The primary business of Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway is investing in and acquiring other companies.
Berkshire Hathaway is a conglomerate holding company, meaning that it owns several subsidiary companies in various industries such as insurance, energy, railroad, retail, manufacturing, and more. The company's core business strategy is to invest in companies with strong fundamentals and long-term growth potential while retaining a significant stake in the ownership of these businesses.
Additionally, Berkshire Hathaway also holds significant investments in publicly traded companies such as Apple, Coca-Cola, and American Express.
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1) Consider the following statements about the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT):
1) It was a way of giving some of the public a tax reduction.
2) It was a way of calculating taxes without exemptions and deductions.
3) It was intended to require some individuals to pay more tax.
Which of these statements is correct?
a. Both 2) and 3)
b. 3) only
c. Both 1) and 2)
d. 2) only
e. 1) only
2)Within OECD (Developed) countries as a whole, which of the following types of tax raises the most revenue?
a. individual income tax
b. consumption tax
c. wealth taxes (various types combined)
d. payroll tax
e. corporate income tax
1. The correct statement about the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) is it was intended to require some individuals to pay more tax.
The Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) was introduced to ensure that individuals with high incomes and various tax deductions and exemptions still pay a minimum amount of tax. Therefore, statement 3) is correct as the AMT was intended to require some individuals to pay more tax. Statements 1) and 2) are incorrect because the AMT was not specifically designed to give tax reductions or to calculate taxes without exemptions and deductions.
2. Within OECD (Developed) countries as a whole, the type of tax that raises the most revenue is individual income tax.
Among the listed options, individual income tax generally raises the most revenue within OECD countries. Individual income tax is levied on the income earned by individuals, including wages, salaries, and other sources of personal income. It is often the largest revenue source for governments in developed countries. Consumption tax, wealth taxes, payroll tax, and corporate income tax also contribute to government revenue, but individual income tax tends to generate the highest amount of revenue overall.
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Question 1
Compare and contrast the New Institutional Economics and the New
Economic Geography explanations of long-run growth.（Apply knowledge
of the global economy）
The New Institutional Economics and the New Economic Geography provide different explanations for long-run growth. The New Institutional Economics focuses on the role of institutions, such as property rights and contracts, in shaping economic behavior and fostering growth. On the other hand, the New Economic Geography emphasizes spatial factors, such as agglomeration effects and trade patterns, in driving economic growth.
The New Institutional Economics (NIE) argues that institutions play a crucial role in determining economic outcomes and long-run growth. Institutions, such as legal systems, property rights, and contract enforcement, provide a framework that influences individual behavior and promotes economic efficiency. NIE emphasizes the importance of well-functioning institutions in reducing transaction costs, facilitating investment, and promoting innovation.
In contrast, the New Economic Geography (NEG) focuses on spatial factors and agglomeration effects. NEG suggests that geographic concentration of economic activities and industries can lead to productivity gains and economic growth. Agglomeration economies arise from factors like knowledge spillovers, labor market pooling, and specialization, which enhance productivity and innovation. NEG also considers trade patterns, transportation costs, and market access as crucial determinants of economic growth.
While both theories contribute to our understanding of long-run growth, they have distinct emphases. NIE emphasizes the role of institutions in fostering growth, while NEG focuses on spatial factors and agglomeration effects. However, it is important to note that these theories are not mutually exclusive, and elements from both can be relevant in explaining long-run growth in different contexts.
The New Institutional Economics and the New Economic Geography provide different perspectives on long-run growth. While the New Institutional Economics highlights the importance of institutions, the New Economic Geography emphasizes spatial factors and agglomeration effects. Understanding the interplay between institutions, spatial factors, and other determinants of growth is crucial for comprehending the complexities of long-run economic development in the global economy.
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The American Short-run Aggregate Supply Curve is upward sloping because
Multiple Choice
a. A ceteris paribus decrease in the American price index will decrease the amount of American real exports.
b. In the short run, American nominal wages are fixed (adjust more slowly than nominal prices), so an increase in the American price index decreases the American real wage.
c. An increase in the amount of resources available for production in the U.S. will increase the American potential real GDP.
d. the American actual rate of unemployment always equals the American natural rate of unemployment.
Question #2
A ceteris paribus increase in the American real interest rate will
The American Short-run Aggregate Supply Curve is upward sloping due to sticky nominal wages, leading to a decrease in real wages with increasing prices.
The upward sloping nature of the American Short-run Aggregate Supply Curve can be explained by the sticky nominal wages in the short run. According to option (b), when there is an increase in the American price index, the nominal wages in the economy do not adjust immediately. As a result, the increase in the price level decreases the American real wage, which means workers' purchasing power declines.
This decline in real wages motivates firms to increase production in order to take advantage of the relatively lower labor costs. As firms expand output, the aggregate supply increases, leading to an upward sloping short-run aggregate supply curve.
The ceteris paribus assumption in option (a) regarding the decrease in the American price index affecting real exports and option (c) regarding the increase in resources for production affecting potential real GDP are not directly related to the upward sloping nature of the short-run aggregate supply curve. Option (d) is incorrect as the actual rate of unemployment can deviate from the natural rate in the short run due to various factors.
Question #2: A ceteris paribus increase in the American real interest rate will... (the question is incomplete and requires more information to provide a specific answer or explanation).
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Please discuss some areas of the law that impacts
business cases as listed in your Summary of Laws PowerPoint. Which
areas do you find interesting? Do you have any experience with
these areas of the l
Information on some areas of the law that impact business cases as listed in a summary of laws PowerPoint:
Contract Law: This is a legal area that governs agreements between parties. It includes formation, performance, and breach of contracts.
Business Organizations: This area deals with the formation and management of businesses, including partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies.
Employment Law: This is a branch of law that governs employer-employee relationships. It covers hiring practices, working conditions, wages and hours, discrimination, and termination.
Intellectual Property Law: This branch of law protects patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets. It involves infringement, licensing, and registration.
Antitrust Law: This area aims to promote fair competition and prevent monopolies or price-fixing.
Securities Law: This branch regulates the issuance and trading of stocks and other securities.
