According to the endosymbiotic theory, some eukaryotic cell organelles, like mitochondria and plastids, descended from prokaryotes that were free to move around.
What is the significance of endosymbiotic theory?The theory of endosymbiosis. claims that once free-living prokaryotes, such chloroplasts and mitochondria, gradually lived symbiotically within bigger cells to become contemporary eukaryotes.
The endosymbiotic idea dates back more than a century.
It contends that the organelles evolved from prokaryotes through (endo)symbiosis, which accounts for how chloroplasts and mitochondria resemble free-living prokaryotes.
These contain the nucleus and mitochondrion of the primary ancestral eukaryote as well as the nucleus, mitochondrion, and chloroplast of the secondary endosymbiont.
Since the secondary mitochondrion has never been discovered, many genes from the subordinate genomes have been lost to evolution.
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During protein synthesis, mrna is translated into three-base sequences representing amino acids. What signals the ribosome to begin translating the mrna into a new amino acid sequence?.
The start codon (AUG) signals the ribosome to start the translation of mRNA into a new amino acid sequence.
Translation takes place after the process of transcription. During the process of translation, the synthesis of proteins takes place from the mRNA. Translation begins when the ribosome attaches to the start codon (AUG) located on the mRNA. This specific site is recognized by the initiator t-RNA.
The process of translation polymerizes amino acids thereby creating a polypeptide. The amino acid sequence is regulated by the sequence of bases on mRNA. The translational unit in mRNA refers to a site which begins with a start codon, i.e. AUG and ends with a stop codon.
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Which processes produce different proteins in different cells from the same primary transcript? select all that apply.
Answer:
what's the select all..?
which antidysrhythmic agents slow the rate of electrical conduction and prolong the time interval between contractions by blocking potassium channels
Class III antidysrhythmic agents slow the rate of electrical conduction as well as lengthen the time gap between contractions through obstructing Potassium channels.
Antidysrhythmic agents refer to medicines which are extensively utilized in the treatment of abnormalities in the cardiac rhythm. Class III antidysrhythmic agents are the drugs which block Potassium channels in the cardiac tissue. They also decelerate the rate of electrical conduction as well as extend the time gap between contractions.
Class III antidysrhythmic agents include medications like Amiodarone, Dronedarone, Sotalol, etc. These types of agents prolong the action potential of atrial as well as ventricular tissue by extending the refractory period.
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pls help me do this asap
In botany, stoma, also called stomata, are pores in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs that control gas exchange. A pore is surrounded by a pair of specialized parenchymal cells known as guard cells that regulate the size of the stomatal opening. Guard cells are hydraulic valves that allow the opening and closing of the stomata. Several environmental factors affect stomata, including hormones, light quality and intensity, humidity, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, and biotic and abiotic stress.
When salinity increases, stomatal guard cells lose water and shrink, creating the conditions for stomatal closure.
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the mammalian immune system is informed of the presence of pathogens (e.g., infections) by the presence of foreign peptides that are bound and presented by
The mammalian immune system is informed of the presence of pathogens (e.g., infections) by the presence of foreign peptides that are bound and presented by class I and class II MHC molecules.
Class I and class II MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins are essential components of the adaptive immune system. The task of presenting peptides on the cell surface for recognition by T cells is shared by both classes of proteins.
After a protracted search in secondary lymphatic organs, the persistent engagement between a T cell receptor and particular pMHC complexes eventually causes T cells to multiply and generate a particular cellular immune response. Once processed, each specific MHC allelic variant's binding groove structural characteristics heavily influence the peptide repertoire that MHC proteins present.
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Which of the following are characteristics of Zygomycota? Check all that apply.
lack reproduction phase
spores produced in basidia
spores produced in zygosporangia
important in the food industry
important in the fermentation process
can cause disease to plants
can cause disease to animals
The following which are characteristics of Zygomycota include the following below:
Spores produced in zygosporangiaImportant in the fermentation process.What is Zygomycota?This is referred to as an organism s which falls under fungi and have fruiting bodies which are mostly microscopic in nature. They undergo asexual reproduction through spores formation which are produced in the zygosporangia which means they don't lack reproduction phase.
