The correct pathways of IRE1,PERK,ATF6 proteins after sorting is-
activates the transcription of specific genes Increases the ability of the ER to fold more proteinsUnfurled protein reaction: IRE1, advantage and ATF6 enactment. Cells adapt to unpleasant circumstances by actuating the unfurled protein reaction. This reaction is intervened by means of the separation of Grp78 from three emergency room transmembrane proteins IRE1a, advantage and ATF6.
A following separation of Grp78, IRE1a oligomerizes and autophosphorylates working with its enactment. Dynamic IRE1a actuates joining of XBP1 mRNA to XBP1s and furthermore enacts JNK through TRAF2 and ASK1.
Moreover, dynamic IRE1a has been connected to downstream NF-JB actuation and furthermore RIDD, which can prompt the debasement of favorable to endurance mRNA. Like IRE1a, advantage dimerizes and autophosphorylates following Grp78 separation.
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(Complete question) is:
Three separate pathways make up the unfolded protein response in the ER. Sort the following characteristics of the unfolded protein responses into the correct pathway and find the correct pathways (IRE1, PERK, ATF6) .
-Activates the transcription of specific genes
-Activates transcription Phosphorylates a translation initiation factor leading to balreduction travels to the Golci apparatus.
-The nucleus before activating transcription Leads to removal of an intron from (a specific RNA and translation of the mRNA
-Increases the ability of the ER to fold more proteins
explain whether the evidence is embryology, comparative anatomy (homologous structures), comparative anatomy (analogous structures), comparative anatomy (vestigial structures), biochemistry (dna analysis), biochemistry (protein analysis), biogeography, or from the fossil record. then, using complete sentences, explain why it is evidence of evolution, or that life changes over time.
Homologous or comparable structures are two terms used to describe similar body parts. Both show that evolution has occurred.
How do the structures in comparative anatomy compare as proof of evolution?To comprehend how organisms evolved, scientists compare the DNA, embryos, and anatomical structures of living beings. Homologous structures offer evidence for evolution. These are traits that related species have in common that they inherited from a common ancestor. Analogous structures offer additional proof of evolution.
How are anatomy and embryology utilized to support evolution?The homologous and vestigial structures of different species can be seen, which demonstrates their shared origin. Since the embryonic shapes of different populations are remarkably similar, embryology provides evidence for evolution.
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you are studying the inheritance of two characteristics in plants: red flowers (rr and rr), which are dominant to yellow flowers (rr), and green leaves (gg and gg), which are dominant to yellow leaves (gg). you cross a double heterozygous (rrgg) with a double recessive (rrgg), and expect to see a 1:1:1:1 ratio in the offspring. instead, you see these results: missing metadata which phenomenon would you hypothesize accounts for the pattern you see? question 1 options: respiration crossing-over cytokinesis independent assortment
Green leaves and prominent yellow blooms (rr) are crossing over.
Which of the following accurately describes a gene?From one parent to the next, the essential genetic component was passed on. Genes are composed of DNA sequences and are organized sequentially at specified sites on chromosomes in the cell nucleus.
What is the short definition of a dominant gene?A dominant gene, or dominant version of a gene, is a specific variant of a gene that expresses itself more strongly on its own than any other version of the gene that the person is carrying—in this case, the recessive—for a variety of reasons.
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an example cited by the text of how grassroots opposition to a governmental action can influence congress in the example of _____
The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) decision to ban saccharin is used as an illustration in the text of how grassroots resistance to a political movement can sway congress.
Grassroots lobbying is a strategy that differs from direct lobbying in that it asks the public to contact legislators and other government representatives about the topic at hand rather than delivering the message to them directly.
