The human genome project was launched in 1986 to better understand the human genome, when was it completed?.

Answers

Answer 1

The human genome project was launched in 1986 to better understand the human genome, completed in 2003.

What is human genome project ?The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project aimed at determining the base pairing of human DNA and  identifying, mapping and sequencing all  the genes of the human genome physically and functionally. Construction began in 1990 and was completed in 2003.The Human Genome Project will chemically sequence the entire human genetic makeup (i.e., the whole genome), identify all 50,000 to 100,000 genes in the genome, and provide the research tools to analyze them all.It is an international research project whose main mission is to genetic information.Despite the controversy,  HGP was initiated in his 1990s, led by American geneticist Francis Collins, with support from the US Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Scientists around the world quickly joined the effort.

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consider the following family pedigree, which traces the inheritance of a recessive disorder. what is the probability of the individuals in the third generation (iii) expressing the disorder?

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Consider the following family pedigree, which traces the inheritance of a recessive disorder. The combination of Alleles of the gene.

To have an autosomal recessive disease, you inherit two changed genes (mutations), one from every figure. those issues are commonly passed on by way of  providers. Their fitness is hardly ever affected, however they have one modified gene (recessive gene) and one unaffected gene (dominant gene) for the situation.

Recessive genes are said to be inherited in either an autosomal recessive or X-related pattern. If two copies of the odd gene are present, ailment may additionally expand. but, if most effective one odd gene is wanted to provide a ailment, it leads to a dominant hereditary sickness.

Recessive alleles most effective show their impact if the character has two copies of the allele (additionally called being homozygous?). for instance, the allele for blue eyes is recessive, therefore to have blue eyes you need to have  copies of the 'blue eye' allele.

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use the genetic code chart to answer this question. if a trna has the anti-codon loop 5'-ggu-3', what amino acid will it carry?

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The amino acid threonine (Thr) will be carried by the tRNA if the anti-codon loop is 5'-ggu-3'.

The codon is a three-base sequence on mRNA that specifies the kind of amino acids that will be present. The tRNA sequence known as the anticodon is complementary to the one codon. The anticodon loop on tRNA, according to the query, is 5'-GGU-3'.

This tRNA will bind to mRNA to start the process of creating amino acids. The tRNA anticodon loop will connect to the mRNA codon that is complementary to it. The tRNA anticodon loop 5'-GGU-3' will complement the mRNA codon 5'-ACC-3'.

The other probable codons that could code for threonine, according to the mRNA codon chart, are ACU, ACA, and ACG in the 5'-3' direction. UGU, AGU, and CGU in the direction of 5'-3' would be potential tRNA anticodons.

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how does the electron transport chain use energy that was originally in glucose to generate atp chemiosomos

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A chemiosmotic gradient causes hy drogen ions to flow back across the mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, through ATP synthase, producing ATP

What is electron transport chain ?

The oxidative phosphorylation process, which produces ATP, is made up of a series of four protein complexes called the electron transport chain that couple redox processes to produce an electrochemical gradient. Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis take place in mitochondria.

The ETC is a group of proteins that are affixed to the inner mitochondrial membrane along with organic molecules. During a series of redox reactions, the electrons move through the ETC and release energy. The protein ATP-synthase uses the energy liberated to create a proton gradient, which is then utilised in chemiosmosis to produce a significant amount of ATP.

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Which hormones help the body resist stress and make stored nutrients available to prepare the body for action?.

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Answer:

cortisol

Explanation:

provides the body with glucose by tapping into protein stores via gluconeogenesis in the liver. This energy can help an individual fight or flee a stressor.

Cortisol hormones help the body resist stress and make stored nutrients available to prepare the body for action.

What are hormones?

Hormones are defined as chemical messengers that are immediately secreted into the blood, where they are transported to the body's organs and tissues to carry out their duties. Specialized glands that are a part of your endocrine system manufacture and release the bulk of the hormones in your body. A gland is an organ that secretes hormones, digestive juices, sweat, or tears. Endocrine glands immediately release hormones into the bloodstream.

