Any polymer's total molecular weight is determined by multiplying the molecular weight of the monomer by the degree of polymerization.
How is theoretical molecular weight determined?Using their periodic tables, we can calculate the atomic weights of the elements. We find that hydrogen has an atomic weight of 1, while that of oxygen is 16. We sum the contributions from each atom to determine the molecular weight of one water molecule, which is 2(1) + 1(16) = 18 grams/mole.
How can you use NMR spectroscopy analysis to determine the molecular weight of polymers?By comparing the NMR absorptions of chain segments in a polymeric structure to those of non-polymeric segments ("near-end" groups), it is possible to determine the polymer's average molecular weight.
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It is in the medulla oblongata that corticospinal tracts ______, meaning that the motor fibers originating from the right cerebral cortex descend through the left side of the spinal cord, and vice versa.
It is in the medulla oblongata that corticospinal tracts decussate, meaning that the motor fibers originating from the right cerebral cortex descend through the left side of the spinal cord, and vice versa.
The lateral corticospinal tract is made up of the fibers that have decussed. They will enter the spinal cord, causing movement on the side of the body opposite the brain hemisphere from which they originate.
The corticospinal and corticonuclear tracts decussate above each relevant cranial nerve nucleus, respectively, at the junction of the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord. Therefore, while the lower motor nuclei of cranial nerves receive bilateral innervation, lower motor neurons of the body's musculature receive motor input primarily from the contralateral hemisphere.
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which of the following statements about filtrate is incorrect?
a. The filtrate is collected within the renal cortex.
b. The filtrate is similar to blood plasma.
c. The filtrate has the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma.
d. The filtrate is produced within the proximal convoluted tubule
The filtrate is collected within the renal cortex.
What is Filtrate?Filtration is a physical separation procedure that uses a filter medium with a complicated structure that only allows fluid to pass through it to separate solid particles and liquid from a combination.
Filtrate is the term for the liquid that passes through the filter medium and is used to describe solid particles that are too large to pass. Larger-than-average particles have the potential to blind the filter by blocking the filter lattice and forming a filter cake on top of the filter.
The term "effective pore size" refers to the size of the biggest particles that may successfully pass through a filter. The separation of solid and fluid is insufficient; some fluid will contaminate the solids, and the filtrate will include some solids.
Therefore, The filtrate is collected within the renal cortex.
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(lo 3.12, 3.5, 3.11) the cytoskeleton plays a big role in the mitotic cell cycle. microtubules are used in the mitotic cell cycle for
The cytoskeleton plays a major role in the mitotic cell cycle. Microtubules are used to pull sister chromatids apart in the mitotic cell cycle
The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and also provides mechanical support that allows cells to perform important functions such as division and motility. The cytoskeleton does not have a single component. The cytoskeleton is a complex and dynamic network of interconnected protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including bacteria and archaea. In eukaryotes, it extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane and is composed of similar proteins from different organisms. In eukaryotes, there are the three types of the protein fibers in the the or the cytoskeleton. Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules.
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How would you predict that doubling the atmospheric co2 concentration would affect c3 plants?.
You would predict that doubling the atmospheric [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] concentration would affect C3 plants as compared to C4 plants, C3 plants would experience faster growth rates.
Given that increase [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] causes a decrease in transpiration and an increase in [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] assimilation, it has been hypothesized that an increase [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] will increase the water use efficiency (WUE) of C3 species. Increasing the rate of photosynthesis is how C3 plants react to rising [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] levels.
Due to the higher concentration of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] , the enzyme RuBisCo, higher atmospheric [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] levels would cause C3 plants to fix [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] more effectively and reduce photorespiration. These plants would have faster growth rates due to their improved photosynthetic efficiency. Researchers claim that thicker leaves are a result of high [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] levels in plants, which could exacerbate the effects of climate change.
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A punnett square has rows and columns which represent gametes made by females and males, correspondingly. At the intersection of each row and column we combine the corresponding gametes to produce the genotype of a potential.
In order to determine a possible zygote's genotype, we combine the corresponding gametes at the intersection of the each row and column.
When does a zygote transform into an embryo?The creature is referred to as an embryo throughout this period, which lasts from two weeks following conception until the eighth week. 1 The fetal phase starts at the ninth week after conception.
what is A human zygote ?A zygote is the embryonic stage of a new human (i.e., an embryo). A secondary egg that has been impregnated by a sperm is referred to as a "fertilized ovum," and once fertilization is complete, this oocyte develops into a zygote."