Attempting to change the public or any group of the public's opinions in order to influence legislation. Communication with the general public will only be considered grassroots lobbying if it (i) refers to and expresses an opinion on a particular piece of legislation and (ii) urges the receiver to act in opposition to that legislation in one of the following ways:
advising the recipient to get in touch with lawmakers or other government workers who might be involved in the creation of legislation in order to influence legislation;
mentioning a lawmaker's address, phone number, or other contact details;
provide the receiver with a petition, tear-off postcard, or other comparable materials to mail to a politician; or
mention in detail one or more legislators who will vote on a bill as being opposed to Duke's position on the bill, unsure of their position, the recipient's legislator in the legislature, or a member of the committee that will review the bill. (Merely mentioning the principal sponsor(s) of the legislation for the purpose of identifying the legislation will not be construed as enticing the recipient to act.)
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What happens to ATP during photosynthesis?; Which best describes what happens to ATP during photosynthesis ATP is produced and then used to produce glucose ATP is broken down and then not used?; How is ATP produced during photosynthesis?; How is ATP produced during photosynthesis and where is it used?
In photosynthesis energy is transferred to ATP in the light-dependent stage and the ATP is utilised during synthesis in the light-independent stage.
ATP is produced and then used to produce glucose. ATP is broken down and then not used again.
This is done by employing two distinct photosystems in photosynthesis's light processes, one to create ATP and the other to generate NADPH. Electrons are transmitted progressively between the two photosystems, with photosystem I producing NADPH and photosystem II producing ATP.
In the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis, energy is converted to ATP, and the ATP is used during synthesis in the light-independent stage. Students should understand the chemical process of photosynthesis in depth.
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antimicrobics effective against only gram-positive bacteria would be termed antibiotics. narrow-spectrum drugs. semisynthetic drugs. synthetic drugs. broad-spectrum drugs.
Grass-positive-only antimicrobics are those that exclusively work against gram-positive bacteria. Narrow-spectrum medications include antibiotics.
Explain about the gram-positive bacteria?Staphylococcus, which grows in clusters and is catalase-positive, and Streptococcus, which grows in chains and is catalase-negative, are two examples of gram-positive cocci. Further categorization of staphylococci includes coagulase-positive (S. aureus) and coagulase-negative (S. epidermidis and S. pneumoniae) strains.
Due to the ability of their thick peptidoglycan membrane to retain the dye, gram-positive bacteria look purple-blue under a microscope. A result of positivity gives the bacteria the name "gram-positive." Gram-negative bacteria leave pink-red stains. Because of the weaker peptidoglycan layer, it loses its blue hue.
Some detergents, which easily kill Gram-positive bacteria, do not harm gram-negative bacteria. Gram's dye is a foreign substance that the Gram-positive bacteria's thick membrane can absorb, even if that substance is harmful to the bacteria's interior. In turn, this makes them simpler for some detergents to annihilate.
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Antimicrobics effective against only gram-positive bacteria would be termed antibiotics
Briefing:Gram-positive bacteria are the only ones that gram-positive-only antimicrobics target, i.e., these are narrow-spectrum drugs. Antibiotics are also the narrow-spectrum drugs.
What exactly are gram-positive bacteria?The bacteria that can take up Gram stain are gram-positive bacteria. Under a microscope, gram-positive bacteria appear purple-blue due to their thick peptidoglycan membrane's capacity to hold the dye. The bacteria are referred to be "gram-positive" as a result of their positivity. Gram-negative microorganisms produce pink-red stains. It loses its blue color as a result of the thinner peptidoglycan coating.
What are antibiotics?Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections in both humans and animals. They either destroy the germs or make it difficult for them to proliferate and flourish.
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Which of the following terms describes the functional classification of the illustrated joint with regard to its range of movement?
synovial
synarthrotic
diarthrotic
amphiarthrotic
The following term which describes the functional classification of the illustrated joint with regard to its range of movement is diarthrotic and is therefore denoted as option C.
What is Diarthrotic?This is referred to as a freely moving joint and it is characterized by its mobility and a joint cavity. Examples of this type of joint include gliding and pivot joint due to their similar features.
This type of joint usually has a synovial membrane within which is encased in the joint as denoted in the diagram given below which is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correct answer.
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What is the role of mitochondria in cellular respiration?; What is the cellular process of mitochondria?; What is the function of mitochondria in cells apex?; What is the function of mitochondria NCBI?