Because it aids in the body's response to stress, cortisol is commonly referred to as a stress hormone. As your body responds to stress, your adrenal glands generate and release cortisol into your bloodstream. Cortisol, the "stress hormone," is known to raise blood pressure and heart rate.

Thus, cortisol hormones help the body resist stress and make stored nutrients available to prepare the body for action.

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in dna editing by means of crispr, the function of the crispr-associated protein is to: select all that apply. translate guide rna. bind guide rna. cleave target dna. transcribe guide rna. bind target dna.

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The function of the crispr-associated protein is to bind sgRNA, bind target DNA, cleave target DNA.

What is genome/ DNA editing?

Genome editing allows us to make changes to the DNA. This might lead to changes in physical characteristics like eye color, and disease risk. Different technologies are used for the purpose of genome editing.

The DNA is cut at specific spot by molecular scissors, after which at the site of cut, we can add, replace or remove DNA.

1900s was when the first genome editing technology was developed. The new genome editing tool CRISPR was invented in 2009. CRISPR is faster, simpler, cheaper and much more accurate than the older technologies.

Therefore, the function of the crispr-associated protein is to bind sgRNA, bind target DNA, cleave target DNA.

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when a neuron fires, the axon membrane becomes permeable and sodium ions flow into the cell.

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When a neuron fires, the axonal membrane becomes permeable, allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell. This depolarizes that portion of the axon and renders the next section of the membrane permeable.

Neuron fires This occurs over and over again along the axonal line and is responsible for pushing nerve impulses down into the neuron. The process of normal neuronal firing occurs as communication between neurons via electrical impulses and neurotransmitters. To better understand this process, it is important to understand the parts of neurons such as cell bodies, dendrites and axons. When nerve impulses (which nerve cells use to communicate with each other) are sent out from the cell body, sodium channels in the cell membrane open and positive sodium cells rush inside the cell. When reached, an action potential is triggered and an electrical signal is sent to the axon.

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how can membrane protein structure allow for portions of the protein to be embedded in the membrane and allow portions to extend into and out of the cell? (think hydrophilic/hydrophobic)

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As cilia and flagella start in the cell and extend out of thecell  to help it move through space, it allows membrane protein structure for allowing portions of the protein to be embedded in the membrane  and allow portions to extend into and out of the cell.

What are cilia and flagella?

Eukaryotic cells have tube-like appendages called cilia and flagella that enable movement. A cell's flagellum is a single appendage that frequently resembles a tail; cilia are many appendages.

Flagella, which protrude from the plasma membrane in long, wavy formations, are utilized to transport whole cells.

Cilia, on the other hand, are tiny, hair-like structures that are utilized to transport materials or complete cells over the cell's surface.

Therefore, as cilia and flagella start in the cell and extend out of the cell to help it move through space, it allows membrane protein structure  for allowing portions of the protein to be embedded in the membrane  and allow portions to extend into and out of the cell.

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How does digestive system work together with respiratory and circulatory systems?.

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The respiratory system takes in oxygen from the air and gets rid of carbon dioxide. The digestive system absorbs water and nutrients from food and the circulatory system carries oxygen, water, and nutrients to cells throughout the body.

The metabolic byproducts of the respiratory and digestive systems are essential for the maintenance of body cells. Cells consume nutrition molecule fuel in oxygen to make energy. Through the process of digesting, the digestive tract delivers the molecules of nutrients, whilst the respiratory tract provides oxygen. To preserve balance and health, the human digestive system is continually at work in the background. In addition to the digestive system's tube-like conduit from the mouth to the anus, additional components include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, which perform vital tasks that keep the body in balance. The respiratory system removes carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere. Water and nutrients from meals are absorbed by the digestive system, while oxygen, water, and nutrients are delivered to all of the body's cells via the circulatory system.