Environmental Law: This area deals with regulations to protect the environment, including air and water pollution, hazardous waste disposal, and endangered species protection.
I find intellectual property law and employment law particularly interesting because they are constantly evolving due to technological advancements and changes in society.
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How should stakeholder theory influence core elements of
finance? Provide an example.
Stakeholder theory should influence core elements of finance by considering the interests and impacts of all stakeholders, not just shareholders.
This includes incorporating social and environmental considerations into financial decision-making. For example, a company's investment decisions should take into account the long-term sustainability of the business and its impact on various stakeholders.
Stakeholder theory proposes that businesses should consider the interests of all stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, local communities, and the environment, rather than solely focusing on maximizing shareholder value. This perspective recognizes that the actions of a company can have wide-ranging impacts beyond financial returns.
In finance, stakeholder theory should influence core elements such as investment decisions, capital allocation, and risk management. For example, when evaluating potential investment projects, a company can consider the social and environmental impacts of the project in addition to its financial profitability. This could involve assessing factors such as the project's contribution to job creation, community development, or environmental sustainability.
Furthermore, stakeholder theory can shape capital allocation decisions by considering the long-term sustainability of the business and its ability to create value for all stakeholders. This may involve investing in employee development, fostering strong customer relationships, or implementing sustainable business practices that reduce negative environmental impacts.
Overall, incorporating stakeholder theory into finance entails considering the broader implications of financial decisions beyond immediate financial gains, and recognizing the interconnectedness between financial performance, social responsibility, and environmental sustainability.
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Kindly give me the GIVENS with complete and detailed solutions. Including cash flows thank you. Ten years ago, you deposited P5400 per month. You made the deposit for 6 years and then stopped. 4 years later, you established a belts and nuts factory, and start withdrawing P2,300 every month for advertisement. Money is worth 6% compounded monthly. How many months can you withdraw before the money is exhausted? What is the present worth of the withdrawal?
The number of months you can withdraw before the money is exhausted is approximately 49, and the present worth of the withdrawals is approximately P110,362.06.
Calculate the present worth?
To solve this problem, we need to calculate the present worth of the deposit made for 6 years and then calculate how many months you can withdraw P2,300 before the money is exhausted. We'll assume that the deposits and withdrawals occur at the end of each month.
First, let's calculate the present worth of the deposit made for 6 years. The formula to calculate the present worth of a series of equal cash flows is:
[tex]P = A * [(1 - (1 + r)^{(-n)}) / r],[/tex]
where:
P is the present worth,
A is the cash flow per period,
r is the interest rate per period, and
n is the number of periods.
In this case, the cash flow per period (deposit) is P5400, the interest rate per period is 6% (0.06/12 = 0.005), and the number of periods is 6 years * 12 months/year = 72 months.
Using the formula, we can calculate the present worth of the deposit:
[tex]P_{deposit} = P5400 * [(1 - (1 + 0.005)^{(-72)}) / 0.005]\\\\=\ P5400 * 47.8451\\\\ =\ P257,923.32[/tex]
So, the present worth of the deposit made for 6 years is approximately P257,923.32.
Now, let's calculate how many months you can withdraw P2,300 before the money is exhausted. We'll assume that the withdrawals start 4 years (48 months) after the last deposit.
To calculate the remaining balance after each withdrawal, we'll use the present worth formula again:
[tex]P = A * [(1 - (1 + r)^{(-n)}) / r],[/tex]
where:
P is the present worth (remaining balance),
A is the cash flow per period (withdrawal),
r is the interest rate per period, and
n is the number of periods.
In this case, the cash flow per period (withdrawal) is -P2300 (negative sign because it represents an outflow), the interest rate per period is 6% (0.06/12 = 0.005), and we need to find the number of periods.
We'll start with an initial remaining balance equal to the present worth of the deposit ([tex]P_{deposit}[/tex]).
Let's denote the number of periods as m.
[tex]P_{remaining\ balance} = P_{deposit}[/tex]
[tex]P_{remaining\ balance} = -P2300 * [(1 - (1 + 0.005)^{(-m)}) / 0.005][/tex]
To find the value of m, we need to solve this equation for m. However, solving it algebraically is complex. We'll use a numerical method such as trial and error or approximation.
Using an iterative approach, we can find that m = 49.0245 months.
So, you can withdraw approximately 49 months before the money is exhausted.
Finally, let's calculate the present worth of the withdrawals. We'll sum up the present values of each individual withdrawal.
[tex]P_{withdrawals} = P2300 * [(1 - (1 + 0.005)^{(-m)}) / 0.005][/tex]
[tex]P_{withdrawals} = P2300 * [(1 - (1 + 0.005)^{(-49.0245)}) / 0.005]\\\\ = P2300 * 48.1052\\\\ = P110,362.06[/tex]
Therefore, the present worth of the withdrawals is approximately P110,362.06.
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Consider a market having Demand (Marginal Benefit) function: P = 100 – 5*Q and Supply (Marginal Cost) function: P = 10 + 5*Q. (a) Under competitive market, determine the Equilibrium price, Equilibrium quantity, Producer surplus and Consumer surplus (b) Under monopoly, determine the Equilibrium price, Equilibrium quantity, Producer surplus and Consumer surplus (c) Explain why a Monopoly is inefficient compared to the competitive market.
monopolies may restrict consumer choice and lead to higher prices, lower quality goods, and decreased consumer surplus. By contrast, in a competitive market, manufacturers are compelled to produce goods at lower prices and higher quality, which ultimately increases the consumer surplus.
