using the lifo retail method, a new layer at retail is determined by subtracting what from ending inventory at retail?

Organizational design is the process of creating or changing the structure, systems, processes, and culture of an organization in order to achieve specific goals. The question that is most closely related to organizational design is "How should we departmentalize our organization?"

Departmentalization is a key aspect of organizational design as it involves dividing an organization into different units or departments based on their functions, products, customers, or geography. This process enables organizations to streamline their operations, improve communication and coordination, and allocate resources more effectively.

In order to determine the most appropriate departmentalization strategy for an organization, several factors need to be considered, such as the nature of the business, the size of the organization, the complexity of its operations, and the goals it wishes to achieve. For example, a large multinational company may choose to departmentalize based on geographic regions, while a smaller startup may opt for functional departmentalization.

The other options provided in the question, such as advertising products, creating marketing mix, and selecting suppliers, are all important aspects of organizational strategy, but they are not directly related to organizational design. Organizational design is more concerned with how the various parts of an organization fit together to achieve its goals, rather than the specific tactics used to implement those goals.

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True. The duration of a bond is a measure of its sensitivity to changes in interest rates. It takes into account the bond's maturity, coupon rate, and yield to maturity, and provides an estimate of the bond's price sensitivity to changes in interest rates.

The duration of a bond is always less than its time to maturity because it takes into account the timing of the bond's cash flows and the present value of those cash flows.

For a four-year maturity 10 percent coupon bond, the duration will be less than four years because the bond's cash flows (the coupon payments and the final principal payment) are weighted towards the earlier years of the bond's life, due to the regular coupon payments.

As a result, the duration of the bond will be less than four years, reflecting the fact that the bond's price will be more sensitive to changes in interest rates in the earlier years of the bond's life.

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The beta on a stock with an expected return of 13% is 0.8.

The formula for calculating the expected return of a stock under CAPM is as follows:

r = Rf + β(Rm - Rf)

Where, r = Expected return of the stock, Rf = Risk-free rate, β = Beta of the stock, Rm = Expected return of the market

According to the given question, Risk-free rate is 5% and the expected return on the market is 15%. Therefore, Rf = 5% and Rm = 15%

Let's put these values into the CAPM formula and solve for β.

13% = 5% + β(15% - 5%)

8% = 10β

β = 0.8

Therefore, the beta on a stock is 0.8.

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The four components of a business are interrelated and important for any business for different sizes and industries. The four components are as follows:

1) Products/services: A business must serve some sort of product or service to customers in order to generate some revenue.

2) Operations: This aspect involves the day-to-day activities of the business, such as production, distribution, customer service, etc.

3) Marketing: To attract customers to the products or services being offered, a business must engage in marketing activities such as advertising, promotions, and public relations too.

4) Finance: Finally, a business must manage its financial resources effectively, including budgeting, accounting, and financial planning. This is the most important component of a business

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In a typical SWOT analysis, a firm's highly regarded brand would be listed as a strength. This is because a strong brand can provide a competitive advantage, increase customer loyalty, and enhance the firm's reputation.

Additionally, a strong brand can lead to higher profits and greater market share. It is important to analyze the strength of the brand in relation to competitors and consider how it can be leveraged to drive growth and success. Overall, a strong brand is a valuable asset for any firm and should be carefully considered in any SWOT analysis.
A firm's highly regarded brand would be listed as a "Strength" in a typical SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis helps evaluate the company's internal and external environment by identifying its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. A strong brand is considered an asset, as it can contribute to customer loyalty, positive brand recognition, and higher revenue. In under 100 words, a well-regarded brand is an essential strength, as it can give the firm a competitive advantage, build trust with consumers, and increase overall market share.

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When aggregate demand shifts rightward along the short-run aggregate-supply curve, inflation increases.

The short-run aggregate supply curve is upward-sloping, meaning that in the short run, an increase in aggregate demand will lead to higher prices and output. When aggregate demand shifts rightward, the economy moves from point A to point B along the short-run aggregate supply curve. At point B, output is higher, but prices have also increased due to the increase in aggregate demand. This increase in prices is what is meant by inflation. It is important to note that in the long run, the economy will eventually return to its natural level of output, and the price level will adjust accordingly. However, in the short run, inflation can be a concern, especially if it becomes persistent and leads to expectations of future inflation, which can cause further inflationary pressures.

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A medical assistant is employed by a healthcare provider to perform administrative and clinical tasks that keep the office running smoothly.

