(the question is in the picture!) - please walk me trough the steps on how to get the answers w the answer please and thank you.

Electrons that are in the outermost energy level of an atom are referred to as "valence electrons."

Valence electrons are the electrons that are involved in chemical reactions and bonding, and they play a crucial role in determining the chemical properties of an element.

In general, the number of valence electrons in an atom is related to the position of the element in the periodic table. Elements in the same group (vertical column) have the same number of valence electrons, and this number increases as you move from left to right across a period (horizontal row). The arrangement of valence electrons is important for understanding chemical reactivity, because it determines the way in which atoms bond with each other to form molecules.

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A plot of lnk vs. 1/T has a slope of -k k E a -Ea/R A. The pace of reaction increases as the concentrations of reactant molecules rise. The average kinetic energy of molecules increases as the reactant concentration rises, which is the best explanation for this occurrence.

Concentration in chemistry is calculated by dividing a constituent's abundance by the mixture's total volume. Mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration are four different categories of mathematical description.

According to the context, the term may or may not include ions that meet this requirement. A molecule is a collection of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds.

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0.03058 X 10^23 atoms of Au are there in one gram gold.

How many moles of atoms make up a gram?

The quantity of atoms or molecules per gram of atomic weight is known as Avogadro's number, which is 6.022 1023/mole. One mole of hydrogen comprises 6.022 1023 hydrogen atoms for one gram of hydrogen with an atomic weight of one gram.

The ratio of a substance's given mass in a chemical reaction to the mass of one mole of that material is the number of moles of that substance.

Gold's atomic weight (Au) is 196.97.

The Avogadro number is 6.023 x 10^23.

1 gram of gold is equal to (1/196.97)mole, or 0.005 mole.

3.058 X 1021 (0.005 mol X 6.023 X 10^23) = 0.03058 X 10^23 atoms.

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The ratio is very close to 1 C to 2 H. Then the empirical formula is CH₂. Therefore, option B is correct.

An Empirical formula is the chemical formula of a compound that gives the proportions (ratios) of the elements present in the compound but not the actual numbers or arrangement of atoms. This would be the lowest whole number ratio of the elements in the compound.

To find the ratio or the moles of each element by dividing the number of moles of each by the smallest number of moles.

In CH₂ there are one carbon and two hydrogen atoms are present. Hence, CH₂ is an empirical formula.

Thus, option B is correct.

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Answer: Yes

Explanation:

Answer:

YESS

Explanation:

This equipment could be used to find out how much energy a fuel gives out when it burns. By measuring the temperature change in the container, the energy released by the combustion reaction can be calculated. The thermometer measures the temperature change and the container is used to hold the mixed chemicals (fuel and oxidizer). The lid is used to prevent the loss of heat and to create a closed system for the reaction to take place.


ALLEN

Answer:

(c) 4.4g

Explanation:

Given:

mass of calcium carbonate (mCaCO3) = 10g

MrCaCO3 = 100

To find: mCO2

Solution:

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl 2 + H2O + CO2

Now,

MrCaCO3 = 40 + 12 + 16.3 = 100

Therefore,

Number of moles (n) = m/Mr

nCaCO3 = 10/100 = 0.1

The amount of moles is proportional to the coefficient of the reaction. Since both calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) have the same coefficient.

nCO2 = 0.1

MrCO2 = 12 + 16.2 = 44

mCO2 = 0.1 × 44 = 4.4g

Based on the provided data, the concentration of ammonia in the cloudy ammonia solution is 0.200 M.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between ammonia and hydrochloric acid is:

NH3(aq) + HCl(aq) → NH4Cl(aq)

From the equation, we see that one mole of ammonia reacts with one mole of hydrochloric acid to produce one mole of ammonium chloride.

To determine the concentration of ammonia in the cloudy ammonia solution, we need to find out how many moles of hydrochloric acid were used to react with the ammonia.

The number of moles of HCl used is:

moles of HCl = concentration of HCl × volume of HCl used

moles of HCl = 0.100 mol/L × 0.0500 L

moles of HCl = 0.00500 mol

Since the reaction is 1:1 between HCl and NH3, the number of moles of NH3 in the cloudy ammonia solution is also 0.00500 mol.