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The development of pubic hair, though located around the external genitalia which are involved in reproduction, is still considered to be a __________ sexual characteristic.
Answer:
secondary
Explanation:
they are considered secondary and or non- secondary because they are features on both sexes
How do you find the rational roots of a function?.
The Rational Zeros Theorem
The Rational Zeros Theorem states:
If P(x) is a polynomial with integer coefficients and if is a zero of P(x)
(P = 0), then p
is a factor of the constant term of P(x)
and q is a factor of the leading coefficient of P(x)
These are the following steps:
Order the polynomials in decreasing value.List each component of the constant phrase. These are all the p values that are conceivable.Record each component of the leading coefficient.Make a list of all possible values.To determine the values for which P() = 0, use synthetic division.To learn more about rational roots at:
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Which property of water is most responsible for water moving from the roots to the leaves of a plant?.
Capillary action is the property of water is most responsible for water moving from the roots to the leaves of a plant.
What is Capillary action?Capillary action is the process by which liquids flow in a confined space without support or against external forces such as gravity.Examples of capillary action include the absorption of water by Paris paper and gypsum (two porous materials), the absorption of paint between brush bristles, and the movement of water through sand.This is caused by intermolecular forces between the liquid and the surrounding solid surface. If the tube diameter is small enough, a combination of surface tension (caused by cohesive forces within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the liquid and the vessel wall act to propel the liquid.Cohesion: It is an intermolecular bond of matter that maintains a certain liquid shape due to mutual attraction.Surface tension: This occurs as a result of cohesive forces like molecules binding together to form a surface that is fairly impermeable to water bodies.To learn more about Capillary action from the given link :
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where does the kreb's cycle take place? a.golgi apparatus b.nucleus c.cytosol d.mitochondria e.plasma membrane
Kreb's cycle take place in mitochondria and is catalysed by the enzyme citrate synthase where molecule coA is released.
What is kreb cycle and how does it take place and what are the products of krebs cycle?Krebs cycle first of all takes place in mitochondria and not in golgi apparatus or nucleus or cytosol or plasma membrane.Krebs's cycle starts with the condensation of acetyl group with oxaloacetic acid and water to yield citric acid.The reaction is catalysed by the enzyme citrate synthase and a molecule of coA is released.The continued oxidation of acetyl CoA via the TCA cycle requires the continued replenishment of oxaloacetic acid, the first member of the cycle.In a coupled reaction GTP is converted to GDP with the simultaneous synthesis of ATP from ADP.To know more about mitochondria visit:
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in a moment of danger, the autonomic nervous system activates the endocrine system to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. which part of the endocrine system releases these two hormones?
The epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the action of autonomic nervous system is released by the adrenal gland.
The autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system that is involved in the regulation of the involuntary actions of the body like digestion, respiration, heart contraction, etc. It is further divided into two types: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
Adrenal glands are the small triangular shaped structures that are present above both the kidneys. The hormones produced by the adrenal glands are involved in the regulation of metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress, etc. Cortisol is also a hormone released from the adrenal glands.
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disorder of red blood cell morphology: a.monocytosis b.multiple myeloma c.acute myelocytic leukemia d.poikilocytosis e.hemochromatosis
Poikilocytosis, which can affect up to 10% of all red blood cells, is the term used to describe an increase of abnormally shaped red blood cells.
What does a poikilocytosis result in?The disease known as poikilocytosis occurs when 10% or more of the red blood cells have aberrant shapes as a result of various medical disorders. These cells can have pointy projections or flat, elongated, teardrop-shaped, sickle- or crescent-shaped morphologies. They can also have pointy projections.
Poikilocytosis: Is it serious?The cause and how quickly you receive treatment will determine your long-term prognosis for poikilocytosis. Iron deficiency-related anemia is treatable and frequently curable, although it can be hazardous if left untreated. If you are pregnant, this is particularly true.
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complete the concept map to describe the abo blood groups and the basis of transfusion reactions. drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
Individuals with blood type A reject B blood. Individuals with blood type B reject A blood. Individuals with blood type AB accept all blood types. Individuals with blood type 0 reject A, B, and AB blood types. Concept map in the attached files.
What is the ABO blood type?
Blood type ABO is determined by a triallelic gene I.
Alleles
IAIBi→ IA and IB are codominant, meaning that when they are together in the same genotype, both of them are expressed.
→ IA and IB express complete dominance over i, meaning that the dominant IA and IB alelles hide the expression of the recessive allele i in heterozygous individuals.
