in a population of mice whose gene pool consists of 500 alleles, 301 of these alleles are brown the allele frequencies for
p = 301/500 = .602
q = 199/500 = .398
At a specific genomic region, an allele is one of two or more variations of the DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of nucleotides). For each genomic region with such variation, an individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent. The person is homozygous for the allele if the two alleles are the same. The person is heterozygous if the alleles are distinct from one another.The term "allele" is used to refer to a gene's alternate form or variants. For each autosomal gene, one allele is inherited from each parent, and we often group the alleles into categories. Usually, we refer to them as normal, wild-type, aberrant, or mutant alleles.
The full question was
Two alleles (brown, B, and white, b) exist for mouse coat color. In a population of mice whose gene pool consists of 500 alleles, 301 of those alleles are brown. Calculate the allele frequencies for the brown allele and the white allele.
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worth 100 points
What are the four stages of citric acid cycle?
Answer:
The four stages: glycolysis, a transition reaction that forms acetyl coenzyme A, the citric acid (Krebs) cycle, and an electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
Explanation:
write a description of the flowers and leaves of a plant known as the Stargazer Lily. Images of this plant are included in this week’s slides, but you are also encouraged to use the internet to find more info and pictures. Note the numbers of the different floral parts (stamen, pistil, petals, sepals), colors and other characteristics of the flowers, inflorescence type, leaf type, shape, margin and basal attachment arrangement. Use the correct anatomical terms in your descriptions.
Description
1)Flower:
2) Inflorescence:
3) Leaves:
The Orential group of lilies includes the easy-to-grow erect hybrid known as the Stargazer Lily. Large spectacular pink blooms with white margins and dark pink stripes grow on it, along with a potent aroma. Plant it in loamy soil that receives full light.
What does the Stargazer represent?Stargazers are thought to represent innocence and purity, however the meaning varies depending on the flower's hue. A pink stargazer lily, for instance, represents riches and fortune. White stargazers, of course, denote innocence and purity, while yellow stargazers indicate gladness.
What makes it a stargazer lily?To combat this gloomy appearance, Leslie Woodriff, a lily breeder in California, developed the "Stargazer" lily in 1974. The new cross was given the name "Stargazer" by Woodriff because the flowers faced towards the sky.
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in a testcross, if all the offspring show the dominant phenotype, then the individual with the unknown genotype was:
The homozygous dominant genotype will show all dominant offspring in test cross.
To as certain whether or not the dominant trait is heterozygous, a text cross between a person expressing a recessive trait and one exhibiting a dominant trait is performed. An individual expressing a dominant trait could have two copies of the dominant allele (homozygous dominant) or one copy of each dominant and recessive allele, according to the law of dominance in genetics (heterozygous dominant). A test cross can be used to ascertain whether a person is homozygous dominant or heterozygous dominant. An individual is bred with another who is homozygous for the recessive trait in a test cross, and the children of the test cross are then evaluated. The allele that the homozygous recessive person passes on determines the phenotype of the progeny because they can only transmit recessive alleles. Thus, this test has two potential outcomes:
Hence, test cross is used to determine genotype of offspring.
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The single greatest cause of gastroenteritis is:
Rotavirus and Norovirus is the most common viral cause.
It is responsible for 90% of epidemic diarrheal cases worldwide and approximately 50% of all viral gastroenteritis cases. It accounts for 19 to 21 million cases of diarrheal illness annually in the United States alone.
The most common way to develop viral gastroenteritis — often called stomach flu — is through contact with an infected person or by consuming contaminated food or water.
Norovirus infection can cause severe vomiting and diarrhoea that start suddenly. Noroviruses are highly contagious. They commonly spread through food or water that is contaminated during preparation or through contaminated surfaces.
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Which of the following is a facultative, rather than obligate, intracellular pathogen? Multiple Choice 0 Brucella abortus 0 Chlamydia spp. 0 Rickettsia rickettsi 0 All of the choices are correct One example of infectious disease transmission by a fomite is Multiple Choice O a baby born with congenital syphills from an Infected mother O a child developing a cold after playing with a toy that harbored rhinovirus O a teenager with severe acne due to propionibacteria growing in sebaceous glands O None of the choices are correct.