They are also important in the fermentation process of sugar into alcohol and are used by industries who sell such products and aren't involved in causing diseases to plants and animals in the ecosystem. thereby making them the correct choices.
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Mendel used true‑breeding strains of peas. Would true‑breeding peas with the trait caused by a dominant allele or a recessive allele have been easier to produce?.
The trait caused by a dominant allele or a recessive allele has been easier to produce is a recessive allele.
A plant that when self-pollinated always produces offspring of the same phenotype. Homozygous for the trait being tracked. Peas also grow well in one season, allowing several generations to be produced in a relatively short period of time. can be evaluated between True breeding organisms that are genetically identical and have identical alleles for a particular trait.
Alleles in these types of organisms are homozygous. True breeding plants and organisms can express phenotypes that are homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive. Mendel's peas had identical alleles for all the traits he observed. Plants with purple flowers had the same gene encoding flower color on both chromosomes.
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Humans build cities that replace grassy areas with concrete. What processes would that impact in the water cycle and why?.
The process that impact the water cycle such as concrete and asphalt are examples of hard, impermeable surfaces that prevent water from permeating the soil.
Evaporation, condensation, and precipitation are frequently taught as three basic, circular processes that make up the water cycle. This is a good paradigm, but in practice things are much more nuanced. Water flows through ecosystems on Earth in a very complicated way that is still not fully understood. In order to improve our capacity to forecast weather, climate, water resources, and ecosystem health, NOAA is working to deepen our understanding of the water cycle at all scales, from the global to the local.
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If a cell has a chromosome number of 2n=6, how many chromatids are expected to be present in prophase ii cell?.
If a cell has a chromosome number of 2n=6, 6 chromatids are expected to be present in prophase II cell.
Meiosis is a type of cell division of germ cells that produces gametes such as sperm or egg cells in sexually reproducing organisms. It entails two rounds of division, resulting in four cells with only one copy of each chromosome. A cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells during mitosis.
Mitosis and meiosis are the two processes by which cells divide and reproduce. Meiosis produces four sex cells, whereas mitosis produces two identical daughter cells. One of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division is referred to as a chromatid. The two "sister" chromatids are joined at the centromere, a constricted region of the chromosome.
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what is the anatomical basis for the fact that the left side of the brain controls motor function on the right side of the body?
Lower motor neurons on the opposite side of the body are innervated by motor fibers of the corticospinal pathway because crossing-over (decussation) of axons is the physical basis for opposite-side motor control.
What area of the brain is in charge of managing the left side of the body?proper hemisphere
Right and left hemispheres of the brain each regulate a different side of the body. The large, C-shaped structure of white matter and nerve fibers known as the corpus callosum joins the two parts. The corpus callosum is located in the center of the cerebrum.
The human brain is basically symmetrical, divided down the middle. While the right hemisphere receives sensory input from and regulates movement on the left side of the body, the left hemisphere controls actions similar to those on the right side of the body. However, because there are disparities as well, symmetry can only go so far.
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Which portion of a gene has the greatest effect on the timing and amount of protein produced in a cell?.
Answer: promoters
Explanation:
Select all of the following scenarios that can potentially lead to a decrease in genetic diversity of a rabbit population. (SEC1.c) A. Increase in the number of hawks present in the ecosystem B. More rabbits immigrate from a neighboring ecosystem C. A road is placed through the ecosystem. D. Inbreeding within the rabbit population. E. A portion of the rabbit population emigrates to a neighboring field.
What is the normal level of glucose in the blood? why is this called a set point.
Normally, the body maintains blood sugar levels around 70-140 mg/dl. Two hormones play an important role in keeping blood sugar levels within this normal range. They are released from the gland into the bloodstream.
What is blood sugar?Blood sugar levels below 140 mg/dL are normal. A reading above 200 mg/dL after 2 hours indicates diabetes. A value between 140 and 199 mg/dL indicates pre-diabetes.Excess of blood sugar for an extended period of time can lead to serious health problems if left untreated.High blood sugar can damage the blood vessels that supply blood to vital organs. , may increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, visual impairment, and neurological disorders. Blood sugar or glucose is the main sugar in the blood. It comes from the food you eat and is your body's primary source of energy. Blood carries glucose to every cell in the body to use as energy. Diabetes is a disease in which blood sugar levels are too high.To learn more about blood sugar from the given link :
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malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. what citric acid cycle intermediates would accumulate in the presence of malonate?