Genotypes Phenotype
IAIA, IAi ⇒ Blood type A
IBIB, IBi ⇒ Blood type B
IAIB ⇒ Blood type AB
ii ⇒ Blood type 0
A person's blood type depends on the type of proteins present in the red cells. These proteins are the antigens.
White cells produce antibodies that recognize antigens when they identify them as strange bodies.
This antigen-antibody relationship must be considered during transfusions, because if the donated blood has antigens that are not recognized by the receptor's blood, it might agglutinate, and the organism rejects it.
Blood type A
Antigens A in their red cells Antibodies anti-B in plasmaReject B blood type.Blood type B
Antigens B in their red cells Antibodies anti-A in plasmaReject A blood type.Blood type AB
Antigens A and B in their red cells There are no antibodies in the plasmaNo blood type is rejected.Blood type 0
No Antigens present in their red cells Antibodies anti-A and anti-B in plasmaReject A and B blood types.In the attached files you will find the complete concept map.
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compared with sponges, cnidarians have a wider array of cell types, permitting more sophisticated tissue functions. these functions include:
Phylum Cnidaria includes animals that show radial or biradial symmetry and are diploblastic, meaning that they develop from two embryonic layers, ectoderm and endoderm. Nearly all (about 99 percent) of cnidarians are marine species.
Whereas the defining cell type for sponges is the choanocyte, the defining cell type for cnidarians is the cnidocyte or stinging cell. These cells are located around the mouth and on top of the tentacles, and function to catch prey or repel predators. Cnidocytes have large stinging organelles called nematocysts, which usually contain spines at the base of a long coiled thread. The outer wall of the cell has hair-like projections called cnidocils, which are sensitive to tactile stimuli.
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Explain how the cell membrane is important to the health of a cell.
Answer:
The cell membrane is important to the health of a cell because it provides protection to the cell.
Explanation:
(The cell membrane is the outer covering of the cell)
If we compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy conversions involved, we observe that in–.
Mobile breathing stores ATP, at the same time as photosynthesis releases ATP. cellular breathing produces oxygen, even as photosynthesis makes use of oxygen. Photosynthesis releases energy, at the same time as cellular respiration shops energy. Photosynthesis used carbon dioxide, even as cellular breathing produces carbon dioxide.
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. Glucose is used as food through the plant and oxygen is a . mobile breathing converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. Water and carbon dioxide are by using- products and ATP is strength this is transformed from the system.
Cellular respiratory is an example of the regulation of Conservation of strength as it transforms glucose, an power supply, into ATP electricity. Photosynthesis produces glucose, then cell respiratory uses it to make electricity together with carbon dioxide.
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genes with various repeats or deletions of base pairs are referred to as group of answer choices copy number variations polymorphic autosomes polygenic
Genes with various repeats or deletions of base pairs are referred to as copy number variations.
The genetic characteristic comprising the quantity of a specific gene present in an individual's DNA. Copy number variants is another term for genetic variations, which includes insertions, deletions, and duplications of DNA sequences.
Sections of the genome are repeated, and the amount of repeats varies from person to person. This phenomenon is known as copy number variation. A form of structural variation known as copy number variation involves a significant number of base pairs being affected by a duplication or deletion event.
Disorders associated with copy number variation (CNV) result from an imbalance in the dosage of one or more genes caused by deletions, duplications, or other genomic rearrangements that result in the gain or loss of genetic material.
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approximately what percentage of the human genome consists of repetitive dna or transposable elements? 10 percent 5 percent 25 percent 1 percent 50 percent
50% of the human genome consists of repetitive DNA or transposable elements.
What is repetitive DNA?
Patters of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) occurring multiple times throughout the genome is called repetitive DNA. It was first discovered due to its rapid re-association kinetics.
A significant fraction of genomic DNA in many organisms is highly repetitive. In humans, over two thirds of the genomic sequence consists of repeated elements.
A high degree of polymorphism exists in these repeated sequences. This is because of the variation in the number of their repeated units often caused by mutations that involve several mechanisms.
An increase in repeated DNA sequences is followed by a number of genetic diseases. The fragile X syndrome is associated with the repeat sequence CpGpG. Other examples include huntington’s chorea (CAG), spinobulbar muscular dystrophy (CAG), etc.
So, about 50% of the human genome consists of repetitive DNA or transposable elements.
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A woman has her personal genome analyzed for the brca1 mutation after learning that her father is heterozygous and carries one mutant allele. What is her chance of inheriting the mutant allele from her father?.