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all life forms currently have a basic cell membrane so we hypothesize that the earliest cells also had membranes. it is likely that the primordial environment was acidic. in order for a cell to function in this type of environment, the cell membrane would have to include

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In order for a cell to function in acidic type of environment, the cell membrane would have to include a proton (H⁺) pump.

A cell membrane is present surrounding the cell in all the cell types. It is composed of a lipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrates. The cell membrane separated the cell from outer environment as well as also regulates the traffic of molecules that cross the cell membrane. Thus, the membrane is semi-permeable.

Proton pumps function to build a proton gradient across the cell membrane by transporting the H ions. For cells to be in acidic environment, the proton pump needs to build the gradient inside the cell because higher the concentration of H ions, lesser is the pH.

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Explain the effect of ingesting an extremely large amount of water at the level of the brain cells, including the role of osmosis in the process

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The effect of ingesting an extremely large amount of water at the level of the brain cells, including the role of osmosis in the process is explained below.

The effect of ingesting an extremely large amount of water at the level of the brain cells lead to severe symptom that causes entry of water into brain cells resulting in brain swelling, that manifests as seizures, coma, metabolic process arrest, brain stem hernia and death," explains M. Amin Arnaout, chief of medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard graduate school.

Role of osmosis -  It doesn't need any additional energy, solely depends on the concentration gradient. once somebody ingests a particularly great amount of water at the cellular, water can diffuse into the cell and therefore the cell can begin to swell that is thought as a hypotonic atmosphere.

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A researcher determined that a strain of e. Coli is producing a shortened version of a protein required for glucose metabolism. What type of mutation could be responsible for this shorter than normal protein?.

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Nonsense mutation could be responsible for this shorter than normal protein synthesis. This mutation forms a protein which is generally smaller in size.

What is Nonsense mutation?

A nonsense mutation or stop mutation, is a change in the DNA sequence that causes a protein to terminate or end its translation much earlier than that expected in a normal protein. This is a common form of mutation in humans and in animals which causes a shortened or nonfunctional protein to be expressed.

Some of the common genetic disorders that are associated with nonsense mutation are thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Cancers, etc.

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Which factors contributed to the additions of the modern cell theory?

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The invention of the microscope  contributed to the additions of the modern cell theory.

According to modern cell theory, every living thing's body is made up of cells and their byproducts. The fundamental structural components that make up a living thing's body are called cells. A protoplasmic mass with a nucleus, organelles, and an encasing membrane make up each cell. The activities of an organism are the aggregate of the activities of all of its cells, which are the functional units of living things. Life can only live in cells because they carry out all of life's essential duties. The growth and cell division of an organism are all part of its development. Genes are expressed and kept inside of cells. Life is transmitted from one generation to the next by a live cell.

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the image shows an organism. What level of organization is depicted by the brain in the illustration

a) tissue level
b) organ level
c) cellular level
d) organ system level ​

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The level of organization depicted by the brain in the illustration is the tissue level. Option A.

Organs are the next level of tissue in the human body after tissues. An organ is a structure in which two or more types of tissue work together to perform the same function. Higher levels of the organization are built from lower levels. Thus, molecules combine to form cells, and tissues combine to form organs.

The frontal lobe is involved in the initiation and coordination of movement. Higher cognitive skills such as problem-solving thinking planning and organizing. It addresses many aspects of personality and emotional states. A brain metaphor compares an organization to a set of functions. These functions process information over time and can even learn like the brain.

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in negative control of gene expression, the site where the repressor binds and blocks transcription is called the

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In negative control of gene expression, the site where the repressor binds and blocks transcription is called operator region .

What is transcriptional negative regulation?

transcription is put under negative control when a protein called a repressor binds to the DNA and prevents transcription. Attenuator control: When transcription is under attenuator control, mechanisms work to cut back on the amount of product produced but do not completely turn the gene off.

What does negative gene expression regulation entail?

inverse control of gene expression

any procedure that reduces gene expression's frequency, pace, or volume. The transformation of a gene's coding sequence into a mature gene product is known as gene expression (protein or RNA).

