the theory of evolution states that all living things had a single common ancestor The second claim does, in fact, back up evolutionism.
The second assertion supports the notion of evolution by informing us that all living things translate their mRNA into amino acids similarly. We can infer that the second statement supports the theory of evolution if they do not have the same sort of translation, which would indicate that all living creatures did not originate from a single common ancestor.
According to the theory of evolution, all life has a common ancestor. Knowing about the lines of descent, or actual specimens exhibiting a gradual change from one form to another, would be the direct proof of evolution. Such proof is provided by fossils. The existence of fossils demonstrates that birds descended from reptiles.
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what do you think happens to the rate of insulin secretion when blood glucose levels fall? what kind of feedback pathway is taking place?
when blood glucose levels fall the rate of insulin secretion decreases. This is negative feedback.
When blood sugar enters cells, blood sugar levels fall, which tells insulin to do the same. In order to ensure that energy is constantly available, even if you haven't eaten in a while, lower insulin levels signal the liver to release stored blood sugar.
When blood sugar levels fall too low, the amount of insulin reduces and other pancreatic cells release glucagon, which prompts the liver to release glucose back into circulation after converting stored glycogen. As a result, blood sugar levels return to normal.
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what are the chemical components of a dna nucleotide?
DNA is composed of four nucleotide chemical components: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) .The nucleotides bind together (A with T and G with C) to form chemical connections known as base pairs, which join the two DNA strands.
DNA is Deoxyribonucleic Acid composed of monomer units called Nucleotides. Nucleotide is made up of the Nucleoside+Phosphate group. Nucleoside is composed of sugar and phosphate groups. The pentose sugar deoxyribose is present in DNA and the nitrogen base is substituted at the first carbon atom and phosphate at the fifth carbon atom.
Nitrogenous bases in DNA are Adenine, Guanine, Thymine and Cytosine. DNA is a double stranded helix formed by complementary base pairing where Adenine always pairs with Thymine and Guanine with cytosine. Two hydrogen bonds in A and T and 3 hydrogen bonds between G and C.The Backbone of DNA is made of sugar and phosphate units and due to presence of phosphate it has net Negative charge.
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(SCIENCE) You arrive in science class 45 seconds after leaving math class which is 45 meters away. How fast did you walk?
Explanation:
You walked 1m/s because you walked 1m every second
In order to meet the conditions for independence and large counts for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test, which of the following represents all possible sizes of the monthly samples
To meet the conditions of independence and large numbers for the chi-square good-of-fit test, then the representative of all possible monthly sample sizes is n ≤ 60.
The chi-square fit test is appropriate when the following conditions are met: The sampling method is simple random sampling. The variables studied are categorical. The expected value of the number of observation samples at each variable level is at least 5.
In question:
Since the expected frequency for each category should be at least 5.
therefore n*0.11 ≥ 5
n ≥ 46
also, n/N ≤ 45/5 = 0.10
The boating group has 600 members:
n ≤0.1*600
n ≤ 60
So, the possible monthly sample size is n ≤ 60.
Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was:
A private lake sells boating memberships and currently has 600 members. During the application process, the potential members are asked which recreational activity they do the most. Their choices are fishing, skiing, boarding, swimming, or tubing. The lake manager chooses clients according to their interests to maximize the use of all areas of the lake. Every month, the lake rangers randomly sample the boats on the lake and categorize them according to the activity they are doing. The lake manager performs a chi-square goodness-of-fit test using the following null hypothesis to see whether their samples differ significantly from what the original applications claim.
H₀: p-[tex]_{fishing}[/tex]=0.26, p-[tex]_{skiing}[/tex] =0.21, p-[tex]_{boarding}[/tex]=0.30, p-[tex]_{swimming}[/tex]=0.12, p-[tex]_{tubeing}[/tex]=0.11
In order to meet the conditions for independence and large counts for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test, which of the following represents all possible sizes of the monthly samples?
A. n ≥ 30B. 30 ≤ n ≤ 50C. 46 ≤ n ≤ 60D. n ≥ 46E. n ≤ 60The correct answer is C.
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Which of the following pollutants are responsible for the cause of SMOG?
