When a person breathes in, the sphincter contracts and closes, preventing air from going into the esophagus and instead allowing it to go into the larynx and the trachea.
What is superior esophageal sphincter?
The term "upper esophageal sphincter" (UES) refers to the area of the esophagus that is located between the pharynx and the cervical esophagus and has a higher pressure than the rest of the esophagus. This sphincter's function in the body is to defend against the backflow of food into the airways while also preventing air from entering the digestive system. It does this by acting as a barrier.
Acid that has flowed back into the esophagus can be able to enter the throat if the upper esophageal sphincter is damaged.
Therefore, the the superior esophageal sphincter is closed during inhalation of air, so that air doesn't enter the esophagus and enters the larynx and trachea instead.
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The hydrosphere can reshape the geosphere by which of the following processes?
A. erosion and deposition
B. deflation
C. evaporation
The hydrosphere can reshape the geosphere by processes such as erosion and deposition and is denoted as option A.
What is Hydrosphere?This is referred to as the total amount of water present on the planet and consists of water bodies such as rivers, seas etc.
It ensures that water is recycled through precipitation in the form of rainfall after several processes such as evaporation and condensation of the water vapor which leads to erosion of the earth surface and there are also deposition of substances during movement which is how it reshapes the geosphere thereby making option A the most appropriate choice.
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The transpiration pull is due to the ________ that causes water to move up through the xylem that begins at the surface of mesophyll cells.
The transpiration pull is due to the negative pressure potential that causes water to move up through the xylem that begins at the surface of mesophyll cells.
A transpiration pull can be simply defined as a biological process that generates pulling force within the xylem tissue. This force aids in the movement of water upward into the xylem vessels. Water loss in the form of vapours is observed during this process. While root pressure "pushes" water through the xylem tissues, transpiration "pulls" the column of water ascending from the roots.
The negative pressure created by transpiration pull acts on the water particles, causing them to move upward in the xylem. This theory is based on the ascent of sap, which is the upward movement of water from the root to aerial parts of the plant body.
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Which part of the nerve cell is specially constructed to transmit a message from one cell to another nerve cell?.
The part of the nerve cell specially constructed to transmit a message from one cell to another nerve cell is axon.
What is a nerve cell?Nerve cells are electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses.
Nerve cells are specialized cells of the nervous system which conducts nerve impulses. Nerve cells, also known as neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system, which are made up of three components as follows:
DendritesAxonSomaThe cell body, also called the soma contains the cell’s nucleus, which controls the activities of the cell. The dendrites are extensions that branch off the cell body and receive chemical signals from other neurons, which they convert to electrical impulses and transmit to the cell body.
Axons are a long extension that carries information away from the cell body. It is where information leaves the nerve cell and is passed on to target cells.
Therefore, the axon is the part of the nerve cell that is specifically constructed to transmit message from one cell to another.
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which of the following is accurate regarding changes in gender typing during adolescence and adulthood:
Adulthood and adolescence. Within-individual variation in gender-typed behavior during the preschool years is highly associated to adolescent sexual, and is distinguishable from gender-related behaviors during each of them.
Are teenage years and adult years the same?The interval between childhood and adulthood is known as adolescence. It involves some significant adjustments to the body as well as how a young person interacts with the outside environment.
What three phases make up adolescence?Early adolescence, which typically lasts from ages eleven to fourteen, middle adolescence, which lasts from ages fifteen to seventeen, and late adolescence, which lasts from ages eighteen to twenty-one, can be roughly divided into three stages.
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What environmental or weather situation always requires exceptional physical conditioning?.
Answer:
the plants that only get water
Explanation:
because i love water and plants need water to grow
GIVING BRAINLIEST what is the relationship between peripheral resistance and blood pressure?
Peripheral resistance is the resistance required to create blood pressure.
Blood Pressure can be defined as the pressure of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries, and can rise and fall throughout the day. Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR in short) is the resistance occurring in the circulatory system that is caused by the constriction of blood vessels.
Any change in the peripheral resistance directly affects blood pressure. When the blood vessels dilate, the PVR decreases, and when the vessels constrict, the PVR decreases. Now, similarly, an increase in the PVR leads to higher pressure. A decrease in the PVR leads to low blood pressure.
