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Radioisotopes like Chlorine-36 is used for dating groundwater, Uranium-238 is used for analyzing rocks, Carbon-14 is used for dating bones whereas Cobalt-60 is used in killing cancerous cells.

The radionuclides of a heavy element are known as radioisotopes. They are atoms that have an unstable mix of protons and neutrons. In their nucleus, there is excess energy.

Some elements could have one or more unstable isotopes. These unstable isotopes cause gamma rays and the Alpha particles they release to decay.

Radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes are isotopes that are unstable owing to the presence of additional neutrons in their nuclei and produce different forms of radiation.

For instance: Uranium-238, Cobalt-60, Carbon-14, and Chlorine-36

Use of Radioisotopes:

(i) Cancer patients receive therapy using them.

(ii) They are used to evaluate rock formations

(iii) To date groundwater

(iv) To date bones

(v) Medical professionals utilize radioactive isotopes as "tracers" to find malignancies and blood clots in patients.

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For calculations involving data having 2 significant figures, the value that will be used for the number of joules in a calorie is 1 cal = 4.2 J.

Rounding off implies simplifying a number by preserving its value but moving it closer to the next number. It is done for whole numbers as well as decimals at various places of hundreds, tens, tenths, and so on. Numbers are rounded off to maintain important digits. The number of important figures in a result is simply the number of figures that are reliably known.

Estimation is a sort of rounding-off. Estimation is employed in daily life as well as in areas such as mathematics and physics. Many physical values, such as money, distance traveled, length measured, and so on, are approximated by rounding off the actual number to the next whole number.

If the digit in the smallest spot is less than 5, it is left alone. Rounding down occurs when any number of digits following that number reaches zero.

If the digit in the smallest position is larger than or equal to 5, it is multiplied by +1. Rounding up occurs when any digits following that number reach zero.

Therefore, by rounding off, 1 cal = 4.2 J.

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Answer:

0.0939 moles Cu

Explanation:

To find the amount of copper in moles, you need to multiply the given mass (g) by the atomic mass (g/mol) of copper. The atomic mass is a ratio which represents the mass of copper per every 1 mole. The ratio should be arranged in a way that allows for the cancellation of units (grams should be in the denominator to cancel the units of the starting mass). The final answer should have 3 sig figs like the given value (5.97 g = 3 sig figs).

Atomic Mass (Cu): 63.546 g/mol

 5.97 g Cu            1 mole
------------------  x  ------------------  =  0.0939 moles Cu
                            63.546 g

Mass (in g) of the excess reactant is left is 28.39 g and mass is measure of the amount of matter that an object contains

Mass of reactants is equal to the mass of products if the reaction has the same number of atoms of different elements on either side of the chemical equation respectively.

Here molar mass of P₄ = 31.0×4g/mol = 124.0g/mol

Molar mass of Cl₂ = 35.5×2g/mol = 71.0g/mol

Molar mass of PCl₃ = 31.0+35.5×3g/mol = 137.5g/mol

Initial no of moles of P₄ = 45.13g/124.0g/mol = 0.3639 mol

Initial no of moles of Cl₂ = 132.0g/71.0g/mol = 1.859 mol

Balanced equation for reaction,

P₄+6Cl₂→4PCl₃

Mole ratio P₄ : Cl₂ : PCl₃ = 1 : 6 : 4

If Cl₂ completely react P₄ needed  = 1.859 ×1/6 = 0.3098<0.3639mol

Hence, P₄ is in excess and Cl₂ is the limiting reactant

No of moles of  PCl₃ produced = 0.3098mol×4/6 = 0.2065mol

Mass of PCl₃ produced = 0.2065×137.5g/mol

= 28.39g

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Nuclear reactions such as that of uranium alpha particle involves a change in an atom's nucleus and produces a different element.

Non-nuclear reactions such as reaction of sodium with chlorine on the other hand, involve only a rearrangement of electrons and do not involve changes in the nuclei.

A nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei, or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle, collide to produce one or more new nuclides.

There are some differences between a nuclear reaction and a non nuclear reaction.

Nuclear reactions involve a change in an atom's nucleus, usually producing a different element. Non nuclear reactions, on the opposite end involve only a rearrangement of electrons and do not involve changes in the nuclei.

In conclusion, nuclear reaction are processes in which one or more nuclides are produced from a collision between two nuclei or one nucleus and a subatomic particle.

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Answer:

What is matter? Matter is everything around you. Atoms and compounds are all made of very small parts of matter. Those atoms go on to build the things you see and touch every day. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space (it has volume).

What is mass? Mass is the amount of matter in an object. You might have a small object with a lot of mass such as a statue made of lead (Pb). You might have a large object with very little mass such as a balloon filled with helium (He). You should also know there is a difference between mass and weight. Mass is a measure of the matter in an object while weight is a measure of gravity’s pull on an object.