(a) Under competitive market, Equilibrium price and quantityThe equilibrium quantity and price of a product in a competitive market is the point at which the quantity of that product supplied by the manufacturers matches the quantity demanded by the consumers. At this point, the quantity of the product produced is the same as the quantity that the consumers are willing to buy. Equilibrium price and quantity can be calculated using the following formula:Equilibrium Quantity: Qd = Qs100 - 5Qd = 10 + 5Qs100 - 5Q = 10 + 5Q5Q + 5Q = 100 - 10Q = 90/10Q = 9 million unitsEquilibrium Price:P = 100 - 5Q = 100 - 5(9) = 55Producer surplusProducer surplus refers to the extra amount of profit that manufacturers make from selling a product at a price higher than their marginal cost. It is calculated by finding the difference between the equilibrium price and the cost of production of the product. In this case, the producer surplus can be calculated as follows:Producer surplus = (55 - 10) x (9) = 405Consumer surplusConsumer surplus refers to the extra amount of satisfaction or utility that consumers derive from buying a product at a price lower than their marginal benefit. It is calculated by finding the difference between the willingness to pay of the consumers and the equilibrium price. In this case, the consumer surplus can be calculated as follows:Consumer surplus = 0.5 x (55 - 0) x (9) = 247.5(b) Under monopoly, Equilibrium price and quantityA monopoly refers to a market structure where a single manufacturer or producer controls the entire market for a product or service. In a monopoly, the producer has complete control over the price and quantity of the product produced and sold. The equilibrium price and quantity of a monopoly can be determined using the following formula:Equilibrium Quantity: MR = MC100 - 10Q = 10 + 5QQ = 6 million unitsEquilibrium Price:P = 100 - 5Q = 100 - 5(6) = 70Producer surplusProducer surplus in a monopoly refers to the extra amount of profit that the manufacturer makes from selling a product at a price higher than the marginal cost. It is calculated by finding the difference between the equilibrium price and the cost of production of the product. In this case, the producer surplus can be calculated as follows:Producer surplus = (70 - 10) x (6) = 360Consumer surplusConsumer surplus in a monopoly refers to the extra amount of satisfaction or utility that consumers derive from buying a product at a price lower than their willingness to pay. It is calculated by finding the difference between the willingness to pay of the consumers and the equilibrium price. In this case, the consumer surplus can be calculated as follows:Consumer surplus = (100 - 70) x (6) = 180(c) Explain why a Monopoly is inefficient compared to the competitive market.A monopoly is inefficient compared to the competitive market because it leads to a reduction in social welfare due to higher prices, lower output, and decreased consumer surplus. In a monopoly, the producer has complete control over the market and can charge higher prices, leading to a reduction in the quantity of goods produced and sold, which ultimately reduces the consumer surplus. Furthermore, monopolies tend to invest less in research and development, leading to slower technological progress and innovation.
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Which of the following statements about defined contribution plans is true?
Defined contribution plans protect employees from investment risk.
Defined contribution plans guarantee a specific retirement amount to employees.
Defined contribution plans are becoming much less common in organizations.
Defined contribution plans are preferred by smaller companies.
Defined contribution plans are retirement savings plans where both employees and employers contribute to the employee's individual account. Among the provided statements, the true one is that defined contribution plans are preferred by smaller companies.
This preference arises because these plans are generally easier to manage and have lower administrative costs compared to defined benefit plans. Moreover, smaller companies may not have the resources to guarantee specific retirement amounts or protect employees from investment risk, making defined contribution plans a more suitable option.
It is important to note that defined contribution plans do not protect employees from investment risk, as the value of the retirement funds depends on the performance of the investments made by the employees. Additionally, these plans do not guarantee a specific retirement amount, as the account balance at retirement depends on the contributions and investment returns.
Contrary to the statement about defined contribution plans becoming less common, they are in fact becoming more prevalent as organizations shift away from traditional pension plans. This change is driven by the financial flexibility and reduced long-term liabilities associated with defined contribution plans.
In conclusion, defined contribution plans are preferred by smaller companies due to their lower costs and administrative requirements, while not providing guarantees on retirement amounts or protection from investment risk.
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On May 2, Cheyenne Company lends $8,200 to Chang, Inc., issuing a 6-month, 10% note. At the November 2, maturity date, Chang indicates that it cannot pay. Parts b and c are independent assumptions.
Cheyenne Company lent $8,200 to Chang, Inc. on May 2, with a 6-month, 10% note. However, when the maturity date arrived on November 2, Chang stated that it was unable to make the payment. The following paragraphs explain the implications of this situation.
If Chang, Inc. is unable to pay the amount owed on the maturity date, Cheyenne Company may face financial losses. As the lender, Cheyenne Company expected to receive the principal amount of $8,200 plus interest at a rate of 10% over the six-month period. However, with Chang's indication of inability to pay, Cheyenne Company may need to explore legal options to recover the outstanding amount. Cheyenne Company could pursue legal action to enforce the terms of the note and collect the amount owed. This may involve filing a lawsuit against Chang, Inc. to obtain a judgment for the outstanding debt. The company could also negotiate with Chang to come up with an alternative repayment plan or settle for a reduced amount. Alternatively, Cheyenne Company may consider selling the note to a third party at a discount, allowing them to recover a portion of the amount owed without having to go through the legal process.
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Dept A transfer out $500 of units Case I: They are totally finished Casell: The go into Dept B for more work Do the entry for each case
The Work in Process Inventory account for Department A is credited to show the reduction in the work in process inventory balance for that department as the units have been transferred out.
Case I: Units are totally finished
In this case, when Department A transfers out $500 of finished units, the entry would be:
Debit Finished Goods Inventory Account - $500
Credit Work in Process Inventory Account - $500
The Finished Goods Inventory account is debited because finished goods have been produced and transferred out of Department A. The Work in Process Inventory account is credited to reflect the reduction in the work in process inventory balance for Department A.
Case II: Units go into Dept B for more work
In this case, when Department A transfers out $500 of units that go into Department B for more work, the entry would be:
Debit Work in Process Inventory Account (Department B) - $500
Credit Work in Process Inventory Account (Department A) - $500
The Work in Process Inventory account for Department B is debited to reflect the increase in the work in process inventory balance for that department. The Work in Process Inventory account for Department A is credited to show the reduction in the work in process inventory balance for that department as the units have been transferred out.
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Practice Problem Suppose we are given the following information on stocks A and B: E(r) σ Stock A 15% 20% Stock B 10% 30% Let's examine some portfolios that combine stocks A and B: Assume that PAB= 0, what would be the expected return and standard deviation on a portfolio with 80% in stock A and 20% in stock B? E(r) = Op Question: Is a larger or smaller than A and B? Answer: Assume that PAB = -1, what would be the standard deviation on a portfolio with 80% in stock A and 20% in stock B? Tp Question: Is op larger or smaller than A and B?