The volume of the cloudy ammonia solution used is 25.00 mL, which is equivalent to 0.02500 L.

The concentration of ammonia in the cloudy ammonia solution is:

concentration of NH3 = moles of NH3 / volume of cloudy ammonia solution

concentration of NH3 = 0.00500 mol / 0.02500 L

concentration of NH3 = 0.200 mol/L or 0.200 M

Therefore, the concentration of ammonia in the cloudy ammonia solution is 0.200 M.

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Among the given aqueous solutions, 0.25 M sucrose will have the highest boiling point. Boiling point of a substance is the point in which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the surrounding pressure.

Here we have given the molality of different aqueous solutions including 0.10 M [tex]Na_{2} SO_{4}[/tex] , 0.20 M glucose, 0.10 M [tex]NaCl[/tex], 0.10 M [tex]Sr SO_{4}[/tex] and 0.25 M sucrose.

The boiling point will be depending on the molality of each solution given. Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. When molality is higher boiling point also will be higher.

We are considering the solutions with same temperature and pressure. Now the solution with the highest molality will be the one with the highest boiling point.

0.10 M [tex]Na_{2} SO_{4}[/tex]: [tex]Na_{2} SO_{4}[/tex] has a molar mass of 142 g/mol, so 0.10 M means there are 14.2 g of [tex]Na_{2} SO_{4}[/tex] per liter of solution. If we assume the density of the solution is 1 g/mL, then the molality is 0.10 mol / 0.1 kg = 1.0 m.

0.20 M glucose: Glucose has a molar mass of 180 g/mol. That is 0.20 M means there are 36 g of glucose per liter of solution. If we assume the density of the solution is 1 g/mL, then the molality is 0.20 mol / 0.1 kg = 2.0 m.

0.10 M [tex]NaCl[/tex]: [tex]NaCl[/tex] has a molar mass of 58.5 g/mol. That is 0.10 M means there are 5.85 g of [tex]NaCl[/tex] per liter of solution. If we assume the density of the solution is 1 g/mL, then the molality is 0.10 mol / 0.1 kg = 1.0 m.

0.10 M [tex]SrSO_{4}[/tex]: [tex]SrSO_{4}[/tex] has a molar mass of 183.7 g/mol. That is 0.10 M means there are 18.37 g of [tex]SrSO_{4}[/tex] per liter of solution. If we assume the density of the solution is 1 g/mL, then the molality is 0.10 mol / 0.1 kg = 1.0 m.

0.25 M sucrose: Sucrose has a molar mass of 342 g/mol. That is 0.25 M means there are 85.5 g of sucrose per liter of solution. If we assume the density of the solution is 1 g/mL, then the molality is 0.25 mol / 0.1 kg = 2.5 m.

Therefore, the solution with the highest molality and hence the highest boiling point will be 0.25 M sucrose.

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Answer:

D - Many, but not all, species of life on Earth were wiped out by these extinctions.

Explanation:

The major extinctions noted on the timeline indicate that many species of life on Earth were wiped out during these events, but not all. The extinctions had a significant impact on the biodiversity of life on Earth and shaped the evolution of life as we know it today. The fossil evidence shows that some species survived the extinctions, while others disappeared completely. These events provide a window into the complex history of life on Earth and the impact of environmental and geological factors on the evolution of life.

Answer:

D...................................

Explanation:

The partial pressure of Cl2 is calculated by taking the chemical equation that is mentioned below. In an equilibrium mixture at 500 K, the partial pressure of PCl5 is 0.860 atm and that of PCl3 is 0.350 atm.

The partial pressure of Cl2 at equilibrium is. Q. 'a' mol of PCl5 undergoes thermal dissociation as-

PCl5⇌PCl3+Cl2;

the mole fraction PCl3 at equilibrium is 0.25 and the total pressure is 2 atm. The partial pressure can be calculated as follows: P(gas 1) = x(gas 1) * P(Total); where x(gas 1) = no of moles(gas 1)/ no of moles(total). As you can see the above formulae does not require the individual volumes of the gases or the total volume.