The inner mitochondrial membrane contains succinate dehydrogenase, a respiratory enzyme involved in the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. The succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the dehydration of succinate, which transforms it into fumarate in the cycle's sixth phase. Two hydrogen atoms are transferred to decrease FAD to FADH2.
In the citric acid cycle, alpha-ketoglutarate is a molecule that is transformed into succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate in following processes.
The succinate dehydrogenase reaction's succinate binding is competitively inhibited by malonate. The citric acid cycle's intermediates, such as succinate, succinyl-CoA, and alpha-ketoglutarate, will build up in the presence of malonate.
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2. explain how membrane receptors transmit messages across the cell membrane: 3. describe the similarities between enzymes and receptors 4. if proteins were rigid, why would they make poor receptors 5. insulin helps cells take up sugar from the blood. explain the effect on blood sugar levels if insulin receptors stopped working
Receptors are typically transmembrane proteins that bind to signaling molecules outside the cell and then convey the signal to internal signaling pathways using a series of chemical switches.
The substrates are recognized by specific locations on the enzymes and receptors. Beyond the cell membrane, binding the receptor results in a reaction, and the enzyme helps the substrate's chemical composition change.
Proteins need a specific shape and molecule to connect to, therefore if they were rigid, they wouldn't form good receptors. Insulin aids in the blood's sugar absorption by cells.
Without insulin, cells cannot use glucose as fuel and would begin to act abnormally. In order to be used as energy when blood glucose levels are too low, any extra glucose that is not utilized by the cells will be transformed and stored as fat.
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HI PLEASE HELP!! (question 21)
The advantage that these organelles gain by having the above-indicated structures is that "these structures increase the surface area, which in turn increases the rate of diffusion". (Option C)
What is Diffusion?Diffusion is the net transfer of something from a high-concentration zone to a low-concentration region. A gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical potential drives diffusion.
Diffusion is the movement of individual molecules of a material over a semipermeable barrier from a high concentration area to a low concentration area.
The heat mobility of molecules is the main factor behind diffusion. Molecules are never at rest at temperatures above absolute zero. Because of their kinetic energy, they are continually in motion, and when molecules clash often, the direction of the motion becomes randomized.
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After performing an investigation, a scientist produced results that did not support the hypothesis. Another scientist does the same experiment and her results do support the hypothesis. What should the scientists' next steps be to make sure any claim made regarding these investigations is valid?.
To decide on future study ideas, the scientist should compare and debate the findings with other researchers. A scientist must validate his method by adhering to a tried-and-true scientific procedure in order to validate a finding.
When a scientist conducts an inquiry and the results do not support the hypothesis, the scientist should compare and debate the data with other scientists to decide on the direction of subsequent study. Scientists should compare and discuss the results with the other scientist who worked on the same topic and design research with both results to explore what is off or what is missing. Not every investigation yields the same results, so she/he cannot say the other scientist is wrong because without comparing results she/he cannot look for information that supports "the desired outcome."
Thus, we may conclude that scientists should compare and debate the findings with other scientists in order to decide on the course of their future research.
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Your question is incomplete. Please find the complete question below.
After performing an investigation, a scientist produced results that did not support the hypothesis. Another scientist does the same experiment and her results do support the hypothesis. What should the scientists' next steps be to make sure any claim made regarding these investigations is valid?
A. Change the hypothesis to match the results.
B. Choose data from both investigations that support the desired outcome.
C. Publish the results so the public can decide which investigation is correct.
D. Compare and discuss the results with other scientists to determine
How do studies of new zealand’s maori and japan’s burakumin undermine the thesis that some races have innately lower iqs than others?.
Low IQ ratings are clearly caused solely by sociological factors for both populations.