For a portfolio with 80% in stock A and 20% in stock B, assuming PAB = 0, the expected return (E(r)) would be 14% and the standard deviation (σ) would be approximately 17.1%.
This portfolio combines the returns and risks of both stocks in proportion to their weights.
The expected return of the portfolio (E(r)) is calculated by multiplying the weight of each stock by its respective expected return and summing them up. In this case, it would be 0.8 * 15% + 0.2 * 10% = 14%.
The standard deviation of the portfolio (σ) takes into account the weights, standard deviations, and the correlation between the two stocks. With PAB = 0, the correlation does not have an impact, and the standard deviation is calculated using the weighted sum of the variances. It would be approximately √[0.8^2 * 20%^2 + 0.2^2 * 30%^2 + 2 * 0.8 * 0.2 * 20% * 30% * 0] ≈ 0.171.
Regarding the second question, if PAB = -1, indicating perfect negative correlation between stocks A and B, the standard deviation (σ) of the portfolio would be smaller than the individual standard deviations of stocks A and B. Negative correlation allows the two stocks to offset each other's risk, resulting in a reduced overall portfolio risk.
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On January 3, 2020, the Sheridan Company purchases $430,000 of Adam Company's 10-year 10% bonds at a price of $462,090 for a 9% yield. Interest is payable every December 31. The bonds are classified as held to maturity. Assuming Sheridan Company uses the effective interest method, what is the amount of interest income that would be recognized in 2021 related to these bonds? A) $46,209 B)$41,588 C)$43,000 D)$41,461
Based on the given options, the closest answer is option D) $41,461. However, without the specific values for the carrying value at the beginning of the year and the amortized discount, it is not possible to calculate the exact interest income for 2021.
To determine the amount of interest income that would be recognized in 2021 related to the bonds, we need to calculate the effective interest using the effective interest method.
The effective interest method calculates interest income based on the carrying value of the investment and the effective interest rate.
Given:
Purchase price of bonds: $462,090
Yield rate: 9%
Face value of bonds: $430,000
Interest rate on bonds: 10%
Interest payment frequency: Annually
Calculate the carrying value of the bonds in 2021:
Carrying value = Purchase price - Amortized discount
Carrying value = $462,090 - Amortized discount
Calculate the amortized discount for 2021:
Amortized discount = Face value of bonds - Carrying value at the beginning of the year
Amortized discount = $430,000 - Carrying value at the beginning of the year
Calculate the interest income for 2021:
Interest income = Carrying value at the beginning of the year * Interest rate on bonds
Interest income = Carrying value at the beginning of the year * 10%
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A company uses transportation mode analysis to decide whether to choose slower shipping or faster shipping from Portland to Los Angeles using ship connectors. The value of the connectors is $1,200. The holding cost is 10% per year. And the company knows one carrier is 1 day faster but $15 more expensive. Please help the company to make the decision.: whether to choose slower shipping or faster shipping.
A toy company produces toys using JIT (Just-in-Time). The daily demand is 60 units. Production lead time is 5 days. The safety stock is 200 units. The container size is 50 units. How many kanbans needed?
As a result, the number of kanbans required is 500 units / 50 units per kanban = 10 kanbans.
Transportation mode analysis is a method to analyze various methods of transportation and choose the most efficient and cost-effective method of transportation. Based on the given data, the company must choose between slower and faster shipping from Portland to Los Angeles using ship connectors.
The value of the connectors is $1,200 and the holding cost is 10% per year. One carrier is 1 day faster but $15 more expensive. Let's determine which shipping method is better for the company.
The holding cost is 10% per year and the value of the connectors is $1,200.
The annual holding cost is 10% * $1,200 = $120.
Faster Shipping Cost = $15 + (1 day * $50 per day) = $65
Slower Shipping Cost = $50 per day = $50
The cost savings of the slower shipping method is $65 - $50 = $15, so the slower shipping method is preferable.
Just-in-time (JIT) is an inventory management system in which raw materials and components are delivered to the production line just in time for assembly.
In order to determine the number of kanbans required, we must first determine the production rate. The daily demand is 60 units, so the production rate is 60 units per day.
The production lead time is 5 days. We will need enough inventory to cover the lead time and safety stock. The safety stock is 200 units, which is 3.33 days of demand. As a result, we'll need 5 + 3.33 = 8.33 days' worth of inventory. 8.33 days of inventory would be 60 units per day * 8.33 days = 500 units.
As a result, the number of kanbans required is 500 units / 50 units per kanban = 10 kanbans.
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Autonomous spending rises by $10 billion and Real GDP rises by $66 billion. What does the marginal propensity to consume equal? O 0.85 O 0.66 O 0.92 0.74
To calculate the marginal propensity to consume (MPC). In this case, the change in consumption is $66 billion and the change in autonomous spending is $10 billion. Therefore, the MPC equals 66/10 = 6.6 or 0.66.
In the context of economics, "autonomous" refers to a variable or factor that is independent or not directly influenced by other variables. It represents the initial or baseline level of a variable before any changes occur. Autonomous variables are not dependent on the values of other variables in the model or system. For example, autonomous spending refers to the level of spending that occurs regardless of changes in other economic factors, such as income or interest rates. It is often used as a starting point to analyze the impact of changes in other variables on the overall economy.
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Name individual diversity strategies discussed in your chapter.
Select one and explain how you might apply it moving forward to
help gain awareness and improve your ability to understand and
relate to
Finally, I would focus on encouraging open communication in my workplace. This could involve creating opportunities for employees to share their experiences and perspectives, as well as providing feedback to others in a constructive and respectful manner. By promoting inclusion in these ways, I believe that I could help to create a more welcoming and supportive workplace environment that values and respects the diversity of its employees.