In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many intermediate states are known to exist, such as liquid crystal, and some states only exist under extreme conditions, such as Bose–Einstein condensates (in extreme cold), neutron-degenerate matter (in extreme density), and quark–gluon plasma (at extremely high energy). For a complete list of all exotic states of matter, see the list of states of matter.

Historically, the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in properties. Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed volume and shape, with component particles (atoms, molecules or ions) close together and fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume, but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close together but move freely. Matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume and shape, adapting both to fit its container. Its particles are neither close together nor fixed in place. Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape, and contains neutral atoms as well as a significant number of ions and electrons, both of which can move around freely.

Explanation:

There are 27 atoms in total in Cr₂(S₂O₃)5.

Atoms are the smallest possible amount of matter which still retains its identity as a chemical element and now known to consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.

Atoms are contained in elements. This means there are atoms in hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine etc.

According to this question, a compound with the chemical formula Cr₂(S₂O₃)5 is given. The number of atoms in this compound can be calculated as follows:

In this compound, there are;

This means that in total, 27 atoms are present in Cr₂(S₂O₃)5.

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Answer:

The reaction of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate is written as H_3C_6H_5O_7(aq) + 3 NaHCO_3(aq)

Explanation:

103 Neutrons. You take the Mass rounded and subtract it with the atomic #

Answer:Adding or removing energy from matter causes a physical change as matter moves from one state to another. For example, adding thermal energy (heat) to liquid water causes it to become steam or vapor (a gas). And removing energy from liquid water causes it to become ice (a solid)

Explanation:

The two of these elements are the least reactive are (c) Copper Cu and (f) Mercury Hg.

Elements in lower left and in the upper right of the periodic table are the most reactive, except noble gases which are very un-reactive because they are stable. we can also used the reactivity series or activity series of metal to ans this.

On the periodic table the least reactive elements are the transition metals which are placed in middle of the periodic table.the elements Potassium K and Rubidium Rb are the alkali metals and are reactive.the elements Chlorine Cl and Barium Ba are the alkaline metals and are reactive metals.The  Elements Copper Cu, and Mercury Hg are placed in the middle of the periodic table and are least reactive.

Thus,The two of these elements are the least reactive are (c) Copper Cu and (f) Mercury Hg.

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Answer:

4.85 grams HBr

Explanation:

To find the mass of hydrogen bromide (HBr), you need to multiply the given moles by the molar mass. The molar mass of HBr is a ratio which compares the mass (g) of HBr per every 1 mole. It is important to arrange the ratio in a way that allows for the cancellation of units (moles should be in the denominator).

Molar Mass (HBr): 1.008 g/mol + 79.904 g/mol

Molar Mass (HBr): 80.912 g/mol

0.0600 moles HBr            80.912 g
------------------------------  x  --------------------  =  4.85 grams HBr
                                             1 mole

The strongest ion-dipole interaction with water is T13+ than Cd²+ than Na+.

An ion-dipole interaction is defined as the intermolecular force of attraction present between the charged ion (anion or cation) and the molecule. It is mainly found in the solution where the ionic compounds dissolved in the polar solvents.

The strength of ion-dipole interactions is mainly dependent on the distance and the charge. Ionic charge goes on increasing moving across a period on the periodic table.

Since, charge on Ti is 3 and greater than Cd which is greater than Na.

Thus, we concluded that the strongest ion-dipole interaction with water is T13+ than Cd²+ than Na+.

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Answer:

Gold is an element

Explanation:

Elements are only 1 atom

Mixtures can be multiple atoms or compounds, but not chemically bonded

Compounds are atoms chemically bonded together

A sample of the male sex hormone testosterone C₁₉H₂₈O₂, contains 3.58 × 10²¹ atoms of hydrogen. It contain 2.42 × 10²¹ carbon atoms.

To find the number of moles use this formula

Number of moles = Number of atoms / Avogadro's Number

Here,

Number of atoms = 3.58 × 10²¹

Avogadro's Number = 6.022 × 10²³

Now, put the values in above formula we get

Number of moles = Number of atoms / Avogadro's Number

                             =  3.58 × 10²¹ / 6.022 × 10²³

                             = 5.94 × 10⁻³

1 mol testosterone C₁₉H₂₈O₂ contains 28 mole of hydrogen atoms

Now, 5.94 × 10⁻³ moles contains = (1/28) × 5.94 × 10⁻³

                                                      = 2.12 × 10⁻⁴ mol

To find the number of atoms use this formula

Number of atoms = Number of moles × Avogadro's Number

Here,

1 mol testosterone C₁₉H₂₈O₂ contains 19 mole of carbon atoms

Number of moles = 19 moles

Avogadro's Number = 6.022 × 10²³

Now put the value in above formula we get

Number of atoms = Number of moles × Avogadro's Number

                              = 19 ×  6.022 × 10²³

                              = 1.14 × 10²⁵

Now the no. of C-atoms =  1.14 × 10²⁵ × 2.12 × 10⁻⁴ mol

                                        = 2.42 × 10²¹ carbon atoms.