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Because of the process of photosynthesis, surface water normally has a low percentage of carbon dioxide (CO2) and a high concentration of oxygen (O2).

In order to create organic matter and release oxygen as a byproduct, plants, algae, and some bacteria engage in a process known as photosynthesis. In aquatic conditions, phytoplankton—a microscopic algae that floats close to the water's surface—performs the majority of the photosynthesis.

During photosynthesis, phytoplankton take in carbon dioxide from the water and utilise it to fuel a sequence of chemical reactions that result in the production of organic matter. The amount of carbon dioxide in the water therefore drops. At the same time, oxygen is released by phytoplankton as a byproduct, raising the oxygen content in the liquid. This explains why surface water often has a high oxygen content.

Other elements, such as gas exchange with the atmosphere, the breakdown of organic materials, and aquatic species' respiration, can also have an impact on the amount of carbon dioxide in surface water. The main mechanism, however, for the high concentration of oxygen and low concentration of carbon dioxide in surface water is photosynthesis.

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Determine the water phase transition that is not appropriately matched: Melting - energy absorbed (should be energy released).

Melting - energy absorbed is the wrong answer in the options that are connected to the phases of water. In order to overcome the intermolecular interactions and transform the solid state of the material into a liquid, energy must be absorbed by the substance during melting. In contrast, energy is released when water vapour transforms into liquid in condensation as opposed to deposition, when it transforms into ice first. When solid ice transforms into water vapour in the process of sublimation, energy is absorbed, and as liquid water transforms into water vapour in the process of evaporation, energy is released.

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Reduction corresponds to an increased charge, while oxidation corresponds to a decreased charge.

Reduction involves a decrease in oxidation number and an increase in charge. On the contrary, oxidation of a compound or an element in a reaction involves increase in oxidation number and a decrease in overall charge.

Reduction is a process in which hydrogen ions are added to the reactant, while oxidation experiences a loss of hydrogen ions. Another aspect of redox reactions involves addition of electrons in reduction, while loss of electrons in oxidation. Redox reactions are the chemical reactions in which there is a chemical change in the substrate or the reactants. Where reduction stores energy, oxidation releases it.

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the total enthalpy change for the dissociation of a mole of hydrogen gas at STP is 872 kJ/mol.

The dissociation of hydrogen gas (H2) into individual hydrogen atoms (2H) can be represented by the following chemical equation:

H2(g) → 2H(g)

The standard enthalpy change of this reaction is given by the bond dissociation energy of the H-H bond in H2, which is 436 kJ/mol. Since two H-H bonds are broken in the dissociation of one mole of H2, the total enthalpy change for the reaction is:

2 × 436 kJ/mol = 872 kJ/mol

Therefore, the total enthalpy change for the dissociation of a mole of hydrogen gas at STP is 872 kJ/mol.

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Answer:  produce and store energy.

Explanation:

Acid first forms a highly concentrated solution when water is added to it, and this solution may vigorously boil, spitting concentrated acid. Acid and water combine to form an incredibly dilute solution that cannot be vaporized and spattered because of the insufficient heat output.

An exothermic reaction occurs when water is introduced to a concentrated acid; the heat that is produced may cause the liquid to splash out and cause burns. In contrast, the mixture won't splash out when acid is gradually added to water while stirring continuously since less heat is produced. Concentrated acid is splashed out of the container when water is added to the solution, which causes the solution to violently boil. Here, hydration results in an exothermic process that releases a significant quantity of energy. As a result, concentrated acid is introduced to water instead of the other way around.

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Based on the information above, the following statement is true - Both mechanism 1 and 2 are consistent with the rate law.

The series of fundamental processes via which a chemical reaction takes place is known as a reaction mechanism. A multistep or complex reaction is one that involves two or more simple processes. A chemical species that is produced in one fundamental stage of a reaction and destroyed in the next is referred to as an intermediate. The rate-determining step is the one that moves the most slowly in a reaction system. The rate-determining phase establishes the rate law for the entire response by limiting the total rate.

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x is 1. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a binary ionic compound composed of sodium (Na) cations and chloride (Cl) anions.

The empirical formula for sodium chloride is NaCl, which means that each formula unit of sodium chloride contains one sodium cation (Na+) and one chloride anion (Cl-).