They are an essential part of the healthcare team, providing support to physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. Administrative tasks may include answering phone calls, scheduling appointments, maintaining patient records, and handling insurance claims. Clinical tasks may include taking vital signs, preparing patients for exams, assisting with medical procedures, and administering medications under the supervision of a physician. Medical assistants may work in various settings, such as hospitals, clinics, physician offices, and nursing homes. They play an important role in providing high-quality care to patients by ensuring that healthcare providers can focus on their medical duties. A well-trained and skilled medical assistant is an asset to any healthcare organization, contributing to the efficient and effective delivery of healthcare services.

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The amount the company would have to borrow is $50,000. Option a is correct.

To determine the amount the company would have to borrow, we need to calculate the difference between the desired end-of-month cash balance and the available cash.

Beginning cash balance: $125,000

Cash receipts: $120,000

Cash disbursements: $170,000

Desired end-of-month cash balance: $125,000

Net cash flow = Cash receipts - Cash disbursements

Net cash flow = $120,000 - $170,000

Net cash flow = -$50,000

Since the net cash flow is negative, it means the company has more cash going out than coming in. To maintain the desired end-of-month cash balance of $125,000, the company would need to borrow an amount equal to the net cash flow.

Therefore, the amount the company would have to borrow is a. $50,000.

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To maintain a competitive advantage, a firm must provide products and services of a superior value to those of competitors.

This is because customers are more likely to choose a product or service that provides better value for their money.

Charging a higher price than competitors may not necessarily lead to a competitive advantage, as customers may not be willing to pay the extra cost if the value is not superior.

Reproducing the successful actions of competitors may not lead to a sustained competitive advantage, as competitors may also be copying each other's successful actions.

Winning consistently over the short term may not necessarily lead to a competitive advantage, as competitors may quickly catch up and innovate to stay ahead.

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The actual cost is $160,000 at the end of 6 weeks to renovate a 10-story office and 1 week is required to complete each floor.

Hence, the correct option is d.

The Actual Cost (AC) represents the total cost incurred on the project up to a specific point in time. In this case, after 6 weeks, the cost to date is given as $160,000.

Since the project is 50% complete and each floor renovation costs $25,000, we can calculate the expected total cost for the entire project. With 10 floors in total and each taking 1 week to complete, the expected total cost would be

10 floors × $25,000 per floor = $250,000.

However, since the project is only 50% complete, the actual cost is proportional to the completed work.

Therefore, the AC can be calculated as 50% of the expected total cost, which is

50% × $250,000 = $125,000.

However, the given cost to date is $160,000, which is higher than the calculated AC.

Therefore, the correct AC is $160,000.

Hence, the answer is option d) $160,000.

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d. the prices of the inputs used to produce the good is not a determinant of the demand for a particular good.

The determinants of demand are factors that affect the quantity of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase at different prices. These determinants include income, tastes and preferences, prices of related goods (substitutes and complements), demographics, consumer expectations, and others.

The prices of the inputs used to produce the good are a determinant of supply, not demand. The price and availability of inputs such as labor, materials, and technology can affect the cost of production and, therefore, the quantity of the good that producers are willing and able to supply at different prices.

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B. Other firms reduce their prices also, usually quite quickly.  The extent of the response may also depend on the degree of product differentiation, the number of competitors, and other market conditions.

In an oligopoly, firms tend to keep a close watch on their rivals’ pricing strategies and quickly respond to any changes made by their competitors. This is known as price competition, and it is a common feature of oligopolistic markets. When one firm reduces its prices, other firms may follow suit to avoid losing market share or profits. However, the response of other firms may not always be immediate or significant, as they may consider various factors such as their own costs, profitability, and market power before adjusting their prices. The extent of the response may also depend on the degree of product differentiation, the number of competitors, and other market conditions.

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It helps to cover any expenses for a loss.The correct answer to the question is B) .

When an individual purchases insurance, they are essentially transferring the financial risk of a potential loss to the insurance company. By submitting a claim to the insurance company, the insured is notifying the company of a loss that has occurred and is requesting reimbursement for any expenses related to that loss. This can include property damage, medical bills, or other types of expenses.

The benefit of submitting a claim to an insurance company is that it helps to cover any expenses for a loss. Depending on the type of insurance policy and the specific circumstances of the loss, the insurance company will typically reimburse the insured for the full or partial cost of the expenses incurred.

This can help to alleviate the financial burden of the loss and ensure that the insured is not left with significant out-of-pocket expenses.

In addition, submitting a claim to an insurance company can also help to prevent future losses. By addressing the issue and making necessary repairs or adjustments, the insured can reduce the risk of similar losses occurring in the future.