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Note: The given question is incomplete on the portal here is the complete question.

Question: A sample of the male sex hormone testosterone C₁₉H₂₈O₂, contains 3.58 × 10²¹ atoms of hydrogen. How many carbon atoms does it contain ?

Answer:

Matter either loses or absorbs energy when it changes from one state to another. For example, when matter changes from a liquid to a solid, it loses energy

The compound's empirical formula is CH3O.

Empirical formula is the chemical formula for compounds which do not define the precise number or arrangement of atoms but just the quantities of the components they contain. This would be the component of the compound with the smallest whole number ratio.

Empirical formula is beneficial since figuring out the molecular formula may be immensely aided by knowing the relative amounts of each constituent in a molecule. It's crucial to have an n-value in order to figure out the real number of each atom in a molecule.

n(CO2) = n(C) = m/M = 6.557/44 = 0.148 mol

m(C) = 0.148 x 12 = 1.788g

n(H2O) = 0.5n(H) = 5/22.4 = 0.223g/18 = 0.024 mol

m(H) = 2 x 0.024 = 0.048g

m(O) = 4.624 - 1.788 - 0.048 = 2.788g

n(H) = 2 x 0.174 = 0.348 mol

n(O) = 2.788/16 = 0.174 mol

n(C):n(H):n(O) = 0.148:0.348:0.174 = 1:3:1

Empirical formula is CH3O

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Zinc has work function (Φ) of 4.3 eV. The longest wavelength of the light is 2.885nm.

In solid-state physics, work function (sometimes spelled work function) is the minimum thermodynamic work (i.e., energy) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point in the vacuum immediately outside the solid surface. Here "immediately" means that the final electron position is far from the surface on atomic scale, but still too close to the solid to be influenced by ambient electric fields in the vacuum.

The work function is not a characteristic of a bulk material, but rather a property of the surface of material (depending on crystal face and contamination).

The work function refers to removal of an electron to a position that is far enough from the surface (many nm) that the force between electron and its image charge in the surface can be neglected. The electron must also be close to the surface compared to the nearest edge of a crystal facet, or to any other change in surface structure, such as a change in material composition, surface coating or reconstruction. The built-in electric field that results from these structures, and any other ambient electric field present in vacuum, are excluded in defining the work function.

From the question we are told that,

The work function of Zinc is  [tex]W=4.3eV[/tex]

Generally, work function can be mathematically represented as

[tex]E_{o} = \frac{hc}{ λ long}[/tex]

⇒[tex]λ long=\frac{hc}{E_{o} }[/tex]

Here  h is Planck constant with the value h= [tex]4.1357*10^{-15} eV[/tex]*

and c is the speed of the light with value  c= [tex]3.0*10^{8}m/s[/tex]

So,

⇒λ[tex]_{long}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{4.1357*10^{-15}*3*10^{8} }{4.3}[/tex]

       = [tex]2.885*10^{-7}[/tex]m

        = 2.885nm

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The kinetic theory of matter states that all matter is made up of minute particles with space in between them that move randomly. The theory is based on the fact that matter is composed of small particles.

Based on the atoms of an ideal gas, KMT has five hypotheses:

1. Gases are made up of several molecules moving randomly and constantly in linear motion.

2. The volume of all the molecules is dwarfed by the volume of the gas as a whole.

3. Intermolecular forces are negligible.

4. The average kinetic energy of every molecule in the gas stays constant as long as the temperature stays constant. Molecular collisions are therefore entirely elastic.

5. The average kinetic energy of all molecules in a gas depends on its absolute temperature. This shows that at any temperature, gas molecules in equilibrium have the same average kinetic energy (but NOT the same velocity and mass).

The kinetic-molecular theory, a theory that characterizes the states of matter, is based on the presumption that matter is composed of small particles that are constantly in motion. The theory clarifies observed properties and behaviors of gases, liquids, and solids.

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The amount of work involved in a chemical reaction is 236.9 J.

The energy required to move a system or body or anything against a force or external pressure is called work.

The amount of work involved in a chemical reaction if the volume decreases from 4.00 to 1.34 L against a constant pressure of 0.879 atm  is calculated as follows;

W = PΔV

where;

W = 0.879atm (4L - 1.34L)

W = 2.338 atm.L

1 atm.L = 101.325 J

2.338 atm.L = ?

= 236.9 J

Thus, the amount of work involved in a chemical reaction is 236.9 J.

