the work function for lead is 4.14 ev. ultraviolet light of wavelength 153 nm is incident on the clean surface of a lead sample. we wish to predict the stopping voltage we will need for electrons ejected from the surface. (a) what is the photon energy of the ultraviolet light?

Answers

Answer 1

speed of the electron is v= 1.371 x 10⁶ m/s.

briefly:-

wavelength of the ultraviolet light beam ARE , λ = 130 nm = 130 x 10⁻⁹ m

the work function of molybdenum surface IS, W₀ = 4.2 eV = 6.728 x 10⁻¹⁹ J

energy of the incident light is :-

E = hf

where;

Planck's constant h= 6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ J/s

f = c / λ

E = hν = hc/λ

E =15.29810-19 J

Photo electric effect equation is;-

E = W₀ + K.E

Where;

K.E =the kinetic energy of the emitted  are electron K.E = E - W₀

K.E = 15.291 x 10⁻¹⁹ J *- 6.728 x 10⁻¹⁹ J

K.E = 8.563 x 10⁻¹⁹ J

Kinetic energy of  emitted electron is ;

K.E = ¹/₂mv²

where;

m =mass of the electron = 9.11 x 10⁻³¹ kg

v is the speed of the electron

K.E. = 1/2 m v2.

V=1.371 x 10⁶ m/s.

speed of the electron is v=1.371 x 10⁶ m/s.

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Related Questions

when you view a distant rainbow, you view from each single water drop that contributes to the bow

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When you look at a distant rainbow, you see "a single color" from every individual water drop that makes up the bow.

Explain the phenomenon of rainbow?

The combination of sunlight and atmospheric factors produces a rainbow.

As light passes from air into denser water in a water droplet, it slows down and bends. Inside the droplet, the light reflects off and splits into its individual wavelengths, or colors. The rainbow is created as light leaves the droplet.A rainbow isn't actually a "thing," and it doesn't have a specific "place" where it exists. It's an optical phenomenon which only manifests when the sun, the atmosphere, and the viewer's position are precisely correct.Water vapor must be suspended in the atmosphere for a rainbow to form. We observe them as a result just after it rains. The rainbow can only be seen when the Sun is in the background and the clouds have cleared away from the Sun.

Thus, when you look at a distant rainbow, you see "a single color" from every individual water drop that makes up the bow.

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Question 25 What major factor explains the quick adoption of new programs?O One political party supports the program.O The media draws attention to the particular issue. O The public does not hold a very strong opinion on the issue. O There are many interest groups active on both sides of the policy. O The public holds wide enthusiasm for a program. Question 18 1 p What is an important difference in our current political system compared to when the Constitution was created and ratified?O National leaders were only beholden to their own consciences in the past. O National leaders were more careerist and served in the legislature for several decades in the earlier era. O Politics was much more collegial in the previous era. O There was much more openness and transparency in the previous era.O There was much more accountability in the previous era.

Answers

The Major factor explaining the quick adoption of new programs is media draw attention to particular issue.

Our constitution gave our leaders enormous powers and didn't think about how to lead them.

Our Constitution says that 100 sinners may be released, but the innocent should not be punished and blindly obeyed.

Our Constitution contained no rule that the Constitution could be amended or amended only for a limited period of time, but under the strict guidelines of the Constitutional Commission, unlimited amendments were allowed. This provision for the government may prevent the government from doing other work. It also gave some good results.

As you can see in the preface above, “social, economic and political justice. Sometimes, what existed at the economic level is just a giveaway, even for the sake of the name.

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what is the average magnitude of the poynting vector 4.00 mi from a radio transmitter broadcasting isotropically (equally in all directions) with an average power of 260 kw?

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307.4 μW/m² average magnitude of the pointing vector 4.00 mi with an average power of 250 kw

Power is produced when a force causes a displacement. Power has no bearing on how long it takes for a force to cause a displacement. The process's pace might range from swiftly concluding to taking some time.

