding organisms that are genetically identical and have identical alleles for a particular trait.

Alleles in these types of organisms are homozygous. True breeding plants and organisms can express phenotypes that are homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive. Mendel's peas had identical alleles for all the traits he observed. Plants with purple flowers had the same gene encoding flower color on both chromosomes.

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The part of the nerve cell specially constructed to transmit a message from one cell to another nerve cell is axon.

Nerve cells are electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses.

Nerve cells are specialized cells of the nervous system which conducts nerve impulses. Nerve cells, also known as neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system, which are made up of three components as follows:

The cell body, also called the soma contains the cell’s nucleus, which controls the activities of the cell. The dendrites are extensions that branch off the cell body and receive chemical signals from other neurons, which they convert to electrical impulses and transmit to the cell body.

Axons are a long extension that carries information away from the cell body. It is where information leaves the nerve cell and is passed on to target cells.

Therefore, the axon is the part of the nerve cell that is specifically constructed to transmit message from one cell to another.

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At label D, the cell membrane is closest to the potassium equilibrium potential.

At the level of the cell membrane, homeostasis prospective is the completion of the brief, directed flow of charged ions. This phase normally has zero charge, which prevents ions from moving freely between the membrane's two sides.

For any chemical change, the total of the electrolytic possibilities of the reactants and products must equal one another in order for the system to be in equilibrium and for every given species to have the same electrochemical potential throughout the system.

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Answer:

A Gram stain will always clearly show only pink or purple cells.

Explanation:

Gram-positive organisms are either purple or blue in color, while gram-negative organisms are either pink or red in color.

In experiments like those carried out by Miller and Urey, DNA molecules have been created.

The initial evidence for the chemical production of proteins using amino acids was provided by Miller and Urey. They created simple organic compounds (amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, etc.) from a mixture of methane, hydrogen, water vapour, and ammonia by simulating the primitive earth conditions Oparin described. Similar to an early atmosphere, methane provided the hydrocarbon building blocks for the synthesis of organic molecules while hydrogen functioned as a reducing agent. In the glass chamber, water was used as the chemical synthesis medium for organic molecules. The early atmosphere was reducing, devoid of oxygen, and free of any oxides that produce carbon dioxide. Nitrogen was only present in the form of ammonia in the strongly reducing primaeval environment. In discharges and laser-driven plasma impact simulations conducted in a basic model of reducing environment comprising ammonia and carbon monoxide, Miller-Urey experiments yield RNA nucleobases. The well-known Miller-Urey experiment showed that amino acids, crucial components of biological proteins, may be produced under simulated primordial terrestrial circumstances from basic starting elements.

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The advantage that these organelles gain by having the above-indicated structures is that "these structures increase the surface area, which in turn increases the rate of diffusion". (Option C)

Diffusion is the net transfer of something from a high-concentration zone to a low-concentration region. A gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical potential drives diffusion.

Diffusion is the movement of individual molecules of a material over a semipermeable barrier from a high concentration area to a low concentration area.

The heat mobility of molecules is the main factor behind diffusion. Molecules are never at rest at temperatures above absolute zero. Because of their kinetic energy, they are continually in motion, and when molecules clash often, the direction of the motion becomes randomized.

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Answer:

Theory: a theory is an explanation for observations of the world, that is possibly true but not proven to be true. A theory is an explanation of a fact.

Hypothesis: a hypothesis is a theory or explanation at the start of a research that the research is designed to test. The hypothesis is based on facts, or the assumptions of the researcher, but it must be tested.

Answer:

the plants that only get water

Explanation:

because i love water and plants need water to grow

The fact that older locusts use less energy to fly than younger locusts suggests that c. the older locusts have learned a more efficient way to fly.

The example is based on the classical theory test, Classical test theory is the body of related psychometric theory that predicts outcomes of psychological testing, such as the difficulty of objects or the proficiency of the test takers. The goal of classical test theory is to understand and improve the dependability of psychological tests.