A cell organelle having a membrane is a mitochondria. It is a location for cellular respiration and metabolic activities that produce energy.
Cellular respiration is a component of a metabolic process that splits the glucose sugar molecule to produce energy in the form of ATP. Krebs' cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis are all components of cellular respiration.The cellular respiration activities take place in the mitochondria of the cell, where the oxygen-rich environment causes the sugar-like glucose to break down into an energy molecule. As waste and byproducts, it also emits water and carbon dioxide.So, go with option A. The mitochondrion of the cell is where the process of cellular respiration takes place.The Mitochondria are where the process takes place.As a result, the reactant in photosynthesis is a byproduct of cellular respiration, which is the link between cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
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Transcribed image text: Signaling at a synapse occurs in presynaptic and postsynaptic cells. Sort each of the following events into the proper location. Items (5 items) (Drag and drop into the appropriate area below) Neurotransmitte ris released into the synaptic cleft. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open. Reuptake of the neurotransmitter occurs. Ligand-gated ion channels open in response to neurotransmitter Neurotransmitte r binding begins a new action potential. Categories Presynaptic Cell Postsynaptic Cell
Signaling at a synapse events: Action potential arrives at axon terminal, Voltage-gated calcium channels open, Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft ,Neurotransmitter binds to receptors,Graded potential generated in postsynaptic cell and Neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft
Similar to paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling is separated from it by a unique structure called a synapse in the cell that is sending and receiving the signal. Only cells with synapse connections can communicate synaptically, such as a neuron and the muscle under the influence of brain activity. A chemical neurotransmitter is released by neuron A as a result of an action potential at the connection (synapse) between the two neurons. Neuron B's ability to fire its own action potential might be aided (excited) or hampered (inhibited) by the neurotransmitter.
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a newborn infant develops a whitish overgrowth on the tongue and inner lips. this newborn is suffering from an infection with
Candida albicans is a newborn infant disease that develops a whitish overgrowth on the tongue and inner lips.
Candidiasis may be defined as an infection that is brought on by yeast. The presence of moisture in the air, waiting too long between diaper changes, and other elements might put a person at risk for candidiasis. Candidiasis is a very treatable condition that may be remedied with over-the-counter medications such as creams, suppositories, or mouthwash.
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Mutations in DNA are usually caused by chemical or radiation damage to DNA molecules, followed by imperfect repair of the damage. Immediately after this kind of imperfect repair, there may be a mismatched base pair in the DNA. The illustration above show and example of a mismatch, with the relevant pair bases in bold. Which of the following best represents the DNA of the two daughter cells produced when a bacterial cell with this particular mismatch replicates its DNA and divides?
The DNA of the two daughter cells created when a bacterial cell with this specific mismatch duplicates its DNA and splits is most accurately represented by the phrase "mutant in one but not the other."
Chemical damage (particles that can modify the structure of DNA or the base pair bonding) and radiation damage (UV radiation is known to create mutations known as thymine dimers) are two different ways that DNA can become genetically altered. Two thymine molecules on the same strand link together to cause these mutations, which change the structure of the DNA molecule. T=T can also be used to represent this.
Thus, we can state that the phrase "mutant in one but not the other" most appropriately describes the DNA of the two daughter cells produced when a bacterial cell with this particular mismatch copies its DNA and splits.
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What system in the body coordinates with other systems?; Which system coordinates the activities of organ system with the help of circulatory pathway?; How do organ systems coordinate with other organ systems?
The brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that link these organs to the rest of the body make up the nervous system. Together, these organs are in charge of directing and coordinating the operations of all the bodily systems.
The Nervous System: What Is It?
The brain, spinal cord, and a sophisticated nerve network are all parts of the nervous system. The brain and the body are communicated with via this system.
All bodily functions are managed by the brain. From the brain, the spinal cord descends via the back. It is made up of strands of nerves that branch out to every organ and area of the body. The brain sends and receives messages via this network of nerves to many regions of the body.
What Constitutes the Nervous System's Components?