She has a 50% probability of receiving her father's mutant allele.
When one gene has the capacity to alter the impact of a second gene?In an organism, two possibilities (such possessing the genotype BB or Bb) are incompatible. Recessiveness is a term used to describe a situation in which one gene can affect how another gene behaves.
Which of the following takes place during RNA processing?Three different types of RNA processing events can be distinguished: trimming one or both ends of the primary transcript to the mature RNA length; splicing RNA to remove internal RNA sequences; and modifying RNA nucleotides either at the ends of an RNA or within the body of the RNA.
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Describe how the antidote helped jared's cells make atp (include the etc and h+ gradient in your answer).
The ETC could get new electrons from NADH and move [tex]H^{+}[/tex] into the intermembrane space. Which is how Jared's cells were able to make ATP again.
An electron transport chain is a collection of protein complexes and other molecules that use redox reactions to transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors while also transporting protons across a membrane.
The electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis are two components of oxidative phosphorylation. The ETC is a collection of proteins and organic molecules bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane that electrons pass through in a series of redox reactions to release energy. The electron transport chain's primary function is to generate an electrochemical gradient. It is responsible for ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts during cellular respiration and photosynthesis, respectively. It is necessary for cellular respiration.
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If the frequency of pku, an autosomal recessive disease, is 1% in males, what is the frequency of females with pku?.
If the frequency of PKU, an autosomal recessive disease, is 1% in males, The frequency of females with PKU is 1%.
What is PKU?Phenylketonuria, also known as PKU, is a rare genetic disorder in which an amino acid called phenylalanine builds up in the body. PKU is caused by alterations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. PKU does not reduce life expectancy with or without treatment. Newborn screening for PKU is mandatory in all 50 states. Phenylketonuria is a genetic condition in which phenylalanine levels accumulate in the body.If left untreated, phenylketonuria can impair a person's cognitive development. Treatment with medication and/or dietary changes can help relieve symptoms.PKU is usually asymptomatic if treatment is started early.Without treatment, PKU can damage the brain and nervous system and lead to learning disabilities. Other symptoms of untreated PKU include: Behavioral difficulties, including frequent tantrums and episodes of self-harm.To learn more about PKU from the given link :
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All plant life cycles consist of an alternation of generations. What is the haploid stage of a plant life cycle called?.
The haploid stage of a plant life cycle called Gametophyte
What is alternation of generation ?In the course of their life cycle, plants alternate between two separate life stages, or generations, the gametophyte, a haploid stage, and the sporophyte, a diploid stage.
The haploid gametophyte stage and the diploid sporophyte stage are the two separate life stages, or generations, that plants alternate between throughout their life cycle as a result of the alternation of generations. The number of chromosomes each cell possesses is indicated by the phrases haploid and diploid.Gametophyte is the name for the haploid (n) stage of the alternation of generations life cycle. The gametophyte stage can also be thought of as the sexual stage because it will produce gametes, or sex cells. The chromosome at this stage has just one set.Learn more about Alternation of generation here:
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a student observes the structure of a neuron under the microscope. the cell has a central soma with two cell processes emerging, one on each side. one cell process receives input from another cell while the second cell process is responsible for generating output. what is the structural classification of this neuron?
The structural classification of a central soma process receives input from another cell while the second cell process responsible for generating output is the bipolar neuron.
What is the bipolar neuron?Bipolаr neuron is а type of interneuron thаt hаs two neurites, usuаlly аn аxon аnd а dendrite, extending from opposite poles of аn ovoid cell body. Bipolаr neurons аre found in the retinа of the eye, the roof of the nаsаl cаvity, аnd inner eаr. They аre аlwаys sensory аnd cаrry informаtion аbout vision, olfаction, equilibrium, аnd heаring.
The structure of bipolаr neurons is similаr to thаt of pseudounipolаr neurons in thаt two distinct structures stem from the cell body (or soma). However, insteаd of stаrting аs one extension thаt splits into two, the structures grow independently out of the cell body.
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which of the following goes against the stimulus substitution model? a. the cs becomes a substitute for the us - maybe b. the us can determine the form of cr (conditioned response) c. the cs can determine the form of cr (conditioned response) d. the cr (conditioned response) is the same as the ur (unconditioned response)
The stimulus substitution paradigm is defied by the fact that the cr (resulting in the ability) and ur (unconditioned response) are identical.