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which investigation will help determine whether the new membrane protein is a channel protein involved in membrane transport?
One investigation that could help determine whether the new membrane protein is a channel protein involved in membrane transport is to use patch clamping to determine if the protein is ionic.
This technique can be used to measure the ionic current flowing through a protein in a cell membrane. If the protein is ionic, it is likely that it is a channel protein. If the protein is not ionic, it is less likely that it is a channel protein.
Other investigations that could be done include looking at the protein's structure using X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy to see if it has the characteristics of a channel protein, and performing mutagenesis experiments to see if the protein's function changes when mutations are introduced.
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what metabolic changes occur as a result of tissue ischemia during the compensatory stage of hypovolemic shock? select all that apply.
Anaerobic metabolism during the compensatory phase of hypovolemic shock, metabolic alterations result from tissue ischemia.
Is metabolic acidosis a side effect of hypovolemic shock?Trauma patients frequently enter the operating room (OR) in hypovolemic shock, which causes tissue hypoperfusion and develops into an acute metabolic acidosis with or without a respiratory component.
What takes place during the compensatory phase of hypovolemic shock?Vascular pressure drops and tissue hypoperfusion result from less blood flowing in the body. Immediate compensatory processes, such as peripheral vasoconstriction and fluid migration into the plasma, work to raise blood pressure and keep vital organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys supplied with blood.
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which of the following may happen if a newly placed amalgam contracts excessively? group of answer choices it can put pressure on the cusps. it will open gaps at the margins, contribute to leakage of fluids and bacteria, and cause sensitivity. it can cause pain with biting pressure. it can result in fracture of the cusps.
It will cause sensitivity, widen gaps at the margins, and aid in fluid and bacterial leakage. A newly placed amalgam's dimensions should ideally not alter.
If it contracts too much, it will create cracks at the edges that allow fluids and bacteria to flow out and cause sensitivity. The functional amalgam characteristics deteriorate as a result of corrosion processes, whereas discoloration results from tarnishing reactions. Localized corrosion cells in holes and crevices are the primary cause of the corrosion degradation of amalgam fillings. Only the non-high-copper lathe-cut alloy amalgam containing zinc experienced delayed excessive expansion and deterioration of the physical qualities due to moisture contamination; neither the new high-copper amalgam nor the non-high-copper spherical alloy amalgam did.
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What adaptations does the coyote brush possess that help it survive in the chaparral biome? (site 1)
The adaptations present in coyote brush that help it survive in the chaparral biome are: it takes shape according to the environment it grows in, its leaves are fire resistant and also has a large root system.
Coyote brush is a bushy plant also known by the name chaparral broom. It belong to the Asteraceae family and is the native of California. The scientific name of the plant is Baccharis pilularis.
Chaparral biome is a coastal region with very hot and dry summers and mild rainy winters. Since the rainfall is very minimal in these region, they are most prone to the summer fires. The biome can be found in California and northern Mexico. This is the reason the species living there have to make various adaptations.
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one possible reason why dreams seem highly emotional is that during rem sleep, the frontal lobes are and the amygdala and hippocampus are .
One possible reason why dreams seem highly emotional is that during rem sleep, the frontal lobes are Shut down and the amygdala and hippocampus are Active .
You can watch dreams in all the sleeping process but during rem sleep dreams are vivid are particularly emotional . People are mostly effected with lucid dreams during rem sleep.
Rem sleep are often associated with a drastic devaluation in noradrenergic tone in forebrain centers including the amygdala. The amygdala is known to be involved in processing of emotions especially negative emotions like fear and stress. So in rem sleep these are activated .
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2. The effect of earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents is called the
what evidence do scientists have that flight in birds evolved from the ground up? be thorough in your explanation.
A loose hypothesis birds evolved suggests that the ancestors of birds probably ran and jumped to catch prey, and evolved flight to improve on this and return safely to the ground.
Birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs in the Jurassic period (about 165-150 million years ago), and their classic small, light, feathered, and winged body shape was not a spurt of innovation, but rather Gradually assembled over tens of millions of years of evolution. Modern birds descended from a group of two-legged dinosaurs known as theropods, including the towering Tyrannosaurus Rex and the smaller Velociraptor. Some of the similarities between birds and humans are because they shared a common ancestor millions of years ago. This ancestor was a primitive reptilian creature that resembled neither humans nor birds, but shared features of both.
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What would be the most likely result if a mutation caused tlr5 to always be on, or to always act as if it were bound to flagellin, even in the absence of flagellin?.
If TLR5 remains on always or act as if it were bound to flagellin even in the absence of flagellin then this would lead to needless activation of the immune system.
TLRs and NLRs which are short for Todd-like receptors and Nod-like receptors respectively are the watchmen of the immune system and can be regarded as Immune system activators.
TLRs are present in the gut and play a pivotal role in recognizing pathogen associated invasion pattern thereby stimulating the body's immune system for action. The TLRs signal through involvement of particular adaptor molecules thereby leading to activation of transcription factors like Nuclear factor-Kappa B(NF-κB) and IRFs.
Human and other mammals' body consists of many pattern-recognizing receptors which include TLRs, NLRs, ALRs, RLRs etc. The foremost function of PRR is that they identify pathogen associated molecular patters. TLRs were the first ones to be identified and the most studied on pattern recognizing receptor.
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What causes convection in the mantle?.
Internal heating from the decay of radioactive isotopes of uranium, thorium, and potassium, as well as long-term secular cooling of the earth and heat from the core, are the primary sources of thermal energy for mantle convection.
The movement of the mantle as it transfers heat from the white-hot core to the brittle lithosphere is described as mantle convection. The mantle is heated from below and cooled from above, and its overall temperature drops over time. All of these factors play a role in mantle convection.
Mantle convection is the slow creeping motion of the Earth's solid silicate mantle as convection currents transport heat from the interior to the planet's surface. The lithosphere of the Earth's surface sits on top of the asthenosphere, and the two make up the upper mantle. Hot rocks advect heat upward, while cold rocks advect cold downward; this counterflow is equivalent to an upward heat flux.
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In one to two sentences, identify and describe the processes that must happen for sand to eventually become metamorphic rock
(I’m having some trouble with this answer here, if someone could help that would be great! :). )
Metamorphic rocks are formed from sedimentary rocks by the process of weathering and erosion followed by burying deep into the Earth's crust.
What are Metamorphic rocks?
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of already-existing rocks to new forms of rock through a process called metamorphism. The original rock is subjected to temperatures which are greater than 150 to 200°C and, are often, elevated to pressure up to 100 megapascals or more. This causes profound physical or chemical changes in the rocks.
Sedimentary rock may be broken down into sediment such as sand, silts by weathering and erosion. It may also form rocks. If it becomes buried deep enough within the earth crust and subjected to increase the temperature and pressure, it may change into metamorphic rock.
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Answer:
Explanation:
Extreme Pressure From burial, increasing Temperature at depth, and a lot of time, can alter any rock type to form a metamorphic rock.
hiv is the virus that causes aids. in the mid-1990s, researchers discovered an enzyme in hiv called protease and began looking for drugs that would fit into the active site and block it. if this strategy for stopping hiv infections were successful, it would be an example of what phenomenon?
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. If the drugs that would fit in the active site and block it, became successful for stopping HIV infections, it would be an example of competitive inhibition.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is a virus that takes over the mechanism of body' cells and therefore affects the immune system. The mode of transmission of this virus can be infected blood, semen or vaginal fluids.
Competitive inhibition is the mechanism where the inhibitor molecule is so similar to the substrate molecule that it fits in the active site of the enzyme and therefore inhibits the whole process carried out by the enzyme. Due to the similarity in structures, there occurs a competition between the substrate and inhibitor molecule and therefore the name competitive inhibition.
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2. Which is an animal-like protist?
A. diatom
B. protozoan
C. slime mold
D. green algae
Protozoan is an animal-like protist.
Hence, option B is correct.