(a) From incinerators
(b) Emissions from vehicles
(c) Both incinerators and emissions from vehicles
(d) None of the above
Both incinerators and emissions from vehicles are responsible for the cause of SMOG. Other sources such as burning of fossil fuels, industrial processes, and natural sources can also contribute to the formation of SMOG.So the correct option is c.
SMOG is an abbreviation for ‘smoke and fog’, and refers to a type of air pollution caused by chemical reactions that occur when certain pollutants are released into the atmosphere. The main contributors to SMOG are emissions from vehicles and incinerators.
Vehicles are a major source of SMOG pollution because they release harmful gases and chemicals into the air. The most common pollutants emitted from vehicles are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. These pollutants are released into the atmosphere and react with sunlight, moisture, and other chemicals in the air to form smog.
Incinerators are also a significant source of SMOG. They are used to burn and dispose of waste, but in the process, they release pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter into the air. These pollutants react with sunlight, moisture, and other chemicals in the air to create smog.
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if you have a pet that isnt getting nourishment from the food it eats, which organ might have a problem?
They become more vulnerable to infections, skin problems, and hair loss without a healthy diet.
What transpires when animals don't consume enough food?They become more vulnerable to infections, skin problems, and hair loss without a healthy diet. insufficient energy Lack of energy is another obvious indicator of malnutrition, particularly when it comes to carbs.Any condition that makes a dog feel unwell, including renal illness, pancreatitis, intestinal parasites, liver disease, cancer, infection, intestinal blockage, etc., can make a dog refuse food and drink. Dogs cannot go without water for more than a few days, much like people, thus this should be taken seriously.The most typical nutritional shortfall that affects grazing animals' performance is an energy shortage. Feed may not be sufficient because of overgrazing, dryness, low quality, difficulty in digesting, or cost.To learn more about healthy diet refer to:
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in evolutionary terms, an organism's darwinian fitness is measured by its __________.
In evolutionary terms, an organism's Darwinian fitness is measured by its ability to reproduce and generate viable offspring.
What is Darwinian fitness?Reproductive success is more important to Darwinian fitness. How well an organism has been able to pass on its genes is determined by Darwinian fitness. As a result, it might be a relative indicator of how well an organism reproduces in terms of passing on its genes to the following generation. It refers to a population's or an individual's relative capacity for surviving, procreating, and spreading genes within a given environment. Therefore, when anything is said to be biologically fit, it refers to how well-suited and adapted it is to its environment based on its population size and relative reproductive success.
Offspring:The young creation of living things is termed as an offspring, that can be created by a single organism or, in the event of sexual reproduction, by two organisms. A group of offspring is fewtimes termed as a brood or progeny in a more generic sense.
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What is the result of mitosis? question 14 options: two genetically identical daughter cells two genetically unique daughter cells four genetically identical daughter cells four genetically unique daughter cells
Mitosis results in the formation of two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parental cell.
A diploid cell begins with 2N chromosomes and 2X DNA. The cell is still genetically diploid (2N chromosome number) after DNA replication, but it has 4X DNA content because each chromosome has replicated its DNA. Each chromosome is now made up of a pair of identical sister chromatids that have been joined together. Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the dividing cell during mitosis. Mitosis results in the formation of two identical cells, each with 2N chromosomes and 2X DNA content. Except for germline cells, which undergo meiosis (see below) to produce gametes, all eukaryotic cells replicate via mitosis (eggs and sperm).
Prophase - chromosomes condense; each chromosome is made up of two identical sisters.
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Good morning^^ 30 pts! Can someone please help me with my question? thank youuu
Think of ways in which scientists are presently challenging our ideas about the Universe?
Answer: How fast the universe is growing
Explanation: Scientists believe that our universe is constantly growing, but no scientists nor astronomers agree how fast
There are several ways in which scientists are currently challenging our ideas about the Universe:
Dark Matter and Dark Energy: Scientists have observed that the Universe contains much more matter than what can be accounted for by the visible matter we can see. This has led to the concept of dark matter and dark energy, which make up most of the Universe but remain mysterious and unobserved. Scientists are actively searching for evidence of these mysterious components of the Universe.Inflation Theory: The Inflation theory proposes that the universe underwent a rapid expansion in the first fraction of a second after the Big Bang. It explains the uniformity of the universe and is supported by recent observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation.The Multiverse Hypothesis: The multiverse hypothesis suggests that there may be multiple universes beyond our own, each with its own set of physical laws and characteristics. Some scientists have proposed that the multiverse may explain the existence of dark matter and dark energy, the values of physical constants, and the nature of the Big Bang.Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity: The laws of quantum mechanics and general relativity are the foundation of our current understanding of the nature of space-time and the behavior of matter. However, they are incompatible and scientists are trying to find a way to unify them in a theory of quantum gravity.The nature of black holes: Scientists have recently made observations of the event horizon of black holes and they were different from what they expected, leading to new questions about the nature of black holes.