The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system make up the nervous system
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Amylose is a polysaccharide composed of D-glucose subunits that is used for plant energy storage. Amylose is, therefore, considered to be ain) molecule. Multiple Choice inorganic organic essential non-essential synthetic
It is organic because through 1,4-glycosidic linkages are joined. The presence of amylose in the starch causes the color to change to dark blue or black when iodine is introduced.
What use does amylose serve?Function. Amylose is crucial for storing energy in plants. It takes up less space than amylopectin despite being less easily digested than amylopectin due to its helical form. It is hence the starch of choice for storage in plants.
Does amylose benefit diabetics?Because high-amylose rice has a lower GI than low-amylose rice, it has the potential to prevent diabetes. Hoku243's amylopectin starch is resistant to gelatinization and the boiled rice grains are non-sticky and brittle because it contains fewer short-branched glucans and more long chains.
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ATP synthase is a large molecular machine that converts the energy in an electrochemical gradient into the bond energy stored in ATP. Which of the following events are required for the synthesis of ATP?
Choose one or more:
A. movement of protons down their gradient through ATP synthase
B. conformational changes of the F1 ATPase
C. binding of ATP to an empty F1 ATPase subunit
D. rotation of the rotor in the membrane
The exergonic flow of H+ drives ATP phosphorylation by ATP synthase. from other stages of cellular respiration transfer their electrons to molecules close to the start of the transport chain.
With the help of a transmembrane proton motive force, ATP synthases create ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Bacterial ATP synthases have received a lot of attention because they are the most basic form of the enzyme and because genetically altering these complexes is relatively simple.
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life is the existence of an individual human or animal life is being survival. according to biology life is defined as a characteristic of a living organism that distinguishes the latter from a dead organism or a non-living thing, as specifically distinguished by the capacity to grow, metabolize, respond (to stimuli), adapt, and reproduce. life may also pertain to the biota of a particular region
Life's defining characteristics are the capacity to procreate, grow, and develop. The ideas of biological control and homeostasis maintenance are crucial to survival and define important aspects of existence.
What does biology say about the meaning of life?A living object has life when it has the ability to grow, metabolize, respond to stimuli, adapt, and reproduce. This ability sets a living thing apart from a dead thing or a non-living thing.
What traits distinguish biological life?Big Ideas: All living organisms share a few characteristics, including cellular organization, the capacity for reproduction, growth and development, energy usage, homeostasis, and the capacity for adaptation.
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Why do muscle cells and nerve cells have more mitochondria?; Why are there many more mitochondria in muscle cells than there are in skin cells?; Why do some cells have more mitochondria than others?; Does a nerve cell contain more mitochondria than a muscle cell?
Muscle cells and nerve cells have more mitochondria because they need more energy to function correctly. Mitochondria are concentrated more in cells that consume high energy which include nerve and muscle cells.
Muscle cells have higher energy demands compared to skin cells and therefore have more mitochondria concentration compared to skin cells.
The reason why some cells have more mitochondria than others is that some cells have more energy demands compared to others making mitochondria more concentrated in cells with high energy needs and less in low energy demanding cells.
Muscles need more energy compared to nerve cells and therefore muscles have more mitochondria compared to nerve cells.
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determine the correct order that light, and then an action potential, travels as it strikes the retina.
The correct order of light enter into eyes are first into cornea, which bends the mild. Light passes freely thru scholar withinside the iris. Light passes thru vitreous humor. Retina captures mild rays, techniques them into impulses.
From the cornea, the mild passes via the pupil. The iris, or the coloured a part of your eye, controls the quantity of mild passing via. From there, it then hits the lens. This is the clean shape internal the attention that focuses mild rays onto the retina.Light enters the attention and is targeted at the retina.
With withinside the retina, it hits the photoreceptors and turns on pigments withinside the rods and cones of the photoreceptors, producing a sign. The sign is changed via way of means of horizontal cells after which despatched to bipolar cells in which it's miles then handed to ganglion cells.
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_____ are similar in that they both involve carbon dioxide, water, and heat changing to/from carbohydrates and oxygen. (enter only one word per blank.)