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By what process is a dna molecule copied exactly in preparation for cell division?.

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When a cell divides, DNA copies itself through a process called replication.

DNA replication is the process by which cells copy the genome's DNA. A cell must first replicate its full genome before it can divide, ensuring that each daughter cell has a complete genome upon division.

The replication process separates these strands. Each strand of the original DNA molecule is used as a template in the semiconservative replication process to make its counterpart.

The DNA molecule splits into two strands during replication and then creates two new complementary strands using base pairing principles. The DNA double helix's individual strands each act as a model or template for the new strand.

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53) Which of the following is not an extrinsic eye muscle?
A) inferior rectus
B) rectus abdominis
C) lateral rectus
D) medial rectus
E) superior oblique

Answers

The muscles of the abdomen are not external eye muscles. The Rectus Abdominis, sometimes known as your "six-pack," is the top layer of the abdominal muscles.

Rectus abdominis: What is it?

rectus abdominis, which is located at the front of pelvic between the pubic bone and the ribs. When this muscle contracts, it produces the distinctive lumps or bulges known as "the six pack." The rectus abdominis' primary job is to shift the body between both the pelvis and the ribs.

How does it feel to have your rectus abdominis pulled?

An damaged abdominal muscle can be painful and uncomfortable, especially when moving. People may experience the following signs around the stomach if they have torn a muscle: discomfort or soreness. pain.

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according to csli standards, what is the limit of time lapse between specimen collection and centrifugation of specimens that need separation?

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According to CSLI standards, the limit of time lapse between specimen collection and centrifugation of specimens that need separation 120 minutes.

Institute for Clinical and Laboratory Standards. The most well-known tools for consistently enhancing test quality, safety, and effectiveness are CLSI's consensus-based medical laboratory standards, which were created by our members for use by the world's laboratories.

Although 21, 22, and 23 gauge needles are three of the most popular needle sizes, it is helpful to have a thorough understanding of all needle types to suit the various sizes of veins and tissues the phlebotomist may encounter.

According to CLSI Procedures and Devices for the Collection of Capillary Blood Specimens; Approved Standard - Sixth Edition, September 2008, the order of draw is based on that document. To produce a high-quality specimen, this standard suggests drawing EDTA tubes first, then other additive tubes, and finally serum specimen tubes.

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if the parathyroid glands were accidentally removed during thyroid surgery, a condition that could result is called .

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Using the theories of glands, we got that if the parathyroid glands were accidentally removed during thyroid surgery, a condition that could result is called hypoparathyroidism.

Parathyroid glands are actually located in the neck just behind the thyroid gland. There are typically the four parathyroid glands that regulate blood calcium levels. Hypoparathyroidism is the rare but serious condition that can result after the removal of all the four parathyroid glands. It may happen during neck or the thyroid surgery when the pea-shaped gland is resected by mistake. In this condition, the blood calcium actually levels drop suddenly and may cause the dangerous heart rhythm irregularities and seizures. The condition happens due to  extremely low blood calcium level and needs the immediate correction of the calcium levels.

Hence, if the parathyroid glands were accidentally removed during thyroid surgery, a condition that could result is called as hypoparathyroidism.

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muscles that move the eyeball have ________ fibers.

Answers

Muscles which are responsible for the movement of the eyeball have fast fibers. Thus, the correct option is A.

What are fast muscle fibers?

Fast-twitch muscle fibers are the muscle fibers which provide bigger and more powerful forces, however for shorter durations and fatigue quickly. They are more anaerobic with less blood supply, and hence are sometimes also referred to as white fibers or type II fibers.

Fast-twitch muscle fibers are activated by the high intensity movements which are sustained in short bursts. Examples of movements include sprints, burpees, and quick lateral movements.

Therefore, the correct option is A.

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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:

Muscles that move the eyeball have ________ fibers.

A) fast

B) slow

C) intermediate

D) circular

E) All of the answers are correct.