These are just a few examples of how scientists are currently challenging our ideas about the Universe. Scientific research is a continuous process and new discoveries are being made all the time, leading to new questions and new challenges to our current understanding of the Universe.
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which sequence of events correctly represents the circulation of mature t cells and b cells through the lymphatic and circulatory systems
B cell and T cells go back and forth between the blood and lymph constantly. They do not cease moving, proliferate, or develop into effector cells or memory cells until they come into contact with their particular foreign antigen in a peripheral lymphoid organ.
The thymus and bone marrow are the two main immune system components. All of the body's blood cells, including T cell and B lymphocytes, originate in the bone marrow, making it a vital component of the immune system. T cells move to the thymus, while B lymphocytes continue to develop in the bone marrow.
The specialised milieu of the bone marrow is where B cells are produced and developed, whereas the thymus offers a specialised and architecturally ordered microenvironment for the development of T lymphocytes.
The cortex and paracortex of the lymph node are made up of T and B lymphocytes, the medulla is made up of plasma cells and macrophages, and the sinuses that allow lymph to move through it make up the lymph node. Unactivated lymphocytes pass through high endothelial venules in the cortex to lymph nodes from the circulation.
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you discover a transmembrane protein alpha that, like most transmembrane proteins, exhibits a transmembrane domain composed of alpha helices. upi discovered that alpha serves as a channel, what is a likely amino acid sequence
Amino acid sequence provides essential biochemical information. For example, sequence of amino acids in a given protein can offer insights into 3-D structure of the protein, its function and evolution.
What is amino acids sequence?Amino acids sequence is the arrangement of amino acids in a protein. Proteins can be made from 20 different kinds of amino acids, and structure and function of each protein are determined by the kinds of amino acids used to make it and arrangement.
Order that acids get linked together to from protein is determined by order of DNA bases in the gene that encodes formation of protein.
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Which of the following' is NOT a characteristic of good test data?A. should be comprehensiveB. users do not participate at this preliminary stageC. every statement should be executedD. expected output from the module's execution should be determined manuallyE. None of the above
Users do not participate at this preliminary stage this is NOT a characteristic of good test data.
What is meant by preliminary?
Prelim (short for preliminary examination) is typically used to refer to a test that determines if a student is eligible to continue their education at a higher level and/or to assess their understanding of their course material and readiness for a forthcoming exam.It can also serve as a benchmark for one's level of expertise in the field.At some institutions, preliminary exams may come before the qualifying exam, however some universities combine both ideas into a single exam.The preparatory exams needed before a graduate student is allowed to start working on a doctoral dissertation are known as "Prelims" in many American educational institutions.To learn more about preliminary refer to
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How does producing an overabundance of offspring help sea turtles overcome the many dangers that their offspring encounter and ensure that their species population numbers stay relatively steady?
Answer: Sea turtles produce many offspring so that if some die, there will still be some that live and carry on the species.
Explanation:
Sea turtles can be killed by birds, poachers, people (Most likely on accident), or just any other unforeseen circumstances when trekking from their eggs to the sea when they hatch. Sea turtles produce many offspring so if a few do die, there will still be (hopefully) a sufficient amount to carry on the species.
Hope this helped!
By producing an overabundance of offspring, the sea turtles increase their chances of survival.
What are sea turtles?Large, air-breathing reptiles that live worldwide in tropical and subtropical oceans are known as sea turtles. They lay numerous eggs in each nesting season. This strategy of producing many offspring is known as “bet-hedging.”
They produce an overabundance of offspring to help ensure that some will survive despite the dangers face by them. This strategy also helps to maintain the population numbers of sea turtles over time, as the survival of some offspring will help to replace those lost to predation or other factors.