Overall, the benefit of submitting a claim to an insurance company is that it provides financial protection and support in the event of a loss. It is important for individuals to understand their insurance policy and to file a claim promptly in order to receive the maximum benefits available. Option B

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The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) provides guidance on how not-for-profit organizations (NFPs) should account for depreciation in the Financial Accounting Standards Codification (FASB ASC) 958-360.

According to this guidance, depreciation expense in an NFP should be recorded using the straight-line method, which allocates the cost of a long-lived asset over its useful life.

NFPs are required to present their financial statements in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), which includes the recognition and measurement of depreciation expense. Depreciation expense represents the cost of using long-lived assets such as buildings, equipment, and vehicles, and it is recorded as an operating expense on the income statement.

While NFPs may have unique characteristics, the recognition and measurement of depreciation expense are generally consistent with those of for-profit organizations. The straight-line method is commonly used in both NFPs and for-profit organizations to allocate the cost of long-lived assets over their useful lives, and it provides a systematic and rational approach to recording depreciation expense.

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A small firm that is profitable but provides only a very modest return to the entrepreneur is often referred to as a "lifestyle business." This type of business is typically run by the owner or a small group of owners who prioritize a certain lifestyle over maximizing profits or growth.

Lifestyle businesses can take many forms, such as family-owned restaurants, boutique shops, or freelance consulting services. These businesses are often characterized by their focus on providing a certain quality of life to the owners, rather than seeking rapid growth or high profits.

While lifestyle businesses may not generate significant wealth or provide significant growth opportunities, they can offer a number of benefits to the owners. For example, they may allow the owner to work on something they are passionate about, have more control over their schedule, and maintain a better work-life balance.

In summary, a small firm that is profitable but provides only a very modest return to the entrepreneur is commonly referred to as a "lifestyle business." This type of business is often focused on providing a certain quality of life to the owners, rather than maximizing profits or growth.

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The topic that could be expected to be found in a procurement management plan is guidelines on types of contracts to be used in different situations.

A procurement management plan is a document that outlines the steps and guidelines to follow when procuring goods or services for a project. It includes a detailed description of the procurement process, the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders involved in the procurement process, and the criteria used to select suppliers.

One of the essential elements of a procurement management plan is the selection of the appropriate contract type for the goods or services being procured. Guidelines on types of contracts to be used in different situations are necessary to ensure that the procurement process is fair, transparent, and meets the project's goals and objectives. These guidelines may include the criteria used to select suppliers, the procurement method used, and the procurement schedule. A well-defined procurement management plan helps to minimize the project's risks and ensure the successful delivery of goods and services.

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Non-native employees who work and reside in a foreign country are commonly known as expatriates.The number of foreign employees has increased significantly over the past decade, as globalization has led to more multinational companies expanding their operations overseas.

One of the main challenges faced by foreign employees is the cultural differences between their home country and the host country. The host country's culture, customs, and work practices may be significantly different, which can make it challenging for the expatriate employees to adjust to their new surroundings. However, many multinational companies provide cultural training to their employees to help them adapt to the new environment. Another challenge for expatriates is the issue of language. In many cases, the host country may have a different language, which can make communication difficult for the foreign employees. Companies may provide language training to their employees to help them learn the language of the host country.
Foreign employees play an important role in the global economy, as they bring unique skills, expertise, and perspectives to the companies they work for. They also contribute to the growth of the host country's economy by paying taxes and spending money in the local economy.

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The equity beta of the levered firm is approximately 2.1177.

To find the equity beta of the levered firm, we need to use the following formula:
Equity Beta (Levered) = Unlevered Beta * (1 + (1 - Tax Rate) * (Debt-to-Equity Ratio))
Since the firm is all-equity, the unlevered beta is the same as the initial equity beta, which is 1.44. The question states that we should assume no taxes, so the tax rate is 0. We are given the firm's new capital structure: 32% debt and 68% equity, and the beta of debt is 0.80. Now we can find the debt-to-equity ratio:
Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Debt / Equity = 0.32 / 0.68 ≈ 0.4706
Now, we can plug in the values into the formula:
Equity Beta (Levered) = 1.44 * (1 + (1 - 0) * 0.4706) ≈ 1.44 * (1 + 0.4706) ≈ 1.44 * 1.4706 ≈ 2.1177
The equity beta of the levered firm is approximately 2.1177.

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The payoff value for form joint venture is 900.

The payoff value for form joint venture can b calculated using the Laplace method, using the following formula.