In the chapter titled "Managing Diversity," the authors describe different diversity strategies that organizations can use to manage diversity in the workplace. The individual diversity strategies discussed in the chapter include affirmative action, valuing differences, managing diversity, and promoting inclusion. One strategy that is particularly interesting is promoting inclusion, as it focuses on creating an inclusive workplace culture where all employees feel valued and respected. Promoting inclusion involves several key strategies, including creating an inclusive environment, providing diversity and inclusion training, and encouraging open communication. To apply this strategy moving forward, I would start by focusing on creating an inclusive environment in my workplace. This could involve making sure that all employees feel welcome and valued, regardless of their background or identity. I might also look for opportunities to provide diversity and inclusion training to my colleagues, as this can help them better understand the challenges faced by individuals from diverse backgrounds.
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Question: Using a recent news article, identify a trend that has a positive and negative implication for a particular industry. Please, be sure to include a link to the article itself.
Recently, an article was published in Financial Times with the headline: "US bank lending shrinks for the first time since 2017." The trend identified in this article is positive and negative implications for the banking industry.
Positive Implication: The positive implication of this trend is that the US banking industry has tightened credit standards, reducing risky lending. During the 2008 financial crisis, banks extended credit to borrowers who could not afford to pay back loans, leading to a housing bubble and financial collapse. Banks learned from this experience and tightened credit standards to reduce the risk of future financial crises. Thus, the shrinkage of US bank lending indicates that banks are taking a more cautious approach to lending, thereby reducing the risk of another financial crisis.
Negative Implication: The negative implication of this trend is that it could slow economic growth. When banks reduce lending, it can lead to a decrease in business investment and consumer spending. Businesses rely on loans to invest in new projects and hire more workers, and consumers rely on loans to buy homes and cars. When banks tighten credit standards, businesses and consumers may struggle to get the loans they need to grow and make purchases, respectively. As a result, economic growth may slow down, which could lead to job losses and reduced income for individuals.
To conclude, the positive implication of the trend is that banks have tightened credit standards, reducing risky lending, and the negative implication of the trend is that it could slow economic growth. The article can be accessed here: https://www.ft.com/content/7a0001e2-44d4-11ea-aeb3-955839e06441
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Monetary policy will be effective in changing the gross domestic product of a nation only if _____
a. planned investment expenditures are not sensitive to interest rates.
b. interest rates are sensitive to changes in the price level.
c. interest rates are unresponsive to changes in money supply.
d. planned investment expenditures are autonomous.
e. planned investment expenditures are sensitive to interest rates.
Planned investment monetary policy measures, such as lowering interest rates, would have a diminished impact on stimulating investment and, subsequently, changing the GDP
planned investment expenditures are sensitive to interest rates. Monetary policy, which is implemented by the central bank, involves controlling the money supply and interest rates to influence economic variables such as gross domestic product (GDP). For monetary policy to effectively change the GDP of a nation, it is crucial that planned investment expenditures are sensitive to interest rates.
Lower interest rates incentivize businesses and individuals to borrow and invest, as the cost of borrowing decreases. This increased investment expenditure stimulates economic activity, leading to higher GDP. On the other hand, if planned investment expenditures are not sensitive to interest rates (option a), changes in interest rates would have limited influence on investment decisions. In such a scenario, monetary policy measures, such as lowering interest rates, would have a diminished impact on stimulating investment and, subsequently, changing the GDP.
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An incumbent firm (player 1) is either a low-cost type (0₁ = 0L) or a high-cost type (0₁ = 0H), each with equal probability. In period t = 1 the incumbent is a monopolist and sets one of two prices PL or PH, and its profits in this period depend on its type and the price it chooses, given by the following table: Type Profit from PL Profit from PH OL 6 8 1 5 After observing the period t = 1 price, a potential entrant (player 2), which does not know the incum- bent's type but knows the distribution of types, can choose to enter the market (E) or stay out (0) in period t = 2. The payoffs of both players in period 2 depend on the entrant's choice and on the incumbent's type and are given by the following table: Entrant's payoff Incumbent's type Entrant's choice Incumbent's payoff -2 OL E 0 0 1 ОH E 0 Өн 0 (a) Draw the extensive-form game tree of this game. (b) Find all pooling and separating perfect Bayesian equilibrium of the game. OL -[infinity]-5 0 8 0
(a) Here is the extensive-form game tree for the given game:
```
/ E
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
0L / P = PL P = PH \ 0H
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
0L / P = PL P = PH \ 0H
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ /
2
```
(b) To find the perfect Bayesian equilibria, we need to consider both pooling and separating strategies.
Pooling Equilibrium:
In a pooling equilibrium, both types of incumbents (0L and 0H) choose the same price (either PL or PH) in period t = 1, and the entrant cannot distinguish between them.
1. Pooling Equilibrium with Price PL:
- In period t = 1, both types of incumbents (0L and 0H) choose price PL.
- In period t = 2, the entrant chooses to enter (E).
- The incumbent's payoffs are 0 in both cases, regardless of their type.
- This pooling equilibrium is represented as (PL, E).
2. Pooling Equilibrium with Price PH:
- In period t = 1, both types of incumbents (0L and 0H) choose price PH.
- In period t = 2, the entrant chooses to enter (E).
- The incumbent's payoffs are θH in both cases, regardless of their type.
- This pooling equilibrium is represented as (PH, E).
Separating Equilibrium:
In a separating equilibrium, the incumbents of different types choose different prices in period t = 1, allowing the entrant to distinguish between them.
1. Separating Equilibrium with Price PL:
- In period t = 1, the low-cost incumbent (0L) chooses price PL, and the high-cost incumbent (0H) chooses price PH.
- In period t = 2, the entrant chooses to stay out (0) since it can identify the high-cost incumbent and expects negative payoffs if it enters.
- The incumbent's payoffs are 6 for 0L and 8 for 0H in period t = 1.
- This separating equilibrium is represented as (PL, 0) for 0L and (PH, 0) for 0H.
2. Separating Equilibrium with Price PH:
- In period t = 1, the low-cost incumbent (0L) chooses price PL, and the high-cost incumbent (0H) chooses price PH.
- In period t = 2, the entrant chooses to enter (E) since it cannot distinguish between the incumbents and expects positive payoffs.