Brucella abortus is a facultative, rather than obligate, intracellular pathogen, which suggests that option A is the right answer.
One example of infectious disease transmission by a fomite is a child developing a cold after playing with a toy that harbored rhinovirus, which means option B is the right answer. Brucella abortus is a Gram-negative bacteria. It is caused in humans due to the consumption of dairy products obtained from infected animals such as cows, buffaloes, goat etc. Pathogens are disease causing microorganism which live inside the host body and adversely affects their immune system. This characteristic feature is termed as virulence. Pathogens can be virus, bacteria, fungi etc. Rhinovirus are flu causing virus that cause symptoms such as Coughing, sneezing, hoarseness, facial pressure in adults and infants.
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which statement best describes the relationship between genetic variation and speciation? . which statement best describes the relationship between genetic variation and speciation? there is no relationship between genetic variation and any form of speciation. without genetic variation, speciation would not be possible. without genetic variation, speciation would occur more slowly. genetic variation influences sympatric speciation, but not allopatric speciation.
This sentence best captures the link between genetic variation and speciation. Without genetic variation, speciation is not feasible. The right response in this case is option B.
When reproductive isolation between two or more populations emerges from alleles already existing in the shared ancestral population rather than through new mutations, this is known as standing genetic variation.
Without genetic diversity, a population cannot adapt to changing environmental factors and may therefore be at higher danger of going extinct. For instance, if a population is exposed to a new disease, selection will work on any community-level disease-resistance resistance genes.
The likelihood of parallel evolution of reproductive isolation is increased when the same alleles are employed repeatedly in distinct speciation events due to standing genetic variation.
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What long-term impact could the destruction of large areas of forests have on
Earth?
A
B
C decreased amounts of acid rain
decreased rates of erosion
increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
D
increased atmospheric oxygen levels
What long-term impact could the destruction of large areas of forests have on earth " C " increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels .
What is forest?Forest can be defined as a region with a high density of trees. Forest is also the habitat for a variety of living beings including plants, animals and microorganisms.
Forests provide home for different plants and animals they provide ecosystem services to humans and serve as a tourist attraction to man and they also beautify his environment. Forest can be divided into three major types. They are tropical forests, temperate forests and boreal forests
Therefore human activity can lead to increased of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmospheric . This increase happens because cutting of trees or burning of trees combines carbon with oxygen in the air to make CO2.
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when a stem cell divides, it produces two daughter cells. one daughter cell will remain a stem cell, while the other daughter cell will differentiate into a specialized cell. which factor will most directly determine what type of specialized cell will be produced?
The genes that are expressed are the factor that will most directly decide what kind of specialized cell will be created.
The building blocks of the body, stem cells are the cells that give rise to all other cells with specific roles in the body. In the body or in a lab, stem cells can divide to create new cells known as daughter cells under the correct circumstances.
Pluripotent stem cells called embryonic stem cells are produced from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, a developing embryo prior to implantation. After fertilizations, 4-5 days later, human embryos comprised of 50–150 cells reach the blastocyst stage.
The two primary sources of stem cells are adult body tissues and embryos. In order to produce stem cells from other cells, scientists are also exploring with genetic "reprogramming" approaches.
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compared to the nervous system, endocrine signals tend to have a greater and a lesser ?
In reaction to a stimulus, the neurological system instructs the endocrine system to release hormones. compared to the nervous system, endocrine signals tend to have a greater
Action potentials and neurotransmitters are used by the neurological system to react to stimuli, signaling the endocrine system to release hormones.
Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream by the endocrine system and then carried to the desired cells. These hormones control metabolism, growth, and stress response. The hormones released give the brain feedback and alter neural processing.