Laplace payoff value for "form joint venture"= (P(Success)*Payoff value for Success) + (P(Above Average Success)*Payoff value for Above Average Success) + (P(Failure)*Payoff value for Failure)

where, P(Success) = 1/3, P(Above Average Success) = 1/3, P(Failure) = 1/3,

Given payoff value for Success = 1200, payoff value for Above Average Success = 1300, and payoff value for failure = 203

By putting these values in the above formula, we have:

Laplace payoff value for "form joint venture" = (1/3*1200) + (1/3*1300) + (1/3*203) = (400) + (433.33) + (67.67) = 900

Therefore, the payoff value for "form joint venture" using the Laplace method is 900.

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True: In an effort to stay afloat, zombie institutions offered low-cost loans to poorly qualified borrowers and made it difficult for well-run institutions to survive.

During the housing boom leading up to the financial crisis of 2008, many banks and financial institutions engaged in risky lending practices.

These institutions offered low-cost loans to borrowers who were poorly qualified, meaning that they had a high risk of defaulting on their loans.

These loans were often referred to as subprime loans.
The result of all this reckless lending was a housing bubble that eventually burst, leading to a financial crisis that had far-reaching consequences.

Many of the poorly qualified borrowers defaulted on their loans, causing the value of the assets that the loans were based on to plummet.

This, in turn, caused the institutions that held these assets to suffer massive losses, which ultimately led to the collapse of many of these institutions.

Well-run institutions, on the other hand, were often unable to compete with the low-cost loans offered by zombie institutions.

These well-run institutions were also more likely to adhere to responsible lending practices, which meant that they were less likely to offer loans to poorly qualified borrowers.

As a result, many of these well-run institutions struggled to stay afloat during the housing boom.

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The correct answer is "reject because the NPV is negative."

Total NPV = -$10,175.44 - $20,342.88 + $4,260.63 = -$26,257.69

To determine if the project should be accepted or rejected based on net present value (NPV), we first need to calculate the NPV using the formula:
NPV = Cash inflow / (1 + Discount rate)^Year - Initial cost
Year 1 NPV = $12,000 / (1 + 0.14)^1 - $23,400 = -$10,175.44
Year 2 NPV = $0 / (1 + 0.14)^2 - $23,400 = -$20,342.88
Year 3 NPV = $18,000 / (1 + 0.14)^3 - $23,400 = $4,260.63
To calculate the total NPV, we add up the NPVs for each year:
Total NPV = -$10,175.44 - $20,342.88 + $4,260.63 = -$26,257.69
Since the total NPV is negative, the project should be rejected because it is not expected to generate enough cash inflows to cover the initial cost and earn a return on the investment that exceeds the discount rate. Therefore, the correct answer is "reject because the NPV is negative."

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Answer:

Reject because the NPV is negative; NPV = -$724.20

Explanation:

True.

Employee participation in decision making can increase motivation and engagement as it allows employees to feel valued and included in the company's decision-making process. When employees feel like their opinions and ideas are heard and taken into consideration, they are more likely to feel invested in their work and motivated to perform well.

However, it's important to note that not all decisions can or should be made by employees and that there needs to be a balance between employee input and managerial decision making. Additionally, employees need to feel like their participation is genuine and not just tokenism. Overall, involving employees in decision making can be a valuable tool for boosting motivation, but it needs to be implemented carefully and strategically.

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When existing ways of doing things pose a barrier to strategy execution initiatives, management must establish and enforce new policies and operating practices.

Firstly, the action aligns the behavior of personnel with the requirements for good strategy execution.

By establishing new policies and operating practices, management can ensure that employees are working towards the same goals and following the same processes.

This alignment of behavior is crucial for successful strategy execution, as it ensures that everyone is working together towards the same objectives.
Secondly, the establishment of new policies and operating practices can help overcome resistance to change.

People who are resistant to change can understand the importance of following company policies and will adapt.

By providing clear guidelines and expectations, management can help employees understand why change is necessary and what they need to do to support the strategy.
Thirdly, the establishment of new policies and operating practices can help prevent violations of company policy.

People will try not to violate company policy if they understand the consequences of doing so.

By clearly communicating the policies and enforcing them consistently, management can help prevent violations and ensure that everyone is working within the same framework.

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The main answer to your question is option b, quality improvement team, which is patterned after the successful Japanese concept of quality circles.

Quality circles were a popular approach to quality management in Japan during the 1950s and 1960s.