Additionally, by laying their eggs on multiple beaches in different regions, sea turtles increase their chances of survival by diversifying their genetic makeup and reducing the risk of a single catastrophic event wiping out the entire population.
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The approximate time required for the moon to move from position 3 to position 7 is -
1 hour
1 hour
2 weeks
2 weeks
3 months
3 months
4 days
The correct answer is option B.
The approximate time required for the moon to move from position 3 to position 7 is 2 weeks.
Moon is the natural satellite of the earth and it takes one month to complete one revolution on its orbit around the earth.
Approximately moon takes 27.3days to complete one revolution however when it changes from new moon to new moon then it takes 29 days.
Simply put, in the given picture we can see that moon is moving from position 3 to 7 which means it completes half circle around the earth. As it takes 4 weeks or full month to complete one circle around earth therefore, it will take 2 weeks to complete half orbit.
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Conifer leaves are generally thin and needle-like, while seeds are contained in cones.a. Trueb. False
True, conifer leaves are generally thin and needle-like, and seeds are contained in cones.
Knowing which conifer species belongs to which family can be challenging because there are hundreds of different conifer species.
Conifers are trees that are evergreen and have scales or needles for leaves. There are numerous conifer species spread across various families. In temperate areas, conifer trees can be found everywhere.
All conifers, with the notable exception of the severely deadly Yew family, are more or less edible and useful. Some other species may be questionably poisonous or otherwise not suitable for consumption, but not to the same extent as yew.
There are a variety of trees found in coniferous plants, including pine, maple, elm, fir, juniper, cedar, spruce, and many more. Despite having no vascular tissues, these plants produce cones that contain seeds.
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Which of the following statements best describes the electrical events recorded by an electrocardiogram (ECG)? the sum of the electrical activity of the contractile cells only the sum of the electrical activity of all cells in the heart the sum of the electrical activity of all the cells of the body the sum of the electrical activity of the autorhythmic cells only
The best description about electrical events recorded by an electrocardiogram (ECG) is: the sum of the electrical activity of all cells in the heart.
ECG is the medical test that records the activities and functioning of the heart by meaning of electrical signals. The electrocardiogram generates a graphical representation of the heart beats. The irregular contractions of the heart can be detected by means of electrocardiogram.
Heart is the most important organ of the circulatory system that circulates blood to all the organs and cells of the body. The heart is a small-fist sized organ present between the two lungs and shifter slightly towards the heart.
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Hypothesize how some people have red hair through viable errors. Explain your answer in 1-2 sentences.
Some people have red hair through the viable errors. These variable errors are called as mutations.
What are Mutations?A mutation is an alteration in the genetic material of the cell such as the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or the extra-chromosomal DNA which is present in the mitochondria and chloroplast of the cell. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA as the genetic material.
A viable error in the genetic material is a mutation which remains for the rest of life, so we can say that some people have red hair which is a rare trait due to viable errors or the mutations in the genetic code. Red hair is a recessive gene in the DNA, which means red hair only occurs when a person has two copies of the same gene.
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the nitrate reduction test is used to determine the ability of an organism to reduce nitrate. the enterobacteriaceae group can reduce nitrate. based on this test, what is the end product for which nitrate is reduced?
The end products produced by bacterial reduction of nitrate include nitrite, ammonia, nitrogen gas, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and hydroxylamine.
An organism's capacity to reduce nitrate is assessed using the image result of the nitrate reduction test. Nitrate can be reduced by the enterobacteriaceae family.It is used to test whether an organism is capable of using the enzyme nitratase to convert nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-) or other nitrogenous chemicals (also called nitrate reductase). The identification of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species depends on this test.
The end products produced by bacterial reduction of nitrate include nitrite, ammonia, nitrogen gas, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and hydroxylamine. The type of bacteria present and the surrounding factors influence the final outcome that is seen.A large number of enteric bacteria can also catalyze the conversion of nitrate to N2 gas (denitrification) when anaerobic conditions are present, or they can convert nitrate to ammonia via two-step assimilatory or dissimilatory pathways.
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Which of the following describes a lipid?