What are diatom and protozoan?Algae called diatoms reside in glass-encased homes. They are the only organism on Earth with translucent, opaline silica as part of its cell walls. Silica forms beautiful and intricate patterns on the cell walls of diatoms. One-celled organisms known as protozoa are present in most ecosystems on earth. The spores are exceedingly resilient to unfavorable circumstances and have real cell walls. Although the majority of species are free-living, all higher animals are infected with one or more protozoan species. Depending on the species and strain of the parasite and the host's resistance, infections can range from asymptomatic to fatal.
What are slime mould and green algae?Slime moulds are chlorophyll-less saprophytes. They can spread and proliferate widely when favorable conditions allow them to form aggregates termed plasmodium. Under unfavorable circumstances, the plasmodium produces spores. Green algae are a subclass of Chlorophyta algae that can do photosynthesis. Most types of algae that we are familiar with include pond, lake algal blooms, etc. They are all around us and are in great abundance. The group of green algae contains between 9000 and 12000 different species.
Thus from above conclusion we can say that protozoan is an animal-like protist.
Hence, option B is correct.
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Why will the microbiota in the vagina of a woman of reproductive age differ from that of the same woman before puberty and after menopause?.
Significant amounts of glycogen are present in the vagina during the reproductive years, and Lactobacillus acidophilus ferments this glycogen to form lactic acid, which creates an acidic environment. Prior to and following menopause, glycogen is missing.
Describe Leukocidins.The bi-component -barrel pore-forming toxins, commonly referred to as leukocidins, are a significant group of S. aureus virulence factors. By engaging with certain receptors expressed on the cell membrane, these pore-forming toxins target particular cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems.
What creates the oil that skin microorganisms prefer to live in?Sebaceous glands produce the lipid-rich substance sebum by creating the pilosebaceous unit with the hair follicle.
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during oxidative phosphorylation, why does a single molecule of nadh result in the production of more atp molecules than a single molecule of fadh2?
During oxidative phosphorylation, a single molecule of nadh result in the production of more atp molecules than a single molecule of fadh2 because NADH AND FADH2 feed their electrons to different electron carriers in the electron-transport chain.
The steps of oxidative phosphorylation are delivery of Electrons through NADH and FADH2. Reduced NADH and FADH2 switch their electrons to molecules close to the start of the shipping chain, electron Transport and Proton Pumping, splitting of Oxygen to shape Water and ATP Synthesis.
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people with schizotypal personality disorder tend to show dysregulation of blank in the brain.
People with schizotypal personality disorder tend to show dysregulation of dopamine in the brain.
People with schizotypal personality disorder typically have few, if any, close relationships and are frequently referred to as odd or eccentric. Most of the time, they don't know how relationships form or how their actions affect other people. They might also misunderstand the motives and actions of other people, leading to a significant lack of trust in them.
Functional abnormalities in the brain are caused by changes in the dopamine system, which may eventually lead to psychosis and abnormal salience attribution.
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Compare Theories and Hypotheses
Answer:
Theory: a theory is an explanation for observations of the world, that is possibly true but not proven to be true. A theory is an explanation of a fact.
Hypothesis: a hypothesis is a theory or explanation at the start of a research that the research is designed to test. The hypothesis is based on facts, or the assumptions of the researcher, but it must be tested.
Help please Match the correct term with the corresponding definition or description
The picture below provides the solution. Enlarge the text to read it.
I need help if that would be right or no if so not what could be the answer?
Answer:
Nitrogen Fixation
Explanation:
The step of the nitrogen cycle that does not rely on/utilize bacteria is Nitrogen Fixation, or when nitrates are changed to ammonia
the id50 of francisella tularensis is 1, while the id50 of mycobacterium tuberculosis is 10. which bacterium is more infectious?
Id50 of francisella tularensis is more infectious than Id50 of mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What is the bacterial ID50?ID50 gauges the bare minimum population of infectious agents necessary to start an infection with a 50% chance. All 48 bacterial pathotypes for which we could find experimental values in the literature had average ID50 values that were log-transformed.
The line that connects the fictitious fractions of the bracketing dosages is interpolated to estimate the ID50 [40]. For an accurate estimation of the dose-response, both techniques depend on doses being distributed logarithmically equally spaced, with equal numbers of subjects (for example, pigs) in each group.