For example, it takes an abnormally long time for a rock climber to elevate her body a few meters over the cliff's edge. On the other hand, a trail hiker may swiftly raise her body a few meters if she selects the faster path up the mountain. Despite making the same amount of work, the hiker completes the task far quicker than the rock climber..

S-average=power/area

power=260 kw

area=4π(8045)²

S-average=260/4π(8045)²

S-average=307.4 μW/m²

Therefore, the average magnitude with average power of 260 W is 307.4 μW/m²

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Which of the following, if eliminated, would completely prevent the greenhouse effect from occurring on earth?


A. Chlorofluorocarbons (Incorrect)


B. Clouds (Incorrect)


C. Fossil fuels (Incorrect)


D. Acid rain


E. The ozone layer


F. Atmosphere

Answers

The green house gases can be reduced up to a limit by eliminating the fossil fuels and chlorofluorocarbons. Fossil fuels are the major source of greenhouse gases.

What are green house gases?

Greenhouse gases are those which are capable of  intense absorption of  the temperature  radiated from the earth's surface and make the earth atmosphere warm up.

Greenhouse gases are the main cause of global warming.  Carbon dioxide, methane oxides of nitrogen and sulphur are the green house gases.

Fossil fuels are rich in hydrocarbons and they release these gases when  burned. Mainly methane and other hydrocarbon gases intensely absorbs the temperature which is radiating away from the earth and thus the heat is trapped inside.

Therefore, by eliminating fossil fuels, greenhouse effect can be prevented.

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what is inertia.....​

Answers

Answer: Inertia is an object’s resistance to a change in its motion. The greater the mass of an object, the greater the force needed to move it or stop it from moving.

Explanation: Hope this was helpful

when a weight w is hanging from a light vertical string, the speed of pulses on the string is v. if a second weight w is added without stretching the string, the speed of pulses on this string will now become. true or false?

Answers

It is false to say that speed of pulse remains v after adding the second weight w on the vertical string.

We know very well that speed of transverse wave v in a string is given by:

v=√T / √μ

where,

T represents the tension in the string

μ represents the linear mass density defined for the string

Now, in the given situation,

when weight is  hanging on light vertical string is W, speed of the wave v is :

v=√W / √μ ----(eq1)

On addition of  an additional weight of W, speed of the wave becomes v ' as :

v′ = √2W /√μ -----(eq2)

After comparing eq1 and eq2, we observe that

after addition of same amount of weight in the given light string, speed will increase by √2 times the previous speed.

Hence, the given statement is false.

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Write true or false:

1 Cellular respiration takes place in all the cells of living organisms.
2 All living organisms respire to get energy from food.
3 Our muscle cells do anaerobic respiration only when there is temporary deficiency of oxygen.
4. Breathing involves the movement of the diaphragm and the rib cage.
5 The percentage of carbon dioxide is higher in inhaled air in comparison to exhaled air.
6 We often feel hungry after a physical exercise.
7 Increased physical activity reduces the rate of breathing.

Answers

TrueTrueTrueTrueFalse (The percentage of carbon dioxide is higher in exhaled air in comparison to inhaled air.)TrueFalse (Increased physical activity increases the rate of breathing.)

A great strength of correlational research is the O cause-effect sequencing of events. O ambiguity of the results. O ability to extract the influence of confounded variables. f
O act that it occurs in real-world settings.

Answers

A great strength of correlational research is the -fact that it occurs in real-world settings.

What is correlational research?

Correlational research is a form of non-experimental research methodology that employs statistical analysis to investigate the link between two variables. The impacts of unrelated factors on the variables under inquiry are not investigated by correlational research designs.

Characteristics-

1.Non-experiment: It implies that in order to support or refute a theory, researchers do not necessarily need to modify variables using a scientific technique.

2.Backward-looking: Correlational research solely considers historical information and keeps track of past events. It is measured and used by researchers to identify historical patterns between two variables.