A. hydrophobic
C. hydrophilic
B. soluble
D. very small molecules
Answer:
A. hydrophobic
Explanation:
A wide range of naturally occurring compounds known as lipids are hydrophobic (insoluble in water) yet soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of fats, oils, waxes, and similar substances, and they have a range of functions in living things, such as hormone production, energy storage, and cell membrane construction.
Because lipids are nonpolar, they do not interact well with polar molecules like water, which is why they are hydrophobic.
They are not water-soluble and are not hydrophilic, which means they mix poorly with water, but they are soluble in non-polar solvents.
Lipids are not very tiny molecules; they are huge molecules.
What two landforms can be found at fault lines?
Answer:
Mountains & valleys.
Explanation:
The movement of tectonic plates can cause one side of the fault line to be pushed up, forming mountains, while the other side can be pulled down, forming valleys.
which trait distinguishes between the kingdoms of bacteria and archaea?whether or not the organisms thrive in extreme conditionswhether or not the organisms thrive have a nucleuswhether or not the organisms are unicellular or multicellularwhether or not the organisms have a cell wall
The trait that distinguishes between the kingdoms of bacteria and archaea is whether or not the organisms have a cell wall.
Bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, while archaea lack this component in their cell wall. Instead, they have a different type of cell membrane, such as ether-linked phospholipids. This structural difference in the cell wall is the main criterion that is used to differentiate between bacteria and archaea, although there are other differences, such as genetic and metabolic differences. Additionally, bacteria and archaea can thrive in different types of environments, for example, bacteria can thrive in a wide range of environments including extreme conditions, while archaea can thrive in extreme conditions such as high salinity, high temperature, and high pressure.
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If Patricia and Les have another child, what is the probability that they will have a daughter that is affected with galactosemia? Express your answer as a fraction
Answer:
Galactosemia is an inherited genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of the sugar galactose
Explanation:
A lack of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase is what causes the condition (GALT). The long arm of chromosome 9 contains the gene that causes this condition, and it is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.
In order for a child to be affected with galactosemia, the child must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent. If Patricia and Les are both carriers of the mutated gene, each of their children will have a 25% chance of inheriting two copies of the gene and being affected with galactosemia. If Patricia and Les have another child, the probability that they will have a daughter that is affected with galactosemia is 1/4 or 0.25
It's vital to understand that this likelihood depends on Patricia and Les both having the mutant gene; if one of them didn't, the likelihood would vary. For them to learn more about their risk and the potential for their kid to be affected, genetic counseling before and after conception may be a useful alternative.
I will give brainly to whoever answers this correctly! Very urgent!!!!
Biodiversity- B
Organism-G
Cell- I
Adaption-B
Answer:
B
G
I
B
Explanation:
I took this the other week
what mechanisms have evolved in animals with (a) external fertilization and (b) internal fertilization that help offspring survive to adulthood?
Fertilization is the process through which animals and other living things reproduce and create zygotes. Based upon how the male and female gamete merge, they can be divided into internal and exterior fertilisation.
As a means of survival, animals that display external fertilisation frequently produce a lot of eggs. A lot of eggs can aid in boosting the reproduction rate because they can be damaged during external fertilisation.Fertilization is the process through which animals and other living things reproduce and create zygotes. Based upon how the male and female gamete merge, they can be divided into internal and exterior fertilisation.In internal fertilisation, the eggs are either grown in a secure reproductive canal or are protected when laid by a shell, a defence mechanism exhibited by animals like mammal, reptiles, and birds.
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there are some sections of dna that are not shaded with any colors. these represent non-protein-coding sections of dna. if these sections of dna do not code for a protein, what do you think these segments of dna are used for? are these sections of dna even necessary? explain.
Non-coding The regions of an organism's genetic code which do not correspond for amino acid residues, which are the components of proteins, correspond to DNA.
The directions for constructing proteins, which are other big molecules. These instructions are dispersed throughout 46 lengthy structures called chromosomes that are found inside each of your cells.
Describe DNA ?The genetic material in ourselves but almost all other species is called deoxyribonucleic acid. In almost all of a person's cells, this is true.
How do chromosomes work?A component that can be found in a cell's nucleus. Proteins and DNA are arranged into genes on a chromosome. There are typically 23 copies of chromosomes in every cell.