Pavlov's Classical Conditioning theory, learning takes place because of an association that is established between a previously neutral stimulus and a natural stimulus. The older locusts use less energy to fly than younger locusts because they have been conditioned over time.

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The main modifications include a decrease in the number of teeth and an expansion of the molars' cusp pattern.

Heterodonty is a primitive feature because primates have diverged from the basic pattern less than most mammals. The two main changes are a reduction in the number of teeth and an expansion of the cusp pattern on the molars.

Prosimians and anthropoids are the two categories used to categorize primates. During the Oligocene Epoch, prosimians gave rise to monkeys. African catarrhines gave rise to apes during the Miocene epoch. Lesser and bigger a apes re the two categories of apes.

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Answer:

All four daughter cells will have a full chromosome set except two daughter cells will both be plus 2 copies of the Q OR q alleles and the other two will both be minus the Q OR q alleles.

Explanation:

A mutation in a cell causes it to produce more phosphorylated proteins than healthy cells would. Since phosphatases typically remove phosphates from proteins, the type of mutation that happened has a nonfunctional phosphatase protein.

A mutation is a modification to the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result through viral infection, errors in DNA replication during cell division, and exposure to mutagens. Somatic mutations (which happen in body cells) cannot be passed onto offspring, whereas germline mutations (which happen in eggs and sperm) can. An organism's observable traits, or phenotype, may or may not change as a result of a mutation. Evolution, cancer, and the maturation of the immune system, including junctional variety, are among the normal and malignant biological processes in which mutations play a role. All genetic variety originates from mutation, which also provides the basis for the action of evolutionary forces like natural selection.

Sequence changes can take many distinct forms as a result of mutation. Gene mutations can have no effect, change the gene's product, or stop the gene from working fully or correctly. Non-genic areas are likewise susceptible to mutation. According to a 2007 study on genetic differences between different species of Drosophila, if a mutation modifies a gene's ability to produce a protein, the outcome is likely to be harmful, with an estimated 70% of amino acid polymorphisms having negative effects and the remaining 20% neutral or tangentially beneficial. Because mutations can have negative effects on genes, animals have mechanisms like DNA repair that can stop or reverse mutations by restoring the original state of the altered region.

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Upon studying the X-linked dominant trait of a family with seven children where none of the three sons have the trait and all four daughters have the trait, the conclusion can be made that the father has the dominant trait in his gene.

X-linked dominant trait is the one where the mutant gene for a specific character lies of the X-chromosome. Since the trait is dominant hence only one allele transferred from any of the parent is sufficient to cause the disease.

Genes are the unit of heredity. They are transferred from the parent of offspring that carry information about some character which can be seen in the offspring.

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The right-hand side of the heart is responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The left-hand side pumps oxygenated blood around the body.

The heart is a large muscular pump and is divided into two halves - the right-hand aspect and the left-hand side. The proper-hand facet of the coronary heart is accountable for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The left-hand facet pumps oxygenated blood across the frame.

The coronary heart has 4 chambers atria and  ventricles. The right atrium receives oxygen-terrible blood from the frame and pumps it to the proper ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-terrible blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.

Blood vessels are the channels or conduits via which blood is sent to body tissues. The vessels make up two closed structures of tubes that start and cease at the coronary heart. One system, the pulmonary vessels, transports blood from the proper ventricle to the lungs and returned to the left atrium.

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The following associations are correct ;

a) intercalated disc : located at the ends of cardiac muscle cells

c) cardiac endomysium : attaches to integrins near the z-line

Intercalated discs are sophisticated structures that connect neighboring cardiac muscle cells. Desmosomes, fascia adherens junctions, and gap junctions are the three types of cell junctions recognized as constituting an intercalated disc. Fascia adherens serve as actin anchoring sites and connect to the nearest sarcomere.

Cardiac muscle cells, like skeletal muscle cells, are surrounded and separated by a connective tissue layer called endomysium.

The endomysium, which literally means "within the muscle," is a wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that encases each individual muscle fiber or muscle cell. Capillaries and nerves are also present. The sarcolemma is the membrane that covers the cell membrane of the muscle fiber.