What are some instances of social factors?Social isolation, support networks, melancholy, racial and cultural features, education, wealth, employment, profession, pressures at work and at home, neighborhood characteristics, and housing conditions, including environmental stressors, are a few examples of sociological variables.
What makes social elements crucial?Consumer purchasing decisions are significantly influenced by social influences. Humans are social creatures. To come up with more effective answers and ideas, we need others around to talk to or debate a variety of concerns. Our behavior is significantly impacted by the social situation in addition to our own psychological makeup.
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What two roles does atp play during the contraction stage?.
Muscle cells can use both fatty acids and
glucose for his or her aerobic respiratory.
ATP is used for 2 matters in muscle cells:
lively shipping of calcium (Cat+) and motion of motor proteins.
It also reminds us that ATP is needed by
using the muscle mobile for the electricity stroke of the myosin pass bridge, for disconnecting the cross bridge from the binding web page on actin, and for transporting calcium ions back into the SR. ATP is used for contraction when: the myosin heads are activated by an ATP molecule, which supplies it with the energy to carry out a electricity stroke. ATP is used at some point of rest to break the bond among the myosin heads and the actin filament. ATP binding to myosin at some point of the contractile cycle effects in myosin
detachment from actin, and electricity
liberated from next ATP hydrolysis is then used to pressure the next contractile cycle. ATP is likewise used to decrease myoplasmic calcium ranges at some point of muscle rest.
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an individual who has decreased saliva production, increased blood osmotic pressure, decreased blood volume, and decreased blood pressure is experiencing
An individual who has decreased saliva production, increased blood osmotic pressure, decreased blood volume, and decreased blood pressure is experiencing dehydration .
When a person is dehydrated, your blood volume and blood pressure can drop too low . Two basic type of changes occurs when a person is dehydrated , it increase osmotic pressure of body fluid and reduction of total volume of body fluid .
Dehydration also lowers blood volume. As a result heart will beat faster due to decreased blood volume to compensate for lack of pressure.
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When you reach the end of the mrna strand in your modeling of the translation process, describe what has happened to the polypeptide.
Polypeptides often require several "changes". Amino acids can be chemically altered or removed during and after translation. New polypeptides fold into specific 3D structures and combine with other polypeptides to form multipart proteins.
What are Polypeptides and their Functions?Polypeptides help build proteins by joining together a number of amino acids. Proteins are formed by combining two or more polypeptides. Peptides containing more than 100 amino acid units are called polypeptides. example : Amarin, glucagonDuring translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded by extranuclear ribosomes to produce specific amino acid chains or polypeptides. The polypeptide later folds into an active protein and performs its function inside the cell.What about the translation process?Translation is the process of deciphering the genetic code contained in messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to produce specific amino acid sequences in polypeptide chains. It occurs in the cytoplasm after DNA transcription.
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What is the step that is labeled D?
metaphase I
metaphase II
telophase II
telophase I
Answer:
D
Explanation:
________ involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses.
Transduction is the process through which energy from sensory input is transformed into neuronal impulses.
The method by which a virus spreads its genetic material from one bacteria to another is called transduction. Bacteriophages, a kind of virus, may infect bacterial cells and utilize them as hosts to produce other viruses. These viruses build up the bacterial DNA of the host cell after they have multiplied and sometimes remove a little bit of it. This fragment of bacterial DNA could later be integrated into the genome of the new host when one of these bacteriophages infects a different host cell.
Transduction comes in two types generalized and specialized. Bacteriophages may take up any part of the host's genome during generalized transduction. But with specialized transduction, the bacteriophages only take up certain bits of the host's DNA. Using viruses, researchers have used the transduction process to transfer desired genes into a variety of host cells.
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When oxygen and glucose
combine during cellular
respiration, what is produced?
A. glucose and oxygen
B. oxygen, water, and energy
C. carbon dioxide, water, and energy
Answer:
C
Explanation:
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Endocytosis relies on which two organelles to move molecules in and out of the cell?.
One of the fundamental functions of lysosomes is the digestion of fabric taken up from outdoor the cell with the aid of endocytosis, that is mentioned in element in chapter 12. but, the function of lysosomes inside the digestion of fabric taken up with the aid of endocytosis relates not only to the characteristic of lysosomes but also to their formation.