Since the compound was found to contain 29.0% of chlorine by mass, the molar mass of the compound can be determined as follows:

Mass of Cl = 29.0 g Cl / 100 g compound

Mass of Na = 71.0 g compound - 29.0 g Cl

Moles of Cl = Mass of Cl / Atomic mass of Cl

Moles of Na = Mass of Na / Atomic mass of Na

Since the ratio of sodium cations to chloride anions is 1:1, the number of moles of sodium cations is equal to the number of moles of chloride anions. The empirical formula for the compound is therefore NaCl, and the value of x is 1.

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No, it is not safe to assume that any coloration seen in an animal is cryptic. While many animals have evolved to have coloration that helps them blend into their environment and avoid predators or attract mates, there are also many animals that have bright and conspicuous coloration for other reasons, such as warning predators of their toxicity or advertising their fitness to potential mates. Therefore, it is important to consider the specific context and behavior of the animal before making assumptions about the purpose of its coloration.

Cryptic coloration refers to an animal's ability to blend in with its environment, making it difficult for predators or prey to spot them. This can help the animal avoid being detected, making it easier to hunt or avoid being hunted. Cryptic coloration can take many forms, including camouflage, mimicry, or disruptive coloration, and is a common adaptation seen in many species of animals, including insects, birds, reptiles, and mammals.

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The percent abundance of zinc is approximately 73.8%, a sample whose density is 7.796 g/ml and the density for pure copper is 8.96 g/cm3 and the density of pure zinc is 7.13 g/cm3.

The term density is defined as the measurement of how tightly a material is packed together.

It is also defined as the mass per unit volume.

Formula: ρ = m/V,

where ρ is the density, m is the mass of the object and V is the volume of the object.

Density of mixture = (density of copper)(percent abundance of copper) + (density of zinc)(percent abundance of zinc)

Now, Converting the densities to consistent units, we have:

density of mixture

= (8.96 g/cm³)(0.01)(100 - x) + (7.13 g/cm³)(0.01)(x)

By simplifying and converting to g/mL, we get:

density of mixture = 0.0896 g/mL (100 - x) + 0.0713 g/mL (x)

density of mixture = 0.0896 g/mL (100) - 0.0896 g/mL (x) + 0.0713 g/mL (x)

density of mixture = 8.96 g/mL - 0.0183 g/mL (x)

Then, we can use the given density of the mixture (7.13 g/mL) to solve for x:

7.13 g/mL = 8.96 g/mL - 0.0183 g/mL (x)

0.0183 g/mL (x) = 1.35 g/mL

x = 73.8

Thus, the percent abundance of zinc is approximately 73.8%.

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Nuclei differ in their stability, and some are so unstable that they undergo radioactive decay. the ratio of the number of neutrons to the number of protons in a nucleus (n/z) correlates with its stability. 1.41 is the n/z ratio for 147Sm.

The process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy through radiation is known as radioactive decay (also referred as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, and nuclear disintegration). A radioactive substance is one that contains unstable nuclei.

Nuclei differ in their stability, and some are so unstable that they undergo radioactive decay. the ratio of the number of neutrons to the number of protons in a nucleus (n/z) correlates with its stability.

n/z ratio = 88/62= 1.41

Therefore, 1.41 is the n/z ratio for 147Sm.

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Answer:

4:2 (2:1 simplified)

Explanation:

Check the coefficients!

The molality of a solution that contains 2.33 g carvone in 17.6 ml of ethanol , the density is 0.7893 g/ml is 1.12 molal.