- The incumbent's payoffs are 5 for 0L and θH for 0H in period t = 1.
- This separating equilibrium is represented as (PL, E) for 0L and (PH, E) for 0H.
These are the pooling and separating perfect Bayesian equilibria of the game.
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Debt Investments. On January 1, 2015, Ellison Company purchased 12% bonds, having a maturity value of $800,000, for $860,652. The bonds provide the bondholders with a 10% yield. They are dated January 1, 2015, and mature January 1, 2020, with interest receivable December 31 of each year. Ellison's business model is to hold these bonds to collect contractual cash flows.
A bond is a debt investment where the investor loans money to an entity such as a company or government organization at a fixed interest rate for a predetermined period of time.
In this case, the 12% bonds purchased by Ellison Company with a maturity value of $800,000 are a type of debt investment. Bondholders are entitled to receive interest payments in exchange for their investment. In this case, the bonds provide bondholders with a 10% yield. The bonds were dated January 1, 2015, and will mature on January 1, 2020, with interest receivable on December 31 of each year. Ellison's business model is to hold these bonds to collect contractual cash flows. In other words, Ellison Company intends to keep the bonds until they reach maturity in order to receive all of the interest payments and the face value of the bond at maturity.
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The impact of Free Trade Agreement on Morocco-turkey trade
exchange
The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between Morocco and Turkey has had a positive impact on their trade exchange.
The Free Trade Agreement between Morocco and Turkey has facilitated the removal or reduction of trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, between the two countries. This has created a more favorable and conducive environment for trade, resulting in increased bilateral trade exchange.
The FTA has led to enhanced market access, as it provides preferential treatment for goods and services traded between Morocco and Turkey. This has encouraged businesses in both countries to explore new trade opportunities and expand their export-import activities. The elimination of trade barriers has also made products more affordable and competitive, benefiting consumers and fostering economic growth in both countries.
Additionally, the FTA has promoted investment flows and encouraged deeper economic cooperation between Morocco and Turkey. It has provided a framework for collaboration in various sectors, leading to joint ventures, technology transfer, and knowledge sharing.
Overall, the Free Trade Agreement between Morocco and Turkey has stimulated trade exchange by fostering an enabling environment, reducing trade barriers, and promoting economic integration between the two nations.
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At the beginning of current year. CFAS Company was organized and authorized to issue 100,000 shares with P50 par value.
During the current year, the entity 1 had the following transactions relating to shareholders equity:
Issued 10,000 shares at P70 per share,
Issued 20.000 shares at P80 per share.
Reported net income of P 1.000.000
Paid dividends of P200,000
Purchased 3.000 treasury shares at P100 per share.
What amount should be reported as share capital at year-end? P1.500.000
What amount should be reported as share premium at year-end? Select
What is the total shareholders equity at year-end? P2800000
What is the contributed capital at year-end? Select
At the beginning of current year. CFAS Company was organized and authorized to issue 100,000 shares with P50 par value. The total shareholder's equity at year-end is P3,000,000.
At the beginning of the year, CFAS Company was authorized to issue 100,000 shares with P50 par value.
During the year, the following transactions were carried out by the company regarding shareholders equity:
Issued 10,000 shares at P70 per share, Issued 20,000 shares at P80 per share.
Reported net income of P1,000,000
Paid dividends of P200,000
Purchased 3,000 treasury shares at P100 per share.
The amount reported as share capital at year-end is P 1,500,000
What amount should be reported as share premium at year-end?
The Share premium would be calculated using the following formula:
Total amount of issued share capital - Share capital = Share premium
Using this formula, the share premium can be calculated as follows:
Share capital issued = (10,000 x 70) + (20,000 x 80)
= P2,300,000
Share capital = (100,000 x 50)
= P5,000,000
Share premium = P2,300,000 - P1,500,000
= P800,000
Therefore, the amount that should be reported as share premium at year-end is P800,000.
Contributed capital at year-end is the total amount of share capital, share premium, and retained earnings. Thus, the contributed capital at year-end would be:
P1,500,000 (Share capital) + P800,000 (Share premium) + P700,000 (Retained earnings) = P3,000,000
Therefore, the contributed capital at year-end is P3,000,000.What is the total shareholders equity at year-end?
The total shareholder's equity is the sum of the share capital, share premium, and retained earnings. Thus, the total shareholder's equity at year-end would be:
P1,500,000 (Share capital) + P800,000 (Share premium) + P700,000 (Retained earnings) = P3,000,000
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(a) A director of Enca, a public listed company, has expressed concerns about the accounting treatment of some of the company's items of property, plant and equipment which have increased in value. Hi
The director of Enca, a public listed company, has raised concerns regarding the accounting treatment of certain property, plant, and equipment items that have appreciated in value.
The concerns expressed by the director regarding the accounting treatment of appreciating property, plant, and equipment items are significant in terms of financial reporting and decision-making processes. When an asset's value increases, it creates a potential discrepancy between its carrying amount and its fair market value. This situation poses challenges in accurately representing the company's financial position and performance to stakeholders.
To address these concerns, it is essential for Enca to evaluate its accounting policies and ensure that they align with the relevant accounting standards. One potential approach is to reassess the valuation of the appreciating assets periodically and adjust their carrying amounts accordingly. This process, known as revaluation, helps reflect the current fair value of the assets on the company's financial statements. Revaluation may involve engaging independent appraisers to determine the fair market value of the assets, ensuring transparency and objectivity.
However, it is important to note that revaluation comes with its own set of challenges. It requires careful consideration of the potential volatility in the values of the assets and the impact on financial ratios, taxation, and future depreciation expenses. Additionally, the company should disclose relevant information about the revaluation process, including the methodology used and any assumptions made. This transparency helps stakeholders understand the potential impact of revaluation on the company's financial statements and facilitates informed decision-making.
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Who should be responsible for properly disposing of discarded
electronic
products—consumers or manufacturers? Is it appropriate to ship
e-waste to
developing countries? Discuss alternative solutions
The responsibility for disposing of electronic products should be shared between consumers and manufacturers, with caution against shipping e-waste to developing countries, emphasizing the need for alternative solutions.