We refer to these waves as seismic. The focal or hypocenter is the location within the ground where the fault rupture first manifests itself. This is the precise spot inside the earth where seismic waves are produced by the rapid release of elastic energy.
According to the Law of Original Horizontality, all rock layers are initially horizontally deposited and can later be distorted. This enables us to deduce that for the rocks to be slanted, something must have happened to them.
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Brittany was visibly upset that a class she needed... Bookmark Brittany was visibly upset that a class she needed to take was cancelled because of low enrollment. Jim observed that her eyes were dilated. Trace the sympathetic pathway from the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord to the iris of her eye. 1- Identify the spinal cord area (cervical or thoracic) that the preganglionic axons exit in the anterior (ventral) root. 2- Name the sympathetic gagnlia in which the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse.
Brittany was visibly upset that a class she needed... Bookmark Brittany was visibly upset that a class she needed to take was cancelled because of low enrollment. Jim observed that her eyes were dilatedTrace the sympathetic pathway from the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord to the iris of her eye
The neurons, or nerve cells, that make up the nervous system are responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body and brain. A nerve cell's dendrites, which resemble tree branches, are used to receive messages from other nerve cells, and its axons, which are lengthy extensions, are used to transmit those signals (or nerve fiber). Synapses are locations where chemicals known as neurotransmitters are sent from one cell's axon to another cell's dendrite over a little opening known as a synaptic cleft. Synapses can be found in many places, including ganglia, which are collections of nerve cell bodies (plural: ganglion). Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used by preganglionic sympathetic nerve cells, which are all derived from the lateral grey column, while norepinephrine is used by postganglionic sympathetic nerve cells.
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Which is not true about sister chromatids?
Sister chromatids do not divide during mitosis. While sister chromatids are exact copies of each other
What is the reality of sister chromatids?The sister chromatids are joined together by cohesins, which are identical to one another and hold them together. The centromere, a section of DNA crucial for their separation during later stages of cell division, is where sister chromatids are most tightly bound together.
In mitosis, what is true regarding sister chromatids?In the process of mitosis, DNA is compressed into two identical copies, or sister chromatids, which are then joined together to form a "X" shape. Non-sister chromatids come from chromosomes that are homologous, whereas sister chromatids are exact duplicates of one another.
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The CFTR protein is made up of 1,480 amino acids linked together in a chain. Some humans produce a version of the CFTR protein in which phenylalanine (an amino acid) has been deleted from position 508 of the amino acid chain. Which of the following best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the structure of the CFTR protein?
Networks of interactions between the amino acids in a protein determine the precise shape and stability of its structure. A variety of mutations can change these networks.
CFTR gene mutations that cause disease change the chloride channel's synthesis, composition, or stability. The transport of chloride ions and the flow of water into and out of cells are both hampered by all of these changes that prevent the channel from operating properly.
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How do you humans get the nitrogen they need
Nitrogen is present in 78% of the atmosphere's gases and makes up a major portion. Humans obtain nitrogen from plant sources. So the last option D is correct regarding the statement.
How does nitrogen enter the human body?The majority of the atmospheric gas is nitrogen, but it cannot be breathed and absorbed by the human body. The nitrogen that is present in the plants' sources gets into animals and humans by eating them. Nitrogen is required for protein synthesis in the body, so the animals get the nitrogen from these plants, and after they deplete it, it further goes into the soil and atmosphere.
Hence, humans obtain nitrogen from plant sources. So the last option D is correct regarding the statement.
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match the stage of meiosis with the description: question 4 options: homologous chromosomes are separated. crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes. four haploid, genetically unique cells are formed. sister chromatids are separated. homologous chromosomes line up in pairs along the metaphase plate. 1. telophase ii followed by cytokinesis 2. metaphase i 3. anaphase ii 4. prophase i 5. anaphase i
The homologous chromosomes line up in pairs along the metaphase plate during the mitotic stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
What is the sequence of the four interphase stages?G1 phase (cell growth), S phase (DNA synthesis), and G2 phase are the phases of interphase. After interphase, the mitotic phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis and results in the formation of two daughter cells, starts.