Mass of  carvone = 2.33 grams

Volume of ethanol = 17.6 mL

Density of ethanol = 0.789 g/mL

Molar mass carvone = 150.22 g/mol

Moles carvone = mass carvone  / molar mass carvone

Moles carvone = 2.33 grams / 150.22 g/mol

Moles carvone  = 0.0155 mol

Mass ethanol = density × volume

Mass ethanol = 0.7893 g/mL  × 17.6 mL

Mass ethanol = 13.89 grams = 0.0138 kg

Molality = moles carvone / mass ethanol

Molality = 0.0155 / 0.0138

             = 1.12 molal

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The answer for the blanks are: sp3, sp, isomers, weaker, atomic, hybrid, pi, electronegativity, resonance structures, sigma (in the sequence of the blanks)

A tetrahedral carbon is sp3 hybridized while a linear carbon is sp hybridized. Two different compounds that have the same molecular formula are known as isomers. Pi (pi) bonds are generally weaker than sigma (sigma) bonds. Hybridization is the combination of two or more atomic orbitals to form the same number of hybrid orbitals, each having the same shape and energy. A pi bond is formed by side-by-side overlap of two p orbitals. The electronegativity is a measure of an atom's attraction for electrons in a bond and indicates how much a particular atom ''wants" electrons. Two Lewis structures that have the same atomic placement and a structure but a different arrangement of pi electrons are called resonance structures. All single bonds are sigma bonds.

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Therefore, the lab instructor can make 6000 mL (or 6.00 L) of a 0.25 M solution from 60.0 grams of sodium hydroxide.

what is sodium hydroxide ?

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a highly caustic and reactive compound that is also known as lye or caustic soda. It is an inorganic base that is typically produced through the electrolysis of a sodium chloride (salt) solution.

Sodium hydroxide is commonly used in many industrial processes

To find the volume (in mL) of a 0.25 M solution that can be made from 60.0 grams of sodium hydroxide, we can use the following formula:

moles of solute = Molarity x volume (in liters)

First, we need to calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide present in 60.0 grams:

moles of NaOH = mass / molar mass

moles of NaOH = 60.0 g / 40.00 g/mol (molar mass of NaOH)

moles of NaOH = 1.50 mol

Next, we can rearrange the formula to solve for the volume (in liters) of the solution:

volume = moles of solute / Molarity

volume = 1.50 mol / 0.25 M

volume = 6.00 L

Finally, we can convert the volume to milliliters:

volume (in mL) = 6.00 L x 1000 mL/L

volume (in mL) = 6000 mL

Therefore, the lab instructor can make 6000 mL (or 6.00 L) of a 0.25 M solution from 60.0 grams of sodium hydroxide.

To find percent by volume, we need to know the volume of solute and the volume of solution. Percent by volume is calculated as:

percent by volume = (volume of solute / volume of solution) x 100

To find Molarity, we can use the formula:

Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution (in liters)

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According to molar concentration, the  molarity of potassium chloride solution is 0.315 M.

Molar concentration is defined as a measure by which concentration of chemical substances present in a solution are determined. It is defined in particular reference to solute concentration in a solution . Most commonly used unit for molar concentration is moles/liter.

The molar concentration depends on change in volume of the solution which is mainly due to thermal expansion. Molar concentration is calculated by the formula, molar concentration=mass/ molar mass ×1/volume of solution in liters.

In case of 2 solutions, it is calculated as, M₁V₁=M₂V₂ which on substitution gives M₁=0.105×60/20=0.315 M.

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Answer: Chemistry (mainly)

Explanation:

if you mean studying atoms, then yes, chemistry.

From the balanced chemical equation:

1 mol  Mg reacts with 2 mol  Ag Therefore, the number of moles of Ag produced can be calculated as:

[tex]0. 80 mol Mg × (2 mol Ag / 1 mol Mg) = 0.960 mol Ag[/tex]

Therefore , if the reaction starts with 0.80 mol with Mg and continues to the end, 0.960 mol  Ag is formed.

In chemistry, moles are a unit of measurement that are used to describe how much a material is present. Avogadro's number, or roughly 6.022 x 1023 particles, is referred to as the quantity of entities in a substance that is equivalent to that amount. For expressing vast amounts of compounds and doing computations in chemical reactions, moles are a useful unit. Molecules can be employed in a chemical reaction to calculate the quantity of reactants and products and to balance the equation. Additionally, moles are employed in stoichiometry, the area of chemistry concerned with the numerical features of chemical reactions. The mole is a crucial notion in chemical calculations because it gives a mechanism to translate between a substance's mass and the number of particles it contains.

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If a reaction starts with 0.480 mol Mg how many moles of silver are produced

Mg + 2AgNO3 --> Mg(NO3) + 2Ag