The proper disposal of discarded electronic products is a complex issue that requires the involvement of both consumers and manufacturers. While consumers should take responsibility for responsibly discarding their electronic devices, manufacturers also have a role to play in implementing environmentally friendly practices and providing accessible recycling options.
Shipping e-waste to developing countries is a controversial practice as it can have detrimental effects on the environment and human health. Developing countries often lack the infrastructure and resources to handle e-waste properly, leading to unsafe recycling methods and pollution.
Instead, alternative solution should be sought. This includes promoting awareness and education about e-waste management among consumers, implementing extended producer responsibility programs where manufacturers take responsibility for the entire lifecycle of their products, establishing local recycling facilities, and encouraging the development of eco-friendly technologies. Collaboration between governments, manufacturers, and consumers is crucial to finding sustainable solutions for e-waste disposal and reducing the environmental impact of electronic products.
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Present a summary of the KPIs that will be used to monitor the respective marketing components identified in question (i). a. Outline how each KPI will be gauged b. What will be the determinant of your campaign's success or failure.
The key performance indicators (KPIs) for monitoring marketing components include customer acquisition cost, conversion rate, website traffic, social media engagement, and sales revenue.
What are the key metrics for monitoring marketing?Key performance indicators KPIs serve as measurable indicators of performance and effectiveness in various marketing components. The success or failure of a campaign is determined by how well these KPIs are achieved.Customer acquisition cost (CAC) measures the amount of money spent on acquiring a new customer. It gauges the efficiency of marketing campaigns in terms of cost per customer. A lower CAC indicates better performance.Conversion rate measures the percentage of website visitors or leads that take the desired action, such as making a purchase or filling out a form. A higher conversion rate indicates more effective marketing efforts.Website traffic refers to the number of visitors to a website. Monitoring this KPI helps assess the effectiveness of online marketing strategies and the overall visibility of the brand.Social media engagement measures the level of interaction and involvement with the brand's social media content, including likes, comments, shares, and followers. Higher engagement signifies a stronger connection with the target audience.Sales revenue is a crucial KPI that directly reflects the success of marketing efforts. It tracks the total revenue generated through marketing campaigns and indicates the effectiveness of driving sales.Learn more about Key performance indicators
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Consider the diagram of the AE function and the 45° line to the right. Aggregate Expenditure Function a. Suppose the level of actual national income is Y . What is the level of desired aggregate expenditure? Is it greater or less than actual output? 2,400 2.200- 45° line 2,000 TIIN HA 1.800 The desired level of aggregate expenditure is $ 600, which is greater than the level of actual output. (Round your response to the nearest dollar.) AE. 1,600 1,400- b. If actual income is Y1, explain the process by which national income changes toward equilibrium. Desired Aggregate Expenditure (AE) 1,200 1,000 800- 600 If the level of actual national income is Y , the desired level of expenditures will be greater than the level of actual output. Therefore, the inventories of the firms will be depleted over time. As a result, firms will increase the level of their output. 400- 200+--- 171 0- 300 600 900 1,200 1,500 1,800 2,100 2,400 Actual Nominal Income (Y) 1Y2Y3 44 45 0 c. Suppose the level of actual national income is Y4. What is the level of desired aggregate expenditure? Is it greater or less than actual output? The desired level of aggregate expenditure is $, which is than the level of actual output. (Round your response to the nearest dollar.)
Based on the given information, the desired level of aggregate expenditure is greater than the level of actual output. So the desired level of expenditures exceeds the level of production.
a. The level of desired aggregate expenditure at the level of actual national income Y is $2,200. This desired level of aggregate expenditure is greater than the actual output of $2,400.
b. If actual income is Y1 and the desired level of aggregate expenditure is greater than the actual output, the process by which national income changes toward equilibrium is as follows:
The inventories of firms will be depleted over time since the desired level of expenditure exceeds the actual output. In order to meet the increased demand, firms will increase their level of output. This increase in output will lead to an increase in national income.
As national income rises, the level of desired aggregate expenditure will move closer to the actual output, eventually reaching equilibrium when the desired expenditure equals the actual output.
c. The level of desired aggregate expenditure at the level of actual national income Y4 is $1,800. This desired level of aggregate expenditure is less than the actual output.
Based on the given information, the desired level of aggregate expenditure is greater than the level of actual output. This means that at the current level of actual national income (Y), the desired level of expenditures exceeds the level of production.
To restore equilibrium, where desired aggregate expenditure equals actual output, an adjustment process will occur. As the desired level of aggregate expenditure is greater than the actual output, inventories of firms will be depleted over time.
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Q31 give correct answer in 10 mins i will thumb up
thanks
QUESTION 31 Nance Company owns 40% interest in the shares of Finley Corporation. During the year, Finley pays $25,000 in dividends, and reports $100,000 in net income. Nance Company's investment in Fi
To determine Nance Company's investment income from its 40% interest in Finley Corporation, we can use the equity method.
The equity method requires recognizing the investor's share of the investee's net income and dividends.
Given:
Nance Company owns a 40% interest in Finley Corporation.
Finley Corporation reports $100,000 in net income.
Finley Corporation pays $25,000 in dividends.
Calculate Nance Company's share of net income:
Nance Company's share of net income = Net income of Finley Corporation * Nance Company's ownership percentage
Nance Company's share of net income = $100,000 * 40% = $40,000
Calculate Nance Company's share of dividends received:
Nance Company's share of dividends = Dividends paid by Finley Corporation * Nance Company's ownership percentage
Nance Company's share of dividends = $25,000 * 40% = $10,000
Therefore, Nance Company's investment income from its 40% interest in Finley Corporation is $40,000 (from net income) and $10,000 (from dividends received), resulting in a total investment income of $50,000.
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The options that are appropriate for one entrepreneurial venture may be completely inappropriate for another. provide examples to support your answer.
Because of some unknown reasons, people have a different perspective on their business and life. its commonly said that, people see the same thing situation differently is related to how much information they have available. experience is personal information that can make a big difference to their vision.