What is the proper sequence for the mitosis 1 metaphase 2 telophase 3 anaphase stages?The right answer is D. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase M phase, also known as the mitotic phase, includes four stages. As follows: Prophase is the first phase, during which chromosomal material begins to condense.
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is produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and enters the duodenum through the common bile duct. this substance aids in the emulsification of fats.
The bile duct causes bile, which is created by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, to pass into the duodenum. The emulsification of fats is facilitated by this chemical.
What usually causes gallbladder problems?Cholecystitis was typically brought on by gallstones blocking the gallbladder's escape canal. Bile accumulates as a result, which may result in discomfort. Additionally, bile duct issues, tumors, major illnesses, and specific infections are causes of cholecystitis.
When should gallbladder be removed?In the case of recurrent attacks, surgery is typically advised by doctors. If you have already experienced one gallstone pain attack, you might want to wait to see if you experience more. Our best defense against gallstone attacks is surgery.
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A person is out fishing and cuts their finger with a fillet knife. Although the wound is small, the laceration provides an entry point for bacteria (Vibrio vulnificus), which invade the tissue. Draw a flow chart of the steps that would be employed by a neutrophil to eliminate a bacterial cell. Assume that no antibodies are present that recognize the bacteria as foreign.
Neutrophils are white blood cells that serve as the initial line of defense against harmful microbes.
If an antibody is present, neutrophils will phagocytose the bacterium, digest it, and express it on MHC.
However, in the absence of antibodies, it can release several substances (reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide species) and build extracellular traps to remove germs from the body.
Neutrophil extracellular traps generate antimicrobial proteins such histones, neutrophil elastase and cathepsin etc. This trap has a strong affinity for bacterial DNA (pathogen). It will bind and destructs the bacteria cell.
Reactive oxygen species will digest the bacterial cell, and the human cell will take the part of the bacterial cell (amino acids or other useful compounds) and eliminate the debris.
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Platelets are fragments of larger cells and normally circulate in the blood without adhering to blood vessel walls. When the wall of a blood vessel is damaged, collagen fibers in the wall are exposed to the interior of the blood vessel. The exposed fibers and chemicals released from the endothelial cells that line the blood vessel attract platelets, which start to form a plug and release other chemicals (Figure 1).
Which of the following best explains the feedback mechanism illustrated in Figure 1?
a. This is an example of positive feedback, because the few platelets that initially bind attract more platelets to the damaged area.
b. This is an example of positive feedback, because it results from the interactions among collagen, endothelial cells, and platelets.
c. This is an example of negative feedback, because a large clump of platelets can block the blood vessel and prevent blood flow through it.
d. This is an example of negative feedback, because the accumulation of platelets returns the open blood vessel wall to a closed state.a. This is an example of positive feedback, because the few platelets that initially bind attract more platelets to the damaged area.
Collagen fibers in the blood vessel's wall are made visible to the interior when the blood vessel's wall is damaged. The blood vessel's endothelial cells' exposed fibers and chemicals draw platelets, which begin to form a plug and release additional chemicals.
The majority of the arteries, veins, and capillaries in the brain, skin, lung, heart, and muscle are made of continuous endothelium. Tight connections hold endothelial cells together and keep them attached to a continuous basal membrane. The endothelium is an essential metabolizing and endocrine organ that plays a significant role in the regulation of immunology, inflammation, and angiogenesis, as well as the control of blood fluidity, platelet aggregation, and vascular tone. The inner surface of blood vessels is covered by endothelial cells, whereas the outer surface of internal organs and the body is covered by epithelial cells. Despite deriving from the epithelium, endothelial cells and epithelial cells function, position, and structure differently.
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write a function to model the amount of bacteria b(t) after t days.
The amount of a certain quantity being modeled over time, such as population size, is frequently represented by exponential functions in the biological sciences.
How many bacteria would still be around six hours later?According to the law of exponential growth, bacteria expand in number within a culture. There are 100 bacteria after three hours.