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If TLR5 remains on always or act as if it were bound to flagellin even in the absence of flagellin then this would lead to needless activation of the immune system.

TLRs and NLRs which are short for Todd-like receptors and Nod-like receptors respectively are the watchmen of the immune system and can be regarded as Immune system activators.

TLRs are present in the gut and play a pivotal role in recognizing pathogen associated invasion pattern thereby stimulating the body's immune system for action. The TLRs signal through involvement of particular adaptor molecules thereby leading to activation of transcription factors like Nuclear factor-Kappa B(NF-κB) and IRFs.

Human and other mammals' body consists of many pattern-recognizing receptors which include TLRs, NLRs, ALRs, RLRs etc. The foremost function of PRR is that they identify pathogen associated molecular patters. TLRs were the first ones to be identified and the most studied on pattern recognizing receptor.

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Answer:

C

Explanation:

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Answer: promoters

Explanation:

Lower motor neurons on the opposite side of the body are innervated by motor fibers of the corticospinal pathway because crossing-over (decussation) of axons is the physical basis for opposite-side motor control.

proper hemisphere

Right and left hemispheres of the brain each regulate a different side of the body. The large, C-shaped structure of white matter and nerve fibers known as the corpus callosum joins the two parts. The corpus callosum is located in the center of the cerebrum.

The human brain is basically symmetrical, divided down the middle. While the right hemisphere receives sensory input from and regulates movement on the left side of the body, the left hemisphere controls actions similar to those on the right side of the body. However, because there are disparities as well, symmetry can only go so far.

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The inner mitochondrial membrane contains succinate dehydrogenase, a respiratory enzyme involved in the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. The succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the dehydration of succinate, which transforms it into fumarate in the cycle's sixth phase. Two hydrogen atoms are transferred to decrease FAD to FADH2.

In the citric acid cycle, alpha-ketoglutarate is a molecule that is transformed into succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate in following processes.

The succinate dehydrogenase reaction's succinate binding is competitively inhibited by malonate. The citric acid cycle's intermediates, such as succinate, succinyl-CoA, and alpha-ketoglutarate, will build up in the presence of malonate.

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28 cows in a herd of 200 will be both brown and spotted.

Probability of brown fur, P1 = 70% or 0.70, and  

probability of spots, P2 = 20% or 0.20.

Probability that a cow will be both brown and spotted,  

= P1 × P2

= 0.7 × 0.2

= 0.14

Thus, in a herd of 200, the number of cows which will be both brown and spotted,  

= 0.14 × 200

= 28

Hence, the answer is 28.

Genes or alleles that sort into newly produced gametes independently of one another are referred to as independent assortment. Be aware that during crossing over, the order of the genes on each chromosome is altered.

Therefore, the Gregor Mendel principle of Independent Assortment explains how various genes bearing various features may appear in the new gametes following the completion of the meiotic division. Gregor Mendel postulated several laws of inheritance, and this rule is simply one of them. Below, we will learn more about Mendel's laws.

The monk Gregor Johann Mendel, who lived in the nineteenth century, is the source of the Mendelian inheritance principles, which bear his name.

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Hypertonic pond protists may store solutes inside the cell to equalize its concentration with Great Salt Lake.  It could also move ions across the membrane by using active transport.

Any external solution that, in comparison to the fluids of the body, has a high solute concentration but a low water content is considered to be a hypertonic solution. In the presence of a hypertonic solution, the body will lose water and gain it in the solution as a result of the net movement of water.

It's possible that protists that live in hypertonic ponds will store concentrated solutes within their cells in order to make the concentration of their interior match that of the Great Salt Lake. Ion movement across the membrane might also be accomplished through active transport.

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Answer:

The central dogma of molecular biology: DNA → RNA → protein.

Explanation:

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein. Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA copy of a segment of DNA.

Answer:

B

Explanation:

GENETIC VARIATION IS CREATED WITHIN A POPULATION