In horses, buckskin is color is dominant to chestnut and trotting gait is dominant over pacing gait. A horse that is homozygous for buckskin fur and heterozygous for trotting gait is bred with a horse that is heterozygous buckskin fur and is a pacer. What is probability of the foal being a buckskin trotter?.

Answers

Answer: %50

Explanation:

the distinct characteristics of different cell types in a multicellular organism result mainly from the differential regulation of the group of answer choices transcription of housekeeping genes. transcription of genes transcribed by rna polymerase ii. replication of specific genes. proteins that directly bind the tata box of eukaryotic genes.

Answers

Distinct characteristics of different cell types in a multicellular organism result mainly in transcription of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.

RNA polymerase II is a 12-subunit DNA dependent RNA polymerase that is  transcribes nuclear genes that encode mRNAs and many other small nuclear RNAs.

RNA polymerase II functions for uncoupling the genetic mechanisms in the process of protein-coding mRNAs and some small non-coding RNAs. RNA polymerase II is an essential, multi-subunit that is DNA-dependent nucleotide transferase.

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potato, bread, rice, and other grains are examples of what category of classic cold pantry ingredients?

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Potato, bread, rice as well as other grains are categorized as cold starches under classic cold pantry ingredients.

Garde manger is classically used to point out the variety of foods that are prepared in the cold kitchen. However, it may also refer to the person or cook who manages the cold food in the kitchen as well as the premises where cold food is prepared. Classic cold pantry ingredients can be categorized as:-

Cold starches- They include Potato, bread, rice as well as other grainsCold meats like ham, sausages, salami, etc.Dairy- It includes milk, butter, cheese, yogurt, etc.Fruits like strawberries, grapes, bananas, etc.Salad vegetables such as lettuce, tomatoes, etc.Cold desserts like ice-creamFresh herbs such as thyme, basil, etc.

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What causes proliferation?.

Answers

Cell proliferation occurs by combining cell growth and the cell cycle to produce a large number of diploid cell progenies.

The process by which a cell grows and divides to produce two daughter cells is known as cell proliferation. Cell proliferation causes an exponential increase in cell number and is thus a rapid tissue growth mechanism.

Cell proliferation occurs when cell growth is combined with regular "G1-S-M-G2" cell cycles to produce a large number of diploid cell progeny. Cell proliferation in single-celled organisms is largely determined by the availability of nutrients in the environment (or laboratory growth medium).

The rapid proliferation of skin fibroblasts to repair damage caused by a cut or wound is one example of controlled proliferation. Another striking example is liver cells, which normally divide only infrequently.

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Read the excerpt from “The Gift of the Magi” by O. Henry. Which sentence uses an auxiliary verb to express certainty?

Answers

Answer:

'This dark assertion will be illuminated later on'. We use 'will' when we believe that a future state is certain to occur.

For the second sentence with an auxiliary verb, it is 'But if you'll unwrap that package, you may see why you had me going a while at first'.

Explanation:

what's an auxiliary verb?

An auxiliary verb is a verb this is used as an assisting verb alongside the facet of the primary verb in a sentence to make it more widespread. its miles used to modify the worrying, mood, or voice of the sentence.

something in the manner of a haircut or a shave or a shampoo that could make me like my girl any much less. but if we unwrap that package, you may see why you had me going a while at the beginning.

The auxiliary has helps to explicit the ideal component alongside the participle, completed. some sentences comprise a series of two or more auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary verbs also are referred to as helping verbs, helper verbs,auxiliaries.  research has been carried out into break up inflection in auxiliary verbs.

Answer:

.

Explanation:

How has scientific understanding about the composition of the universe changed over time.

Answers

NASA asserts that the expansion of the cosmos continued after inflation, albeit more slowly (opens in new tab). The universe cooled as it expanded, and matter began to form.