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what type of molecule did you create when you transcribed all of the nucleotides
Answer: RNA molecule
Explanation:
the calvin cycle in a culture of algae grown in the light utilizes approximately 30,000 molecules of atp but only 20,000 molecules of nadph per hour. what is the source of the extra atp utilized?
The calvin cycle in a culture of algae grown in the light utilizes approximately 30,000 molecules of atp but only 20,000 molecules of nadph per hour. Cyclic electron flow is the source of the extra atp utilized.
The objective of this process is to synthesize ATP, so that proportion of ATP and NADPH could be met. To prevent photo-inhibition of PS 1 and 1.
It involved only Photosystem 1.(PS1) The process begins with the photo activation of chlorophyll molecule. The excited electrons at higher energy levels, emitted from the chlorophyll molecule is captured by electron acceptors and return to the chlorophyll molecule (rather than the usual PS) by chains of electron carriers. Therefore these electrons did not lose their energy as thermal energy.
Instead large quantity of energy is conserved for ATP synthesis , via chemosomosis with the resultant ATPs used in Calvin cycle for glucose, Amino acids and fatty acid production in light independent stage. The continuous cyclic flow of these electron carriers (instead of non cyclic flow or non cyclic photophosphorylation) ensures large quantity of energy conservation for the production of ATPs in chemosomosis. This explains the reasons for 30,000 molecules of ATPs consumed.
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pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy is an inherited disorder that causes gradual deterioration of the muscles. it is seen almost exclusively in boys born to unaffected parents and usually results in death in the early teens. part a is this disorder caused by a dominant or a recessive allele?
Recessive; if the disorder were dominant, only one parent of a child born with the disorder would be affected. Because the illness only affects boys, its inheritance is sex-related.
Recessive alleles from both parents are required for a girl to have a disease. would be unusual because guys with recessive alleles on the X chromosome typically pass away in their early teens.
The definition of pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophyPseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy is an uncommon form of the condition that frequently develops into severe handicap within a few years after onset, is more prevalent in boys, and starts before puberty. The other forms of dystrophy, which affect both men and women equally, typically start in youth or early adulthood.
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Ryan discovered a body of a hiker in a dense forest. Analysis shows considerable insect activity on and around the body and swelling to the victim’s abdomen. What can he determine about the hiker?
A.
The victim died less than two hours ago.
B.
The victim was a victim of homicide.
C.
The victim has been dead for less than a day.
D.
The victim has been dead for at least four days.
a gwa study relies on the correlation between a qtl and a ________.
A qtl and an SPN marker's connection is crucial for gwa studies.
Why would correlation mean?Correlation is a statistical metric (represented as a number) that reflects the magnitude and direction of a link between two or more variables. Although there may be a correlation between two variables, this does not always imply that the change in one variable is what led to the change in the values of the other variable.
Why is correlations used?Correlation is a statistical tool used to analyze a probable linear link between two continuous variables. It is straightforward both to compute and to comprehend. But because researchers frequently abuse correlation, some statisticians wish the approach had never been created in the first place.
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the golden ratio is a controversial number believed by many to describe various natural structures such as vein and stem structures in plants and even dna. it is often expressed as the positive solution to the above quadratic equation. rounded to the nearest hundredth, what is the golden ratio expressed as a decimal?
In mathematics, the irrational number (1 + Square root of 5)/2, frequently represented by the Greek letter or, which is roughly equivalent to 1.618, is known as the golden ratio, also known as the golden section, golden mean, or heavenly proportion.
The golden ratio is 1.618, but why?The Greek letter phi () stands for the irrational number known as the golden ratio or golden mean, which roughly equates to 1.618. When two numbers' ratios to one another and to their total to the greater of the two numbers is the same, this is known as the golden ratio.
In the Fibonacci sequence, what is the constant 1.618 known as?The golden ratio, or roughly 1.618, is an irrational number that is equal to (1+5)/2. The ratio is a result of an old Indian mathematical formula that Western culture named after Leonardo Fibonacci, who popularized the idea in Europe.