How can the quantity of germs in a population be determined after a particular amount of time?How to estimate the amount of germs present in a population
The bacteria in this example divides every 20 minutes, thus it will divide three times per hour (60 20 = 3).
Bacteria at the end of the growth period are equal to those at the beginning of the growth period times two.
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Which of the receptor types above might function as a nociceptor?CAEAll of the listed responses are correct.
Nociceptors react to stimuli that could be harmful, such as noxious substances, temperature or pH extremes. In most cases, free nerve terminals of specialized neurons are connected to nociceptors.
Which four different nociceptors are there?The skin has three main types of nociceptors: polymodal nociceptors, which are uniquely linked to C fibers, A mechanosensitive nociceptors, and A chemo thermal nociceptors.
Which of the four types of pain receptors are they?These various stimuli that affect mechanoreceptors (including proprioception), nociceptors, thermoreceptors, and chemoreceptors can all activate the somatosensory receptors.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. a(n)___is a hematophagous arthropod with highly specialized piercing-sucking mouth parts that penetrate individual capillaries and then feed directly on host blood.
Hematophagous arthropods with extremely specialized piercing-sucking mouthparts that enter individual capillaries and then consume host blood feeders are known as soleniophages.
How did hematophagous insects develop their mouthparts to consume blood?Arthropods that feed on blood salivate on their vertebrate hosts. In order for the feeding arthropod to remain unnoticed and unaffected by host immunological reactions, a complex mixture of several chemicals has evolved to enable effective blood acquisition with the least amount of negative influence on the vertebrate host.
Which of the following describes a hemolymph function?Hemolymph functions as a reservoir for water that tissues can draw from during desiccation as well as a place to store various compounds. Hemocytes, which are circulating cells, are also present.
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Lesson 13 Review Questions Directions: Answer each of the following questions. 1. List five traits that are shared by all mammals, including the two traits that are used to define the mammal class. 2. Describe how mammals stay warm. 3. What is the function of sweating? 4. What are alveoli? What is their function? 5. What are the functions of the uterus and vagina in therian mammals? 6. What is the placenta? What is its role? 7. Where does a marsupial embryo develop? How is it nourished? 8. Describe eggs and egg laying in monotremes. 9. How does lactation differ in monotremes and therian mammals? 10. What were the synapsids? When were they most widespread? 11. Identify the therapsids. How were they related to mammals? 12. Outline the evolution of monotreme, marsupial, and placental mammals.
They are one of the three groups of living mammals, along with placentals and marsupials..
What human trait is shared by all mammals?All mammals (including humans) have the same distinctive features. These include: fur or hair growing from the skin. mammary glands that, in females, produce milk for feeding the young.Mammals conserve body heat with their hair or fur. It traps a layer of warm air next to the skin.Mammals and birds produce their own body heat and control their body temperatures. This process is known as endothermy, or warm-bloodedness, and it may be one of the reasons why mammals tend to dominate almost every global ecosystem.Its main function is to control body temperature. As the water in the sweat evaporates, the surface of the skin cools. An additional function of sweat is to help with gripping, by slightly moistening the palms.Muscular contractions of the uterus push the offspring out during birth. The vagina is a tubular passageway through which the embryo or fetus leaves the mother's body.Marsupials give birth to a tiny, immature embryo. The embryo then continues to grow and develop in a pouch on the mother's belly. Marsupial development is less risky for the mother. However, the embryo is fragile, so it may be less likely to survive than the fetus of a placental mammal.To learn more about mammals refer to:
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Describe the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, including each of the enzyme catalyzed steps and metabolic intermediates. Be sure to include what goes into the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and what comes out of it. Also mention where it occurs within the cell.
The three distinct enzymes that make up the pyruvate dehydrogenase are dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase.
The three enzymes that make up the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex transform pyruvate into acetyl-CoA through a process known as pyruvate decarboxylation.
This complex connects the glycolysis metabolic route to the citric acid cycle by using acetyl-CoA to conduct out cellular respiration in the citric acid cycle.
As the two main groups of the superfamily of 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes with diverse component assemblies and interactions, bacterial (Escherichia coli) and human PDCs are compared here.
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