Only simple retroviruses, not complex retroviruses, have been found to transmit cellular genes. It is unclear why these two viruses differ, but it may have something to do with how retroviruses acquire cellular sequences or how the viral genome is organised, which must be tolerant of foreign insertion.
Retroviruses carry changed cellular genes that give the virus a high level of tumorigenicity. The growth-regulatory genes in these viral or v-onc genes are typically altered. Protooncogenes or c-onc genes are the names given to their cellular progenitors (Bishop 1983, Varmus 1984, Cooper 1990). Gain of function of a positive growth signal is caused by over expression or incorrect expression, which is frequently paired with mutation of an oncogene that has integrated into a viral genome.
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What is the skeletal system? Answer in
2-4 sentences, including the words
below:
bones
structure
movement
ligaments, cartilage, or tendons
gld-1 is an rna binding protein which binds to the 5' utr of the mes-3 mrna. if gld-1 is not functional, mes-3 mrna levels do not change, but mes-3 protein levels increase. the size of the mes-3 protein does not change, only its quantity. what is the function of gld-1?
The function of Gld-1 is inhibits translation which is an rna binding protein which binds to the 5' utr of the mes-3 mrna.
Function In Caenorhabditis elegans, the development of the oocyte depends on GLD-1, a potential RNA-binding protein. A gld-1 null mutation eliminates hermaphrodite oogenesis and produces a tumorous germline phenotype in which presumed female germ cells leave the meiotic pathway and enter the mitotic cell cycle.Elegans germline, GLD-1 is principally responsible for ensuring correct pachytene progression, oogenesis, and early embryogenesis, preventing germ cell death in early meiosis, promoting spermatogenesis at early larval stages, and maintaining germ cell identity.GLD-1 is required for spermatogenesis, the inhibition of germ cell proliferation, and oogenesis.For more information on translation kindly visit to
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A key discovery leading to the structure of DNA was done by Chargaff. He found that ______Select all that apply. the tetranucleotide hypothesis was false the amount of A equals the amount of C, and the amount of G equals the amount of T the amount of A equals the amount of G, and the amount of C equals the amount of T the amount of A equals the amount of T, and the amount of G equals the amount of C
The key discovery leading to the structure of DNA that was done by Chargaff includes:
The tetranucleotide hypothesis was false The amount of A equals the amount of T, and the amount of G equals the amount of CChargaff's experiments showed that the DNA of different organisms had different ratios of the four bases (A, T, G, C), disproving the tetranucleotide hypothesis.
He also discovered that the amount of A always equals the amount of T, and the amount of G always equals the amount of C, which became known as Chargaff's rules. These findings were crucial in the development of the double helix model of DNA.
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a dome shaped surface that articulates with the head of the radius is definiton of what?
A dome shaped surface that articulates with the head of the radius is definition of capitulum.
The capitulum of the humerus, which is located on the lateral aspect of the distal articular surface of the humerus, is an eminence that is smooth and rounded in the human arm's anatomy. The front and bottom portions of the bone are the only places where it articulates with the cup-shaped depression on the head of the radius.
The anteroventral articular facet of the rib is the only part of a non-human tetrapod's capitulum that is commonly referred to by this term (in archosaur morphs).
At the distal end of the humerus, lepidosaurs have a distinct capitellum and trochlea in the middle of the ventral (or anterior in upright taxa) surface.
The capitellum and trochlea are no longer surrounded by distinct etc.- and ectepicondyles in non-avian archosaurs, such as crocodiles, and the distal humerus is made up of two gently enlarged condyles, one medial and one lateral, divided by a shallow groove and a supinator process. The groove dividing the medial and lateral condyles is homologized by Romer (1976) as the capitellum in Archosauromorphs.
The dorsal condyle of the humerus is functionally analogous to the bird's forelimb anatomy's adaptation for flight but not its ontogenetic counterpart.
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which of the following heuristics are admissible (if any)? group of answer choices sum of manhattan distances from each insect's location to its target location. max of manhattan distances from each insect's location to its target location. sum of costs of optimal paths for each insect to its goal if it were acting alone in the environment, unobstructed by the other insects. number of insects that have not yet reached their target location. max of costs of optimal paths for each insect to its goal if it were acting alone in the environment, unobstructed by the other insects.
In the field of artificial intelligence and search algorithms, "admissible heuristics" are those that never overestimate the cost of reaching the goal state.
They are used in algorithms such as A* to guide the search towards the goal by providing an estimate of the cost of reaching the goal from the current state.