Why is the traditional theory of Pavlov's conditioning referred to as the theory of stimulus substitution?According to Pavlov, training is the propensity to react to new stimuli in the same way that one has in the past rather than the learning of any new behavior. Thus, he proposed that in triggering the reflex response, the CS merely acts as the US's stand-in. The sensory theory of conditioning is the name given to this explanation.
What is the stimulus substitution theory's main flaw?A classical conditioning theory called the stimulus-substitution theory suggests that the CS functions as a replacement for the US. This theory's main flaw is that the CR or UR can occasionally diverge significantly.
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Help, please!
Describe two ways that plants or animals can respond to changes in their surroundings.
Plants have the capacity to respond to stimuli such as water, light , touch, etc., in their environment.
How do plants respond to changes in their environment?Plants are able to respond to changes in their environment by making changes to their physiology accordingly.
The response of plants to light stimulus is what is generally known as phototropism. Plants respond to light by moving towards or away from light sources. Usually, the response involves the movement of some parts of a plant and not the entire plant. For example, the shoots of plants will always move toward light while their roots will always move away from light.
Another stimulus that plants have the capacity to respond to is the force of gravity, otherwise known as gravitropism. The force of gravity act vertically downward on every matter present on earth. The roots of plants generally grow downward in the direction of gravity while their shoots will always grow against the force of gravity.
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Fishing techniques that are too effective can cause marine species to go below recovery levels. This can cause a ____
A. change in climate
B. acidic waters
C. loss of biodiversity
D. plastic waste
Answer:
The answer is C
Explanation:
i took the quiz and it was right
if a muscle cell is stimulated to contract, allowed to partially relax, then stimulated again, its force of contraction the second time will be .
If a muscle cell is stimulated to contract, allowed to partially relax, then stimulated again, its force of contraction the second time will be higher.
A single motor unit could be gradually stimulated with increasingly higher frequency action potentials to increase the contraction the muscle produces. Wave summation is the name for this phenomena. A condition known as tetanus would eventually result from the frequency of action potentials becoming so high that there would be no time for the muscle to relax between each successive stimulus.
Motor units activate asynchronously when a muscle contracts, which means that one contracts first, then another does so a split second later before the first has time to relax, and so on. Therefore, the entire muscle contraction is very smooth and controlled rather than a quick movement.
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explain how photosynthesis, cellular respiration, the carbon cycle, and climate change are all interconnected and related to each other.
The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration both play an important role in the carbon cycle and contribute significantly to climate change.
The process of Photosynthesis is such that plants release O₂ into the air while taking in all the atmospheric CO₂. On the other hand, in cellular respiration, CO₂ is released into the air. This means that whatever carbon dioxide is released during cellular respiration gets taken in by the plants back during photosynthesis. Since Carbon is being recycled actively here, these two processes become a part of the carbon cycle.
If the number of humans significantly increases as compared to the number of plants, the amount of CO₂ released would be more. This would lead to an imbalance and increase in Carbon dioxide in the air which would, in turn, lead to a rise in temperature. This rise in temperature is what we mean when we say climate change. Therefore, all four processes mentioned are interconnected and related to each other.
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I need help on all of these
What will happen when the ribosome shifts one codon further on the mrna, assuming the next codon is not a stop codon?.
The tRNA at the A position of the preceding diagram will be kicked out of the ribosome. The ribosome will join with a brand-new tRNA.
provide an example of a codon.An example of a codon is the string AUG, which stands for amino homocysteine. The AUG codon, that not only specifies the methionine amino acid but also marks the start of a protein, is the first codon in every messenger RNA.
Definitions of codons and anticodonsDuring translation, an mRNA codon is a sextuplets or triple-nucleotide pattern that codes for a particular amine group. The anticodon, a three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA, binds to the proper mRNA sequence. Which amino acid the tRNA molecule transports is determined by the anticodon.
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plants use various hormones and enzymes to respond to changes in day length (photoperiod) and to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. how will these molecules respond in plants living in locations with shorter daylight hours?
In order to expose certain cyanobacterial segments to various light wavelengths, a researcher lit a filament of cyanobacteria with light that traveled through a prism.
After several weeks of exposure, he discovered that the bacteria in the green light transformed from green to red, yet they continued to reproduce at the same rate. What can you infer from the cyanobacteria's altered coloration after being exposed to green light
The exposure to the green light resulted in the production of more chlorophyll a.The cyanobacteria were perishing and their color was altering as a result.Chloroplasts were absorbing red light as opposed to green light.Learn more about to photoperiod visit here:
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