These were small groups of employees who would meet regularly to identify and solve problems related to quality in their work processes.

Quality improvement teams are similar in nature and follow a similar approach to quality management.

Summary: Quality improvement teams are patterned after the successful Japanese concept of quality circles, which were small groups of employees who met regularly to identify and solve quality-related problems in their work processes.

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When the interest rates on equity are too high people choose to rent a home rather than buy a home

c. The interest rates on equity are too high.

Flexibility: renting a home allows for more flexibility as renters can move more easily if they need to change jobs schools or other life circumstances lower upfront costs renters typically have

Lower upfront: costs compared to buyers as they do not need to make a down payment or pay for closing costs.

When renting the responsibility of maintaining the property falls on the landlord whereas when owning a home the responsibility falls on the homeowner

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Event directors act primarily as in-house advertising agents for the various events booked into facilities. The correct option is B.

Event directors are responsible for planning, organizing, and coordinating various events, such as concerts, trade shows, conferences, and sports events, among others. They work closely with clients to understand their event goals and objectives, and then develop strategies to promote and advertise the event to potential attendees. This involves creating marketing plans, developing advertising campaigns, and using social media and other digital platforms to reach a wider audience.

Event directors also work closely with the facility's staff, including sales and marketing teams, to ensure that the event is well-promoted and marketed to potential attendees. They may also collaborate with external advertising agencies and public relations firms to develop and execute successful marketing campaigns.

In summary, event directors play a critical role in promoting and advertising the various events booked into facilities. They use their expertise in marketing and advertising to ensure that the events are well-attended and successful.

The correct option is B.

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When demand for a given good is inelastic, it follows that if the price rises, total revenue will rise, too.

Inelastic demand means that the percentage change in quantity demanded is smaller than the percentage change in price.

In other words, consumers are less responsive to price changes for inelastic goods. When the price increases, the quantity demanded decreases by a smaller proportion, leading to an increase in total revenue (price multiplied by quantity).

This occurs because the higher price outweighs the reduction in quantity demanded, and consumers continue to purchase the good despite the price increase.

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Last year's dividend per share was $1.00.Last year's dividend per share can be calculated by first finding the total dividend payout before the stock split.

Let's assume the company had 100 shares outstanding last year, which would mean the total dividend payout before the stock split was $100 (100 shares x $1.00 dividend per share).

After the 5-for-1 stock split, the number of outstanding shares increased to 500 (100 shares x 5). If this year's total dividend payout represents a 7% increase over last year's pre-split total dividend payout, then this year's total dividend payout is $107 ($100 x 1.07).

To find last year's dividend per share, we need to divide the pre-split total dividend payout by the number of shares outstanding before the split. So, last year's dividend per share was $1.00 ($100 total dividend payout ÷ 100 shares outstanding).

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When a U.S.-based MNC operates in foreign countries and earns revenue in foreign currencies, their consolidated earnings can be impacted by changes in currency exchange rates.

If foreign currencies depreciate relative to the U.S. dollar, the MNC's consolidated earnings in U.S. dollars will decrease, since the value of the foreign currency will be lower. This can result in lower profits or even losses for the MNC. However, if the MNC has taken measures to hedge against currency risk, such as through currency swaps or forward contracts, the impact of currency fluctuations may be minimized. Additionally, a depreciating foreign currency may make the MNC's exports more competitive in the local market, potentially offsetting some of the negative impact on earnings. Overall, the effect of foreign currency depreciation on a U.S.-based MNC's consolidated earnings will depend on a variety of factors, including the extent of their operations in foreign countries and their currency hedging strategies.

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The most important aspect of evaluating the client's method of obtaining a reliable cutoff is option B) evaluate the client's control procedures around cutoff.

Cutoff testing refers to the process of testing transactions that occur near the end of an accounting period to ensure that they are recorded in the correct period. While detailed testing of cutoff (option A) and confirming transactions with customers (option D) can be important aspects of evaluating cutoff, the most important aspect is to evaluate the client's control procedures around cutoff.

This involves assessing the client's processes and controls for identifying, recording, and verifying transactions at period-end. Examples of control procedures around cutoff could include cutoff schedules, cutoff checklists, automated controls, or manual reconciliations. By evaluating these procedures, auditors can gain an understanding of the client's overall level of control over cutoff and identify any weaknesses or deficiencies in the process.

Confirming a sample of transactions near period end with customers (option C) can also be a useful testing procedure to verify the accuracy and completeness of recorded transactions, but it is not the most important aspect of evaluating the client's method of obtaining a reliable cutoff.

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