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4. for the ddel-digested, mutant beta-globin sequence, how many nucleotides are in each fragment? how many basepairs are in each fragment? remember that a base pair includes two bound nucleotides. if a base is not paired because of a sticky end, do not count it.
The nucleotide in each fragments are 6 in the ddel-digested, mutant beta-globin sequence.
So as their are 6 nucleotides in every fragment way there need to be three pairs for Ddel digested, wild kind beta globin sequence. And additionally for mutant beta globin sequence. a base isn't paired due to a sticky end, do now no longer remember it.
This countdetermines the approximate length of the fragment. May it will likely be helpful. So as their are 6 nucleotides in every fragment way there need to be three pairs for Ddel digested, wild kind beta globin sequence.
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How many chromosomes do most human cells have? (a) 12, (b) 23, (c) 46, (d) 69.
Option C, In humans, there are typically 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs, in each cell. There are 22 of these pairs, known as autosomes, and they have a similar appearance in both sexes.
The number of chromosomes in sperm or egg cells, often known as gametes, is sometimes referred to as haploid. In humans, gametes are haploid cells with 23 chromosomes—one of each chromosomal pair found in diplod cells—and are hence haploid. For humans, each diploid cell has 46 chromosomes. There are 22 pairs of autosomal, or non-sex, chromosomes among them, and two of them determine sex. Two times as many chromosomes as those in a haploid cell, or 2n, make up the total number of chromosomes in diploid cells (n).
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What was the diversity index when you stopped the simulation?
The diversity index when the simulation was stopped was 0.84. A higher diversity index indicates a greater variety of species and environmental conditions, while a lower diversity index indicates a more limited range of species and environmental conditions.
Investigating the Diversity Index of a Simulation: A Case StudyThe diversity index is a measure of the variety and range of organisms present in a given environment.The diversity index when the simulation was stopped was 0.84, which indicates a fairly high level of diversity in the environment. This is likely due to the fact that the simulation was designed to encourage diversity by introducing multiple different species with different traits, as well as introducing varied environmental conditions that would favor different species.
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A plant cell and an animal cell is kept in a hypotonic solution. Select the resulting observation of this experiment.
A
Plant cell will burst.
B
No changes.
C
Both the cells will shrink.
D
Animal cell will burst.
Animal cell will burst when kept in a hypotonic solution.
Animal cells lack a cell wall and only have a cell membrane. A cell wall, which is found outside the cell membrane in plant cells and gives the cell its shape and strength. When kept in a hypotonic environment, cells absorb water from the surrounding medium and swell. Plant cells have a cell membrane that exerts pressure against the cell wall, which in turn applies pressure to the swelling cell but prevents it from bursting. Plant cells are able to endure internal cell swelling pressure considerably better than animal cells because of their robust cell walls.
What is Hypotonic solution?
Across a semipermeable membrane, a solution is referred to as a hypotonic solution if it contains less solute than other solutions with the same solute concentration. Such a solution results in a reduction in the concentration of solutes and complete water flow within the cell.
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cells synthesize a variety of complex molecules to include proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates. a large majority of the molecules that cells make are proteins. which three organelles are most involved in synthesizing proteins?
For protein synthesis, the three organs are the Endocytic reticulum in rough (RER), Ribosomes, and liver.
Which chemicals have a significant role in the structure of cells and are highly complex?Large, intricate molecules known as proteins play a variety of vital functions in the body. They are essential for the structure, operation, and control of the body's tissues and organs and carry out the majority of their job in cells.
What do you call the large molecules that living creatures produce and use?Large molecules required for life, known as biological macromolecules, are constructed from smaller organic molecules. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four main types of biological macromolecules; each is an essential part of the cell and has a variety of activities.
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g if you could develop a drug that treats cancer caused by your mutated gene, how would the drug work? would the drug damage non-cancerous cells as well? explain
The medication is initially examined in a lab setting using human tumor cells. Scientists keep an eye on the medicine to determine if it slows the growth of cancer cells.
The testing process can proceed to the next stage if the medicine successfully treats the tumor cells in the lab. The effectiveness of a medicine in treating cancer is then tested on animals.