Endosomes are membrane-certain vesicles, fashioned through a complex circle of relatives of techniques collectively known as endocytosis, and found inside the cytoplasm of in reality every animal cellular.
Endocytosis is a kind of energetic shipping that movements debris, together with huge molecules, elements of cells, and even whole cells, into a cellular. There are unique endocytosis variations, however all percentage commonplace characteristics: The cellʼs plasma membrane invaginates, forming a pocket across the target particle.
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A cell undergoing meiosis experiences a problem with its microtubules, such that proper separation of the paired chromosomes carrying alleles q and q does not occur during anaphase i. What is the most likely effect on the four daughter cells?.
Answer:
All four daughter cells will have a full chromosome set except two daughter cells will both be plus 2 copies of the Q OR q alleles and the other two will both be minus the Q OR q alleles.
Explanation:
individual ants of the same species use pheromone trails to indicate the path to different food sources or back to their own colony. this is an example of
The same species of ants use pheromone trails to show the way to other food sources or back to their own colony. This exhibits phenotypic flexibility.
Why do ants utilize pheromones?
Individuals of the same species employ pheromones as cues for communication. Ants employ trail pheromones to facilitate the efficient movement of other colony members from their nest to a food source and back again.
This demonstrates phenotypic adaptability.
Therefore, The scouting ants create a pheromone trail in the direction of a food supply so that other ants can also discover food.
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which of the following statements are true regarding the cori cycle? (may be more than one correct answer) select an answer and submit. for keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a it involves the synthesis of glucose in muscle your answer b it involves the release of lactate in muscle c it involves lactate synthesis in the liver d it involves atp synthesis in muscle e it involves release of glucose by the liver
The Cori Cycle's assertion that lactate is released from muscle tissue is accurate. Through gluconeogenesis in the liver, lactate generated in the muscle is changed into glucose by the Cori cycle. To be utilized by other cells throughout the body, this freshly created glucose is discharged into the blood.
Anaerobic fermentation results in the production of lactate, which is absorbed by the liver rather than building up inside muscle cells. This starts the Cori cycle's second half. Gluconeogenesis happens in the liver. Thus, it would appear that both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis in the liver are cyclic processes.The Cori cycle prevents muscular lactic acidosis in anaerobic situations.
We can thus conclude that the claim made in The Cori Cycle—that lactate is discharged from muscle tissue—is true.
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Which of the following statements related to stomata is true?
They allow water to evaporate from the leaf.
They are usually located only on the lower epidermis.
They allow gas exchange between the air and leaf cells.
All of these choices are correct.
They allow gas exchange between the air and leaf cells of the following statements related to stomata is true .
Do stomata in plants evaporate water?The plant's stomata—tiny, closeable pores like structures on the surfaces of leaves—ultimately release the water to the atmosphere as vapour. Transpiration refers to the process of water absorption at the roots, water movement through plant tissues, and vapour emission via leaves.
Nearly all terrestrial plants employ the same pores, known as stomata, to absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, demonstrating how important this evolutionary invention is to plants' identity. Stomata, which are minuscule and small, are essential for photosynthesis. On the surface of the plants, they are in their thousands.
Transpiration is the process through which water from a plant's leaves evaporates via its stomata.
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The fact that older locusts use less energy to fly than younger locusts suggests that __________. a. younger locusts are incapable of flying efficiently b. efficient flying is an innate behavior that is only apparent in some locusts c. the older locusts have learned a more efficient way to fly d. flying is a learned behavior that the younger locusts must practice please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
The fact that older locusts use less energy to fly than younger locusts suggests that c. the older locusts have learned a more efficient way to fly.
The example is based on the classical theory test, Classical test theory is the body of related psychometric theory that predicts outcomes of psychological testing, such as the difficulty of objects or the proficiency of the test takers. The goal of classical test theory is to understand and improve the dependability of psychological tests.
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning theory, learning takes place because of an association that is established between a previously neutral stimulus and a natural stimulus. The older locusts use less energy to fly than younger locusts because they have been conditioned over time.
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