3.Dynamic: Correlational research's patterns between two variables are never static and are constantly evolving. Due to numerous causes, two variables with a history of negative correlation studies may eventually show a positive correlation relationship.

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when poked by a spear, an operatic soprano lets out a 1,100-hz shriek. what is its wavelength if the speed of sound is 344 m/s?

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The wavelength of the wave produced by the sound is found as 0.312 m.

Explain the relation of wavelength and velocity?As a result, an increase in just about any one quantity while maintaining a constant value for the other will increase the wave speed, which is mathematically equal to that product of the wave's wavelength and linear frequency.

Mathematically: v = fλ;

In which;

v = speed of the waveλ = wavelength of the wavef = frequency of the wave

The given data for the question-

f = 1100 Hz ; frequency of sound

v = 344 m/s; speed of the sound

λ = wavelength of the wave

Put the value in the formula;

344 = 1100 x λ

λ = 344/1100

λ = 0.312

Thus, the wavelength of the wave produced by the sound is found as 0.312 m.

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The force opposing the normal force is?
A. Static friction
B. Applied
C. Gravity
D. Kinetic friction
E. None of the above

Answers

D. Kinetic Friction

a racecar is traveling at a speed of 80.0 m/s on a circular racetrack of radius 450 m. what is its centripetal acceleration in m/s2?

Answers

The centripetal acceleration of the race car is 14.22m/s².

centripetal acceleration, the acceleration of a body traversing a circular path. Since velocity is a vector quantity (that is, it has magnitude, speed, and direction), when a body moves along a circular path, its direction is constantly changing, and thus its speed also changes and acceleration occurs. The acceleration is directed radially towards the center of the circle. The centripetal acceleration ac has a magnitude equal to the square of the velocity v of the body along the curve divided by the distance r from the center of the circle to the moving body; that is, ac = v²/r. Centripetal acceleration has units of meter per second squared.

v=80m/s

r=450m

a=80²/450=14.22m/s²

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a tire has a tread pattern with a crevice every 2.25 cm. each crevice makes a single vibration as the tire moves. what is the frequency (in hz) of these vibrations if the car moves at 27.2 m/s?

Answers

The each crevice makes a single vibration as the tire moves. what is the frequency (in hz) of these vibrations if the car moves at 27.2 m/s Frequency =1208.9 Hz

From the question, we have

speed = 27.2 m/s = 2720 cm/s

The tire has a tread pattern with a crevice every 2.25 cm

frequency = 2720/2.25

=1208.9 Hz

Frequency :

The quantity of waves that pass a set location in a predetermined period of time is known as frequency. Therefore, if a wave passes through in half a second, the frequency is 2 per second. The frequency is 100 times per hour if it takes 1/100 of an hour. The frequency of the wave is the sum of all waves generated in a second. Frequency is the measure of how many vibrations occur per second. Here is a straightforward illustration: The frequency of the waves will be 5 hertz (Hz) or 5 cycles per second if five full waves are created in one second.

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which one of the following statements concerning electromagnetic waves is false? (1.5 points) (a) electromagnetic waves carry energy. (b) x-rays have longer wavelengths than radio waves. (c) in vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed. (d) lower frequency electromagnetic waves can be produced by oscillating circuits. (e) they consist of mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields that oscillate perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Answers

The incorrect option is (b) X-rays have longer wavelengths than radio waves

Visible light is the term used to describe radiation at wavelengths that humans can see. Your radio detects radio waves, which have much longer wavelengths than visible light. While visible light has a much longer wavelength than X-rays, the latter have much shorter ones.Radio waves are easygoing and weak. Mist can diffuse them, water can short them out, iron beams or plates can stop them. When they strike humans, they cause only a slight warming, unless kilowatts are directly focused on a body as in a microwave (which uses radio waves). We can communicate with the aid of radio waves, which are our friends.They manage to tear right through many materials, and if they do stop, they tear atoms apart into ions, molecules into fragments, often radicals.  They can mutate DNA and have often terrible consequences on progeny if they strike sperm or egg cells. You can use X-rays to image a body’s insides, but you want to be very careful about it.