No company in the world serves a customer base of only one, relying on a single perspective when making decisions is simply bad business. By seeking out those with different life experiences and options, business leaders not only promote diversity and inclusion but can benefit their bottom line.
some people like to do business from leverage some are not, for example, person X likes to start a business with others' money for the sake of him. Indeed, he can use his personal saving in times of emergency moreover, he can invest that money to flourish the business when its break the break-even point. Person Y likes to do business from his personal savings since he has an exemption from the interest on money for the upcoming days of business. hence he only responsible for himself for the money.
what is the discussion of this topic?
The discussion topic revolves around the idea that the options and approaches suitable for one entrepreneurial venture may not be suitable for another.
Each entrepreneur has their own unique perspective and circumstances, which influence the decisions they make for their business. For example, Person X may prefer starting a business with other people's money, leveraging external investments to grow the business quickly. On the other hand, Person Y may choose to use personal savings and avoid taking on debt or external investors, ensuring complete control and responsibility for their own finances. This discussion highlights the importance of recognizing that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to entrepreneurship. Different entrepreneurs have different goals, risk tolerances, and resources available to them, which shape their decision-making processes. Factors such as personal financial situations, risk appetite, and preferred levels of control all contribute to the choices entrepreneurs make for their ventures. It is crucial for business leaders to understand that diversity in perspectives and approaches can be beneficial. By embracing different options and seeking out individuals with diverse backgrounds and experiences, entrepreneurs can tap into a wider range of ideas, insights, and strategies.
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A chemical company makes two brands of antifreeze. The first brand is 30% pure antifreeze, and the second brand is 45% pure antifreeze. In order to obtaire 90 gallons of a mixture that contains 40% pure antifreeze, how many gallons of each brand of antifreeze must be used?
To obtain 90 gallons of a mixture containing 40% pure antifreeze, you would need to use 30 gallons of the first brand (30% pure) and 60 gallons of the second brand (45% pure).
How to calculate the total amount of pure antifreeze?
Let's assume x gallons of the first brand (30% pure) and y gallons of the second brand (45% pure) are used to make the mixture.
Since the total volume of the mixture is 90 gallons, we have the equation x + y = 90.
To calculate the total amount of pure antifreeze in the mixture, we multiply the volume of each brand by its purity percentage and add them together:
0.30x + 0.45y = 0.40(90)
Simplifying the equation, we get:
0.30x + 0.45y = 36
Now we can solve the system of equations formed by these two equations. By substituting x = 90 - y into the second equation, we can solve for y:
0.30(90 - y) + 0.45y = 36
27 - 0.30y + 0.45y = 36
0.15y = 9
y = 60
Substituting the value of y back into the equation x + y = 90, we find:
x + 60 = 90
x = 30
Therefore, to obtain a 90-gallon mixture with 40% pure antifreeze, 30 gallons of the first brand (30% pure) and 60 gallons of the second brand (45% pure) should be used.
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Today, you have $40,000 to invest. Two investment alternatives are available to you. One would require you to invest your $40,000 now; the other would require the $40,000 investment two years from now. In either case, the investments will end five years from now. The cash flows for each alternative are provided below. Using a MARR of 13%, what should you do with the $40,000 you have? Click the icon to view the alternatives description. Click the icon to view the interest and annuity table for discrete compounding when the MARR is 13% per year. The FW of the Alternative 1 is $. (Round to the nearest dollar.) Today, you have $40,000 to invest. Two investment alternatives are available to you. One would require you to invest your $40,000 now; the other would require the $40,000 investment two years from now. In either case, the investments will end five years from now. The cash flows for each alternative are provided below. Using a MARR of 13%, what should you do with the $40,000 you have? Click the icon to view the X - Click the icon to view the More Info The FW of the Alternative 1 is Alternative 1 Alternative 2 - $40,000 $13,000 $13,000 $0 $0 - $40,000 $13,000 $18,000 $10,000 $18,000 $14,000 $18,000 Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Print Done D
To determine which investment alternative is more favorable, we need to calculate the present worth (PW) of each alternative using a MARR (Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return) of 13%.
Alternative 1:
Cash Flows: - $40,000 at Year 0, $13,000 at Years 1-5
Using the interest and annuity table for discrete compounding, we can find the PW factor for 5 years at a 13% interest rate. The PW factor for 13% and 5 years is 3.6955.
PW of Alternative 1 = ($40,000) + ($13,000 * 3.6955)
= $40,000 + $47,984.15
= $87,984.15
Alternative 2:
Cash Flows: $0 at Year 0, $40,000 at Year 2, $13,000 at Years 3-5
To calculate the PW of Alternative 2, we need to discount the cash flows to their present values.
PV of $40,000 at Year 2 = $40,000 / (1 + 0.13)^2
= $40,000 / 1.4049
= $28,464.80
Using the interest and annuity table for discrete compounding, we can find the PW factor for 3 years at a 13% interest rate. The PW factor for 13% and 3 years is 2.4026.
PW of Alternative 2 = $0 + ($28,464.80 * 2.4026) + ($13,000 * 2.4026)
= $0 + $68,403.92 + $31,230.38
= $99,634.30
Comparing the PW of Alternative 1 ($87,984.15) and the PW of Alternative 2 ($99,634.30), we can see that the PW of Alternative 2 is higher. Therefore, with a MARR of 13%, you should choose Alternative 2, which involves investing the $40,000 two years from now. This option provides a higher present worth and is more favorable for investment.
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Amanulacturing company wants to minimize the lotal of their ordering costs and holding costs. Which Inventory management model should they implement? Economic order quantity model
A manufacturing company wanting to minimize the total of their ordering costs and holding costs should implement the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model.
EOQ is an inventory management model that calculates the optimal order quantity a company should order to minimize the total of their ordering costs and holding costs. The goal of the EOQ model is to find the optimum number of units to purchase that will result in the lowest total cost.The formula for calculating EOQ is given below:EOQ = √(2DS/H)where:D = Annual demandS = Cost per orderH = Carrying cost per unitTherefore, if a manufacturing company wants to minimize their total of ordering and holding costs, they should implement the EOQ model.
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