The universe was full of neutrons, protons, electrons, anti-electron, photons, and neutrinos one second after the Big Bang. According to the widely accepted universe model, dark energy makes up 70% of the universe, followed by dark matter at 25% and normal matter at 5%. Two entirely different distributions of the universe's structure result from the expansion of primordial perturbations in hot and cold dark matter. In hot dark matter models, the most massive structures emerge first and then break up into smaller and smaller structures.

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rising sea levels would affect more than coastlines. what factor might increase enough in freshwater wetlands to affect plant and animal life?

Answers

Rising sea levels would affect more than coastlines as they can cause erosion of beaches flooding and loss of many marshes.

Rising sea levels are more destructive than coastlines

The factor which might affect plant and animal life is salinity

salinity affects plant life and animal life as it interferes with the uptake of nitrogen reducing growth and hence reducing crop production and death of native vegetation leading to declining in biodiversity through the dominance of salt-resistant vegetation.

salinity refers to the concentrations of salts in water it is also important as it helps determine many aspects of the science of natural waters and the biological steps in them

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After the oil spill, marine microbes consumed the oil under the surface but also removed ________ from the water, killing both plants and animals and creating dead zones.

Answers

Marine bacteria ate the subsurface oil removing oxygen from the water, creating dead zones and the death of both plants and animals.

What kind of microorganisms live in the ocean?

Marine microorganisms are tiny, water-dwelling organisms that can only be seen under a microscope. They consist of viruses that live with cellular creatures such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and plankton.

What type of bacteria inhabit the ocean most frequently?

The most common organism in the oceans—and possibly on the entire planet—belongs to the SAR11 family of single-celled marine bacteria. These tiny, drifting organisms, which resemble jelly beans, have evolved to outcompete other bacteria for the scarce nutrients in the ocean.

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which of these processes require a membrane? choose one or more: generation of atp by oxidative phosphorylation generation of energy by mitochondria generation of atp by photosynthesis in bacteria generation of atp by glycolysis generation of atp by photosynthesis in plants

Answers

The processes that require a membrane are the generation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, the generation of energy by mitochondria, and the generation of ATP by photosynthesis in plants (Options a, b and e).

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Oxidative phosphorylation is the third step of cellular respiration which generates ATP in the mitochondria by creating a differential potential gradient in the inner membrane, in a similar way to the potential used by plants in photosynthesis (in this case in the chloroplast).

Therefore, with this data, we can see that oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP by a gradient using the mitochondrial membrane.

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A group of cells is assayed for dna content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an average of 12 picograms of dna per nucleus. How many picograms of dna would be found in a nucleus at the end of g1 and the end of g2?.

Answers

24 picograms of DNA will be present in each nucleus at the conclusion of G2.

How much DNA, measured in picograms, remains after mitosis?

The DNA content of a set of cells is measured right after mitosis, and it is discovered that each nucleus contains an average of 12 picograms of DNA.

You must comprehend the cell cycle's stages, which occur in the following order, in order to respond to this question:

1=G1 (growth) (growth)

2=S (DNA synthesis) (DNA synthesis)

3=G2 (growth and preparation for mitosis) (growth and preparation for mitosis)

4=M (mitosis) (mitosis)

In preparation for dividing into two daughter cells, the cell synthesizes DNA and will essentially double the amount of DNA it already has during the S phase. In the G2 phase following S phase, the cell continues to expand and double its constituent parts in preparation for mitosis.

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Acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme that degrades acetylcholine. What effect on nerve transmission would occur following the administration of a chemical that inhibited acetylcholinesterase?.

Answers

The administration of a chemical that inhibits acetylcholinesterase would result in an increase in the levels of acetylcholine. This would lead to an increase in nerve transmission.

The chemical that inhibits acetylcholinesterase is called a cholinesterase inhibitor. This substance prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter.The increase in nerve transmission would cause the muscles to contract more frequently. This would lead to an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. The increase in heart rate and blood pressure would cause an increase in the oxygen demand of the body. The increase in oxygen demand would cause an increase in respiration.

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