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Which of the following device can be used for measurement of frequency?
a) Voltmeter
b) Ammeter
c) Stroboscope
d) None of the mentioned

Answers

A stroboscope is a tool for measuring frequency that makes use of a second reference voltage with a predetermined frequency. Ammeters are used to measure current, while Voltmeters are used to measure voltage.

Which two instruments are used to measure frequency?

We provide two different types of frequency meters among our measuring tools: laboratory frequency meters (tabletop), which have a measurement range of 0.1 Hz to 1.5 GHz, and pocket frequency meters, which have a measurement range of 10 Hz to 2,6 GHz.

What is a frequency measurement device?

A gadget that shows the periodicity of an electrical signal is a frequency meter. The employment of various mechanical frequency meters has changed over time, but since the 1970s, digital frequency counts have mostly taken their place.

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"when the frequency of an ac circuit is increased, the current in the circuit does not change. which combination of elements is most likely to comprise the circuit?"

Answers

The elements are inductor , capacitor and resistors.

An LCR circuit, also known as a resonant circuit, tuned circuit, or an RLC circuit, is an electrical circuit consisting of an inductor (L), capacitor (C) and resistor (R) connected in series or parallel. The LCR circuit analysis can be understood better in terms of phasors. A phasor is a rotating quantity.Impendence (Z) of an LCR circuit is given by [tex]Z = \sqrt{R^{2} + (X_{l} - X_{c} )^{2} }[/tex]

Here , [tex]X_{l} =[/tex] reactance and [tex]X_{c} =[/tex] capacitance

At resonance frequency, Z is minimum and current is maximum. For any other value of frequency, the value of current will decrease (when compared to current at resonance).Clearly, the circuit must have inductor and capacitor. However, it may be possible that the circuit also has a resistor besides inductor & capacitor.

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compared to an omnidirectional antenna, a dish antenna quadruples radiated power. how much is this change in decibels

Answers

Change in decibels is  20 dB.

The power emitted by an antenna is measured in decibels (dB). Antenna gain, which is a measure of how strong the signal it transmits or receives is compared to a reference antenna, is also measured in dB.

To calculate the change in decibels due to a change in power, we can use the following formula:

change in dB = 10 × log10(new power / old power)

So comparing an omnidirectional antenna to a dish antenna, if the dish antenna quadruples the radiated power, the change in decibels is:

Change in dB will be 10 × log10(4 / 1)

= 10 × 2 = 20 dB

This means that a parabolic antenna has 20 dB more gain than an omnidirectional antenna.

It is important to note that this is only an approximation and the actual gain of an antenna depends on many factors such as antenna size, shape, orientation, and frequency of the signal being transmitted or received.

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in what range of masses are most stars found? in what range of masses are most stars found? 0.1 to 2 solar masses stars can have any mass. 0.1 to 100 solar masses 0.01 to 100 solar masses 1 to 3 solar masses

Answers

From 0.08 to 150 (or more) fold the mass of the Sun, stars' masses fall within this range.

What factors affect a star's life span?

The mass of a star affects its life cycle. Its life cycle is shorter the greater its bulk. The amount of available stuff in a star's nebula, the enormous cloud of gas and dust in which it was born, determines the star's mass.

Which stars have the most time left in them?

The majority of the galaxy's stars are red dwarf stars, but they are too faint to be seen from Earth with the human eye and remain hidden in the background. Their lifespans, which are much longer than that of the sun, are prolonged by their limited brilliance.