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The frequency (in reciprocal seconds) of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 1.15 cm is 0.005x[tex]10^{-8}[/tex]Hz.

The frequency of a repeated event is its number of the instances per unit of time. In some cases, it is also referred to as the temporal frequency or ordinary frequency to underline the differences with spatial and angular frequencies, respectively. One (event) per second is equal to the one hertz (Hz), which is how frequency is stated. The period is the reciprocal of frequency since it is the length of time for one cycle in a repeating occurrence.

The temporal rate of change observed in oscillatory and periodic phenomena, such as mechanical vibrations, audio signals (sound), radio waves, and light, is specified by frequency, an essential parameter in science and engineering.

The main formula is

L = V / F so F= V/L

L= wavelength = 1.15 cm=0.015m

V= speed of the light=3 x [tex]10^{8}[/tex] m/s

finally,

F= 0.015/3x10^8=0.005 x[tex]10^{-8}[/tex] Hz

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Answer:

isotopes of elements with unstable nucleus releases nuclear radiation. generally the instability is related to the neutron to proton ratio in the nucleus of an atom

5.65⋅10∧17 photons is the energy of one photon produced by this laser

E=3.716⋅10−19J

There are two methods for calculating a photon's energy: The equation E = h f can be used if we are aware of the photon's frequency. This equation, which is often referred to as Planck's equation, was created by Max Planck. The equation E = h c may be used to determine a photon's energy if its wavelength is known.

In the standard model of particle physics, the photon is a fundamental particle. It has no discernible wavelength. The table describes it as a point particle with mass 0 and spin 1.

Laser light is monochromatic, which is a key distinction between it and light produced by white light sources (like a lightbulb).

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The ion is the indium ion. There are no unpaired electrons in the ground state of this ion.

Electronic configuration can be described as the arrangement of electrons in orbitals around an atomic nucleus.

The electron configuration of atoms shows the arrangement of the electrons of the atom in specific atomic orbitals. The electron configuration of the atom can be used to identify the atom or the ion.

Indium forms the ion with a charge of +1 after the removal of one electron from the 5p orbital. This results in an electron configuration of  [Kr]4d105s2 where all subshells are fully filled.

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Diamond yields the largest mass of carbon monoxide.

The term combustion has to do with the burning of a substance in oxygen. Now we know that when we burn a substance in oxygen, the substance is oxidized.

The burning of a hydrocarbon in air gives carbon dioxide and water. We could sometimes obtain a low concentration of carbon monoxide when the combustion is carried out in a poor supply of air.

However, when we burn diamond in air which largely consists of carbon, we can see that the product of the reaction is carbon monoxide.

Thus diamond yields the largest mass of carbon monoxide.

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The second circle has the greatest number of species diversity .

The term genetic diversity has to do with the existence of different species in a habitat. We know that due to natural selection, only the organisms that have traits that enable them to survive longer and reproduce are better adapted in the ecosystem. Thus, other species may begin to dwindle and even disappear in the ecosystem.

Genetic diversity ensures that there are different species in the habitat. In each circle, we see that the colors represent the different species of the organisms in the habitat. The habitat with the most number of different colors is the habitat that has the greatest magnitude of species diversity.

Hence, the second circle has the greatest number of species diversity as indicated in the image attached to this answer.

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The reason as given that; "water has hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2 by volume" given is true for the assertion.

The term electrolysis has to do with the a process in which there is the decomposition of a substance by the passage of direct current through it. The direct current is often obtained from a battery or any other source that could yield the direct current.

Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. There are two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen in water. This is why we say that water has a ratio of 2:1 of hydrogen to oxygen.

Having explained all of these, it is a the reason given is true for the assertion.

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Answer:  -1.67 KJ

Explanation:

Given- m of water= 21g

           Final temperature- 67°C

           Initial temperature- 86°C

           Specific heat capacity of water ( c)= 4.182 J/g°C

Solution

Q= mcΔT

Q= 21g* 4.182J/g°C*(67°C-86°C) = -1669J

1) The Molarity of first solution is 0.163 M

2) The molarity of second solution is 0.344 M

1) Molarity is defined as the no. of moles of solute per liter solution.

First solution contains 0.450 mol of NaOH in 2.75 L of solution.

M = n / V

where , n= no, of moles of solute

V  = volume of solution in liter

no. of moles of solute = 0.450 mol

M =  0.450 / 2.75 = 0.163 M

Molarity = 0.163 M

2) Th second solution contains 15.1 g of NaCl in 749 ml of solution.

moles = mass / molar mass

          =  15.1 g / 58.44 g/mol

          =  0.258 mols

volume = 749 ml = 0.749 L

M =  0.258 / 0.749

    = 0.344 M

Molarity = 0.344M

Thus, 1) The Molarity of first solution is 0.163 M

2) The molarity of second solution is 0.344 M

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