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provide an example of a postzygotic mating barrier, and explain how it works to reinforce reproductive isolation in an area of secondary contact.
An example of a postzygotic mating barrier, low hybrid viability .
Hybrid offspring are born but have lower fitness and are therefore less likely to reach sexual maturity. Another example is where hybrid offspring is healthy but unable to breed.
Postzygotic mating barriers reduce the reproductive capacity of hybrid offspring. The three types of postzygotic barriers are hybrid zygote abnormality, hybrid infertility, and low hybrid viability . Many research theory suggests that incompatibility alleles those who have evolved neutrally are not able to be maintained in secondary contact.
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if the two parents are each heterozygous for widow's peak and having freckles, what is the chance that any of their children will have the same phenotype?
The likelihood that any of their offspring will share their phenotype is 9/16 if both parents are heterozygous for widow's peak and have freckles.
A widow's peak is a gene or phenotype?
The widow's peak (the dominant phenotype) will be produced by the genotypes WW and Ww, but the ww genotype will not (the recessive phenotype). Knowing the genotypes of the parents allows us to anticipate the potential genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring (first generation).
There is a 9/16 chance that any of their offspring will have their phenotype.
Therefore, Even when just one allele is present, the dominant characteristic of widow's peak manifests.
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A grassland ecosystem experiences a long-lasting drought and unusually warm temperatures over several summer months.
Which statement explains the ,begin emphasis,most,end emphasis, likely effects of these changes on the grassland ecosystem during the drought?
Answer options with 4 options
A.
Increased temperatures will result in an increased variety of producer species.
B.
Increased temperatures will result in increased rates of photosynthesis in producers.
C.
Decreased rainfall will result in decreased competition among consumer species for food.
D.
Decreased rainfall will result in decreased diversity of consumer species due to less available food.
Decreased rainfall will result in decreased competition among consumer species for food.
The correct option is C.
What is a ecosystem ?An ecosystem is a region in which a bubble of life is created by plants, mammals, and other organisms interacting with the weather, environment, and other factors. Abiotic elements, or non - living things components, coexist with biotic components in habitats. Ecosystem functioning is the ability of natural phenomena and elements to either directly or indirectly meet human demands for commodities and services.
What is importance of ecosystem?Human welfare and survival rely on healthy terrestrial ecosystems because they give us access to critical goods and benefits. More than 90% of our food originates from ecosystem types, which also offer us energy, resources for building and clothing, health-related products, fresh water, and pure air.
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during translation, after the ribosome breaks the bond between the growing polypeptide chain and the trna in the p site and then forms a covalent (peptide) bond between the growing polypeptide chain and the amino acid attached to the trna in the a site,
The ribosome shifts one codon in the mRNA so that the codon that specifies the next amino acid is aligned with the A site.
What is a peptide bond?A peptide bond is an amide type of covalent chemical connection that connects two adjacent alpha-amino acids along a peptide or protein chain, starting at C1 (carbon number one) of one and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another. The side chains that protrude from the polypeptide chain create a stable two-dimensional structure. The side chains can now interact with other molecules thanks to this. Thus, amino acid connected to the tRNA in the A site and the expanding polypeptide attached to the tRNA in the P site combine to form a peptide bond.
The amino acid connected to the tRNA in the A site and the expanding polypeptide attached to the tRNA in the P site combine to form a peptide bond, true. Peptide Link: The covalent bond that develops between two distinct amino acids is known as a peptide bond. During protein translation, the ribosome catalyzes the creation of this link.
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All plant life cycles consist of an alternation of generations. What is the haploid stage of a plant life cycle called?.
The haploid stage of a plant life cycle is known as the gametophyte.
The haploid gametophyte produces gametes during the life cycle of all plants which exhibit an alternation of generations. The haploid plant body makes gametes through the process of mitosis. After fertilization, the zygote divides mitotically to create a diploid sporophyte. Haploid spores are produced by the sporophyte through the process of meiosis.
Therefore, an alternation of generations can be observed between the gamete-producing gametophyte which is haploid as well as the spore-producing diploid sporophyte. Different plants as well as organisms may exhibit distinct patterns of life cycles-haplontic, diplontic or intermediate.
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