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Which of the following explains the relationship between wavelength and frequency of light?a. The longer the wavelength, the higher the frequency.b. The shorter the wavelength, the lower the frequency.c. The wavelength and frequency are not related to each other.d. The longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency. ​

Answers

Answer:

(d) the longer wavelength the lower the frequency:

V = λ * f

For a given velocity - λ and f are inversely related

500 joules of heat is absorbed by a system that does 200 j of work on its surroundings. 1) what is the change in the internal energy of the system? (express your answer to one significant figure.)

Answers

The change in the internal energy of the system is 3 *10^2 J

Work is done by system.

Hence work is negative.

Change in internal energy=500-200 = 300=3 *10^2 J

law of conservation Energy:

The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed, and can only be converted from one form of energy to another. This means that the same amount of energy is always available in the system unless supplied externally. This is especially confusing for non-conservative forces where the energy is converted from mechanical to thermal but the total energy remains the same. The only way to use energy is to convert it from one form to another.

The energy content of each system is determined by the formula:

UT=Ui+W+Q

where;

.UT is the total internal energy of the system.

.Ui is the initial internal energy of the system.

.W is work done by or on the system.

.Q is the heat added to or removed from the system. It is also possible to determine the change in internal energy of the system using the

equation: ΔU=W+Q

This is also a statement of the first law of thermodynamics.

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Light passes through the entire thickness of the neural layer of the retina to excite the photoreceptors. True False

Answers

True, The vitreous fluid fills the anterior area of the eye. At which optic nerve exits the eyeball, the optic disc creates a blind patch.

What role does the retina play?

Light that enters your eye is converted by the retina into electrical signals that your nerve cells sends to your brain, which produce the images you see. It's an important aspect of your vision. The coating at the back of our eyeball is called the retina.

What occurs if the retina is harmed?

Loss of eyesight is frequently caused by retinal damage. According to medical professionals, blood vessels are impacted when the retina is hurt due to a disease or an accident. Between the brain and the optic nerve, neurons are transported by the veins. Neurons die when they are harmed, which prevents the brain from receiving visual information.

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(a) a laser emits light that has a frequency of 4.69 * 1014 s - 1. what is the energy of one photon of this radiation? (b) if the laser emits a pulse containing 5.0 * 1017 photons of this radiation, what is the total energy of that pulse?

Answers

A light pulse is a flash. Lasers and related devices have amazing potential for generating light pulses with very specific properties. There are various techniques for using lasers to generate nanosecond, picosecond and even femtosecond pulses.

Light energy is a form of kinetic energy that has the ability to make some kind of light visible to the human eye. Light is defined as a form of electromagnetic radiation emitted by hot objects such as lasers, incandescent bulbs, and the sun. Light contains photons, which are tiny packets of energy.

(a) Energy of photon = planck' constant x fequency

                                    =6.6x10^-34 x4.69 x10^14 J

(b) Energy of 5.0x10^17 photons = 6.6x10^-34 x 4.69x10^14 x5.0x10^17

The energy of a single photon is: hν or = (h/2π)ω where h is Planck's constant: 6.626 x 10-34 Joule seconds. Photons in visible light contain about 10-19 Joules per second in the beam.

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Two hydrogen atoms collide head on. The collision brings both atoms to a halt. Immediately after the collision, both atoms emit a 121.6 nm photon. What was the speed of each atom just before the collision?

Answers

Both atom emit a photon with a wavelength of 121.6 nm right after colliding. Atomic speed is defined as v = 44.2 * 103 m/s.

What does "speed" mean in physics?

The rate at which site of an object shifts in any axis. Speed is described as the ratio of the distance covered to the time required to cover that length.

How do you locate examples of speed?

That really is speed Equals distance time. Alternatively, you can calculate the time by dividing the distance traveled by the speed. You can figure out the third input if you know one of the inputs. For instance, if a car drives 120 miles in 2 hours, we may calculate the speed as 120 x 2 = 60 kilometers per hour.

Briefing:

wavelength λ=121.6nm.