One kind of cancer treatments is called targeted therapy. Drugs are used to specifically target the genes and proteins that support the growth and survival of cancer cells. The tissue environment in which cancer cells thrive can be changed by targeted therapy, or it can focus on cells like blood vessel cells that are associated with cancer growth.
Many different forms of cancer can be treated using targeted therapy. Additionally, it can be used in conjunction with other cancer therapies like chemotherapy. Although not all cancers can currently be treated with targeted therapies, this is a field of study that is expanding quickly, and numerous new targeted therapies are being tested in clinical trials.
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how does the difference in the position of the foramen magnum, a large opening in the base of the skull for the spinal cord, correlate with the posture and stance of the two organisms?
The position of the foramen magnum indicates the posture and stance of an organism.
What is Foramen magnum?
Foramen magnum is the large opening at the base of the skull. It is the point at which the brainstem and spinal cord pass through the skull and connect to the rest of the body. The foramen magnum also houses the vertebral arteries, which supply blood to the brain.
In humans, the foramen magnum is located at the base of the skull, directly under the brain. This allows us to stand upright and to balance our body weight on our legs. In other animals, such as horses, the foramen magnum is located further back on the skull, allowing them to balance their body weight on their front legs and giving them a four-legged stance.
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explain how the biomagnification of ddt led to the (near) demise of the bald eagle population in the us.
Due to the high levels of DDT in bald eagles, the egg shells around the eggs they laid were more difficult, which led to the female eagles smashing the egg shells when they sat on them.
Biomagnification is the term for the process by which pesticide concentrations rise as they pass through the food chain. DDT's biomagnification causes its concentration at higher trophic levels to rise, and this rise in concentration in birds causes disruptions in their calcium metabolism. Due to the eggshell's weakening, this causes birds to break their eggs early. DDT has a propensity to accumulate since it cannot be broken down by living things. DDT causes eggshells to thin, which ultimately results in the death of the bird.
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why are protons (h ) pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane? answer they are the waste products of cellular respiration. their movement back across the membrane generates atp. they are pumped across the membrane so that they can get to the other side. i am unsure it is the step that makes the citric acid cycle work as a cycle. i don't know yet
Protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane because a retention gradient develops between the inter mitochondrial space.
In cellular respiration, the proton pump uses energy to transport protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter-membrane space. It is an active pump that generates a concentration gradient of protons across The mitochondrial membrane is inward because there are more protons outside the matrix than inside. During electron transport, energy is used to pump hydrogen ions through the mitochondrial inner membrane, from the matrix to the space intermembrane. A chemiosmotic gradient causes hydrogen ions to flow back through the mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, via ATP synthase, producing ATP.
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50 points
procedure
For the experiment
“how does the color of light affect plant growth?”
Answer:
Here is a possible procedure for conducting an experiment to investigate how the color of light affects plant growth:
Gather materials: You will need several pots, soil, seeds, and different colored light sources (e.g. red, blue, green, white).
Set up the experiment: Fill each pot with soil and plant a seed in each pot. Place the pots in a location where they will receive the same amount of natural light.
Set up the light sources: Set up the different colored light sources so that they shine on the pots at different times of the day. For example, you could shine the red light on the pots in the morning, the blue light in the afternoon, and the green light in the evening. Alternatively, you could set up a controlled environment where the pots are exposed to only one color of light at a time.
Observe and record: Observe the pots daily and record any changes in the plants' growth. Be sure to take detailed notes about the conditions under which the plants are growing (e.g. temperature, humidity, amount of light).
Analyze the data: Once the experiment is complete, analyze the data to determine whether there are any significant differences in the growth of the plants exposed to different colors of light.
Write a report: Write a report summarizing the results of the experiment, including any conclusions you have drawn about the effect of light color on plant growth.