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in reality, this high carrying capacity cannot be sustained for longer than a few weeks. when the bamboo fruits and rice run out, the carrying capacity reverts to the level observed before the bamboo began to fruit (i.e., about 100 rats). what would you predict for population growth of rats when the bamboo fruit and rice runs out?
In reality, this high carrying capacity cannot be sustained for longer than a few weeks. when the bamboo fruits and rice run out, the carrying capacity reverts to the level observed before the bamboo began to fruit. When the bamboo fruit and rice runs out then there will be food scarcity which may lead to death of rats.
In contrast to Dicots and Conifers, which have a cylindrical cambium layer between the bark (phloem) and the wood (xylum), bamboo's vascular bundles are dispersed throughout the walls of the culm. This is similar to other grasses in that bamboo typically has hollow internodal regions of the stem. Additionally missing is the dicotyledonous woody xylem. Monocots like palms and enormous bamboos have columnar stems rather than tapering ones because they lack secondary growth wood.
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cells produced from mitosis because they have two complete sets of chromosomes called___
Cells produced from mitosis because they have two complete sets of chromosomes called Mitosis
Mitosis is an essential part of the life cycle of all organisms, from single-celled organisms to multicellular organisms. In single-celled organisms, mitosis is used for reproduction and growth. In multicellular organisms, mitosis is used to replace damaged cells, replace worn-out cells, and generate new cells during development. In addition, mitosis plays a key role in the development of tissues, organs, and other structures.
Diploid cells are the result of mitosis and are essential for the proper functioning of the body. They are used to replace worn-out or damaged cells, as well as generate new cells during development. When a cell divides, the two daughter cells produced have the same genetic information as the original cell, which is essential for proper functioning of the body.
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expert that helps you learn core concepts.See AnswerBelow are 6 histology slides of endocrine glands.Place the appropriate hormones in the glands they are secreted from.
Exocrine glands discharge substances onto the surfaces of your body through holes. The exocrine glands produce milk, saliva, tears, sweat, and digestive fluids.
Describe hormones.The chemical messengers that communicate with the body's tissues and blood are hormones. Hormones have a long-lasting, gradual effect on a variety of bodily functions, including mood, sexual function, reproduction, or metabolism, which is how your body converts food into energy.
What bodily tissues produce hormones?The majority of the hormones produced and released by your body's endocrine system come from specialized glands. An organ known as a gland produces one or more compounds, including hormones, digestive fluids, sweat, and tears. Your bloodstream receives hormones straight from endocrine glands. Feb
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could both the food competition hypothesis and the sexual competition hypothesis explain why giraffes have long necks? why or why not?
Yes, the food competition hypothesis and the sexual competition hypothesis can explain the reason for giraffes having long necks. Long necks could be advantageous for more than one reason.
Males battle for female mate opportunities by hitting one another with their skulls. Giraffes with longer necks strike their opponents harder than males with shorter necks.
The mainstream hypothesis, which is an elaboration of Darwin's reasoning from 1872, is that food rivalry promoted the development of extended longer necks.
Hypotheses can be evaluated by observation, measurement, and experimentation.
According to one theory, giraffes evolved long necks to allow them to forage upward in tree canopies (Wilkinson & Ruxton, 2012). Another theory proposes a 'necks-for-sex' origin, based on sexual selection in battling male giraffes (Simmons & Altwegg, 2010)
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a fruit fly with short artistae (aa) and dumpy wings (dd) us crossed with a fruit fly that is cis-heterozygous for both traits. with crossing over, what percentage of the offspring are expected to have the wild type phenotype?
50% will be Long winged, Long Aristae / 50% will be dumpy winged, long aristae in Fruit fly.
Due to the fact that they only have four pairs of chromosomes (2n = 8), fruit flies are simple to research. The largest larva, the third instar larva, contains enormous "polytene" chromosomes that are simple to stain and study. There are four homologous pairs of chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster, including two pairs of big autosomes, one of which is somewhat smaller than the other pair, one pair of extremely small autosomes, and a pair of sex chromosomes. They have 2 sets of autosomes and 1 or 2X chromosomes. The fly is male if a diploid cell (1X:2A) contains just one X chromosome. A diploid cell with two X chromosomes (2X:2A) indicates that the fly is female.
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