Energy, K=E

1/2mv*v = hc/λ

V² = hc/2λ

v²= 2(6.62*10⁻³⁴)(3*10⁸)/ (1.67*10⁻²⁷) (121.6*10⁻⁹)

v = 44.2 * 10³m/s

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Who of the following would be included in the Bureau of Labor Statistics' "unemployed" category?

a. Miguel, who is on temporary layoff.

b. Reta, who worked only 15 hours last week.

c. Marisa, who neither has or job or looking for one.

d. None of the above is correct.

Answers

The correct option is (d). none of the above is correct .For the "unemployed" category.

According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), unemployment is defined as those over a certain age (often 15) who are not now employed or self-employed but are nonetheless currently available for work during the reference period.The number of unemployed people as a percentage of the labour force serves as a proxy for unemployment, which is expressed as the unemployment rate (the total number of people employed added to those unemployed).

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you add equal amounts of heat to two identical cylinders containing equal amounts of the same ideal gas. cylinder a is allowed to expand, while cylinder b is not. Part A How do the temperature changes of the two cylinders compare?

Answers

The temperature rise the second cylinder B is 5/3 times the temperature in the cylinder A.

Explain the ideal gas equation?PV = nRT is the equation for an ideal gas. In this equation, P stands for the ideal gas's pressure, V for the ideal gas' volume, n for the total amount of the ideal gas expressed in moles,R for the universal gas constant, and T for temperature.

The heat source for both cylinders was:

ΔQ₁ = ΔQ₂  .....eq 1

Gas will expand in a cylinder with a free piston so that the pressure is always constant.

P = constant

Then,

ΔQ₁ = n.Cp.ΔT

ΔQ₁ = n.Cp.T₀  .....eq 2

With Fixed piston for cylinder (constant volume process),

V = constant

ΔQ₁ = n.Cv.ΔT  .....eq 3

From eq 1

n.Cp.T₀  =  n.Cv.ΔT

ΔT = (Cp/Cv) . T₀

ΔT = γ T₀

For the monatomic gas (γ = 5/3)

ΔT = 5/3 T₀

Thus, the temperature rise the second cylinder B is 5/3 times the temperature in the cylinder A.

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Two economists agree that labor market discrimination against certain workers unfairly leads to lower wages for the disfavored group. Economist X argues that government intervention is most likely necessary to eliminate this unfair treatment, whereas Economist York argues that the best solution to the unfair treatment is to let the market work to eliminate it on its own.
Economist Y is most likely to be correct when labor and product markets are highly competitive and the lower wages of the disfavored group result from:
A. Differences in human capital
B. Statistical discrimination
C. Discrimination by employers

Answers

Answer: C. Discrimination by employers

Explanation:

Economist Y is most likely to be correct when labor and product markets are highly competitive and the lower wages of the disfavored group result from discrimination by employers.

option C is the correct answer.

What is labor discrimination?

Discrimination in the workplace happens when an employer treats his or her employee unfairly or unequally because of specific characteristics.

Labor market discrimination against certain workers unfairly leads to lower wages for the disfavored group.

Example of labor market discrimination include the following;

when an employee is fired, when an employee is demoted, or when an employee is denied promotion due to some unjustified cause

According economist Y, government intervention cannot eliminate this unfair treatment since it is caused by the market (employers) and the best solution to the unfair treatment is to let the market (employers) work to eliminate it on its own.

Thus, economist Y is correct because this discrimination is caused by the market (employers).

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If we have a new moon today, when we will have the next full moon?

in about 6 months
in about a month
in about 2 weeks
in about 1 week

Answers

If we have a new moon today, we will have the next full moon in about 2 weeks.

What is the time difference between  a new moon and  the next full moon?

The midpoint of the cycle (half of 30 = 15) is marked by the full Moon, which occurs approximately 15 days (14.8 to be exact) following the new moon. Similar to the New Moon phase, the Moon is once again in alignment with the Earth and Sun during full moon.