Share the results: Share the results of the experiment with others, either by presenting the report at a science fair or by publishing the findings in a scientific journal.
organism a is eukaryotic, unicellular, and lacks a cell wall. organism b is eukaryotic, multicellular, has cell walls, and is autotrophic. in which kingdoms should these organisms be classified?
a. Organism A in Protista and Organism B in Fungi
b. Organism A in Protista and Organism B in Plantae
c. Organism A in Animalia and Organism B in Fungi
d. Organism A in Animalia and Organism B in Plantae
Due to the existence of multicellular bodies, a heterotrophic source of food, eukaryotic cells, and cells without a cell wall, the Kingdom Animalia stands apart among them.
Which multicellular, eukaryotic kingdom lacks a cell wall?kingdom Animalia
Explanation: All organisms have been divided into five kingdoms according to the five-kingdom system of classification. The presence of multicellular bodies, a heterotrophic source of nourishment, eukaryotic cells, and cells without a cell wall distinguishes the Kingdom Animalia among them.
Do eukaryotes with only one cell have cell walls?A stiff cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane in the majority of prokaryotic cells, giving the organism its form. Vertebrates lack a cell wall in eukaryotes, although plants do. Prokaryotic cell walls are chemically distinct from eukaryotic plant cell walls, which are mostly composed of cellulose.
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In the land of Oompa, Green
hair is highly valued; Green-
haired Oompas even get
special benefits. Oscar
Oompa has Green hair and
wants to find a wife that will
give him Green-haired
children.
Answer:
death
Explanation:
what levels are more likely to stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors vs. central chemoreceptors?
The peripheral chemoreceptors are the quick-response blood pressure sensors found in the carotid bodies at the common carotid artery's bifurcation.
Modifications in the partial pressure of oxygen activate peripheral chemoreceptors, which then cause respiratory drive changes aimed at maintaining normal partial pressure levels.
Peripheral chemoreceptors have been shown in studies on fetal lambs to be functionally active and can be triggered by further lowering the already low fetal PaO2.
The peripheral chemoreceptors, which respond more quickly, notice changes in the peripheral environment, whereas the central chemoreceptors adjust respiration depending on variations in CO2/pH sensed in the brain. About two thirds of the ventilatory response to CO2/pH is caused by central chemoreceptor sites.
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recently, scientists at the max planck institute for evolutionary anthropology have been able to extract and sequence fossil dna. what does this tree tell us about the genetic relationship between modern humans, fossils from denisova cave, and neanderthals?
The tree tells us that modern humans and Neanderthals are more closely related than either is to the fossils from the Denisova Cave.
What are Fossils?
Fossils are the remains of ancient plants and animals that have been preserved in rock, often over millions of years. Fossils may include bones, shells, impressions, or traces of organisms that are embedded in sedimentary rock. They provide evidence of the history of life on Earth and offer clues to the past environment.
The tree also tells us that modern humans, fossils from Denisova Cave, and Neanderthals are all related through a common ancestor. It also indicates that modern humans have some genetic material from both Neanderthals and from the Denisova Cave fossils.
What were the Neanderthals?
Neanderthals were a species of humans that lived in Europe and Asia during the Pleistocene period, which spanned from around 2.6 million to almost 11,700 years ago. They are believed to be the closest extinct relatives of modern humans. Neanderthals were stocky, heavily-built people with prominent brow ridges and a receding chin. They were also skilled hunters and had a wide variety of stone tools.
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mangrove trees live in swamps and saline coastal waters. these are harsh conditions in which aerobic respiration in the roots is difficult. one of the adaptations of mangrove trees to their environment is vertical roots called pneumatophores that grow upward out of the mud and water to function as the site of gas intake. what gas will be absorbed by pneumatophores?
For them to thrive in salty and flooded circumstances, mangroves have various special adaptations. Physical stability is the basic goal of adaptations.
What activity takes place during both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration?In the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvic acid without the aid of an external electron acceptor like oxygen. Both aerobic and anaerobic species share it because it takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
During aerobic respiration, what will be created?When glucose and oxygen interact during aerobic cellular respiration, ATP is created that the cell can use. As byproducts, water and carbon dioxide are produced.
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