However, this time, the Moon is on the other side of the Earth, thus the full area of the Moon that is illuminated by the Sun is facing us. Immediately following this brief interval, visibility starts to decline.

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g a photon with an energy of 8.61 ev is absorbed by a metal that has a work function of 5.75 ev, resulting in the ejection of an electron. what is the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in ev?

Answers

The maximum kinetic energy of the electron in ev is 2.86 ev.

We know the relation between energy, work function and maximum kinetic energy as,

E = W + KE max -----(1)

where, E is the energy absorbed

W is the work function

KE max is the maximum kinetic energy

It is also known as photoelectric equation.

Given that,

E = 8.61 ev

W = 5.75 ev

KE max = ?

By substituting the above values in equation (1), we have

8.61 = 5.75 + KE max

KE max = 2.86 ev

Thus, the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in ev is 2.86 ev.

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In a mechanical wave, the restoring force is the force that actually causes the oscillation. In which direction does a restoring force act?
A. opposite the direction of the propagation
B. opposite the direction of the displacement from equilibrium.
C. in the same direction as the displacement from equilibrium.
D. in the same direction as the propagation

Answers

The correct option B. opposite the direction of the displacement from equilibrium, is the direction of the restoring force.

Explain the propagation of the mechanical wave?

Mechanical waves that move through a solid, liquid, or gas with a wave speed that is influenced by the elastic and inertial characteristics of that medium.

Mechanical waves can move in either longitudinal waves or transverse waves, which are the two most common wave motions.For a mechanical wave to propagate, the medium's elastic and inertial properties are crucial.A disruption or vibration in matter, if solid, gas, liquid, or plasma, is what generates mechanical waves. A medium is described as material through which waves are propagating. Sound waves are created by vibrations in a gas, while water waves are created by vibrations inside a liquid (air).

Thus, the force that returns an object to its equilibrium position is known as the restoring force; it is denoted by a negative sign since its direction of action is the opposite of that of the displacement.

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a) power-driven scaling devices convert electrical energy (ultrasonic) or air pressure (sonic) into high-frequency sound waves. b) sound waves produce rapid mechanical vibrations in the specially designed scaling tips.

Answers

Ultrasonic scaler is the power-driven scaling instrument that convert a high-frequency electrical current into mechanical vibrations.

It operates in a frequency range between 25,000 to 50,000 cycles per second.Ultrasonic scaling device that generates a magnetic field and produces tip vibrations by the expansion and contraction of a metal stack or rod is called Magnetostrictive.

Advantages of Ultrasonic Scaling:

Rapid removal of calculus deposits and plaque biofilm.Less clinician hand fatigue.Less patient discomfort.Disrupts bacterial colonies.Decreases tissue trauma.Less tissue distention.Decreases healing time.Allows for irrigation.Delivery of antimicrobials.

Purposes and Uses of ultrasonic and sonic scaling:

Supragingival calculus & stain.Subgingival attached & unattached plaque, calculus, endotoxins.Initial debridement for NUG .Furcation debridement.Narrow pockets & difficult areas.Debridement prior to oral surgery.Removal of orthodontic cementum.Overhang removal.

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what are the currents in the inductor, in resistor r1, and in resistor r2 immediately after the switch is closed?

Answers

The current in both the resistors that is r1 and r2 will be zero after the switch is closed.

What is a resistor ?

The capacitance and inductance can have undesirable effects in high frequency circuits, such as in radio electronics. The majority of foil resistors have a low parasitic reactance, but wirewound resistors are among the worst. The resistor's electrical noise level needs to be as low as feasible for precise applications like audio amplifiers.

Since it cannot change instantly, the current through the inductor is zero when the switch is first closed.

This indicates that the inductor behaves like an open circuit and that all of the voltage is applied across it.

The magnetic field gets stronger as the current ramps up from zero.

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