Out of the given options, the first two, "sum of Manhattan distances" and "max of Manhattan distances," are admissible heuristics. These heuristics satisfy the admissibility property by providing an estimate of the minimum cost of reaching the goal, as the cost of moving from one square to an adjacent square is always 1 in the Manhattan distance metric.
The last three options, "sum of costs of optimal paths," "number of insects that have not yet reached their target location," and "max of costs of optimal paths," are not admissible heuristics. They may overestimate the cost of reaching the goal and therefore lead the search algorithm astray.
Question:
Which of the following heuristics are admissible (if any)?
(a) Sum of Manhattan distances from each insect's location to itstarget location.
(b) Sum of costs of optimal paths for each insect to its goal if itwere acting alone in the environment, unobstructed by theother insects.
(c) Max of Manhattan distances from each insect's location to itstarget location
(d) Max of costs of optimal paths for each insect to its goal if itwere acting alone in the environment, unobstructed by theother insects.
(e) Number of insects that have not yet reached their targetlocation.
Which of the following heuristics are admissible (if any)?
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how is the process of cell division in parokayotes different from cell division in eukaryotes
Cell division in prokaryotes, or bacteria, occurs through a process called binary fission. In contrast, cell division in eukaryotes occurs through a process called mitosis.
The process of cell division in prokaryotes is different from cell division in eukaryotes in several ways.
Firstly, prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, while eukaryotes do. This means that the process of cell division in prokaryotes, called binary fission, does not involve the separation of chromosomes into two daughter cells as it does in eukaryotes. Instead, the DNA in prokaryotes is copied and then the cell splits into two new cells. Secondly, prokaryotes do not have the same complex system of organelles that eukaryotes have, so the process of cell division is much simpler. In eukaryotes, the process of cell division, called mitosis, involves the separation of chromosomes and the division of organelles into two daughter cells. Finally, the process of cell division in prokaryotes is much faster than in eukaryotes. Binary fission in prokaryotes can occur in as little as 20 minutes, while mitosis in eukaryotes can take several hours.Learn more about cell division at https://brainly.com/question/25282664
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what gene or chromosome is affected by sickle cell anemia?
Answer:
HBB gene. This gene encodes a component of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. The mutation causes hemoglobin molecules to stick together, creating sickle-shaped red blood cells
what is cell in biology explain briefly
Answer:
The Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Each cell has the capacity to perform basic functions that are characteristics of all living forms
Explanation:
The cell has the capacity to replicate itself hence it is known as the building block of life. Each and every cell contains a fluid called cytoplasm.The Cytoplasm is enclosed by a membrane called plasma membrane or cell membrane. Inside cytoplasm there are certain specific components in it which are known as cell organelles. Each cell organelle performs special functions, such as making new material in the cell clearing up waste material from the cell and so on.Because of these organelles, a cell is able to live and perform all its functions. All the cells have the same organelles, no matter what their function is or what organisms they are found in. It is known that a single cell may constitute a whole organism like in amoeba,There are two types of cells:
The Prokaryotic cellsThe Eukaryotic cellsThe outer cell membrane, cell wall in plants, inside nucleus which is separated by a well nuclear membrane in the eukaryotic cell nucleus and cell membrane separated by a fluid called cytoplasm and various cell organelles which are responsible for performing certain specific functions to carry out life’s processes. These are endoplasmic reticulum, plastids in plant cells, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, vacuoles.know more:The Cells were also observed under compound microscope with higher magnification by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek who concluded that the cells are alive they possess motility and cells were named animalcules. The Robert Brown in 1883provided the first insight to cell structure. He described the presence of nucleus present in the cells of orchids.The Various functions of cell are :
It provides support and structure.It facilitates growth mitosis.It allows transport of various substances.The Energy production.It aids in reproduction.in the sense of alternation of generations, how many generations are included in a mature pine seed?
In the sense of alternation of generations, there are two generations included in a mature pine seed: the sporophyte generation and the gametophyte generation.
The sporophyte generation is the dominant phase in the life cycle of the pine seed, and is characterized by the presence of a multicellular, spore-producing structure, such as a cone or a seed. This structure contains the mature sporophytes, which produce the male or female gametophytes through meiosis.
The gametophyte generation, in turn, is characterized by the presence of tiny, single-celled structures called gametes, which are specialized for reproduction. These gametes eventually give rise to the next generation of sporophytes.
The alternation of generations is a fundamental aspect of the life cycle of many plants, including pines, and is crucial for their survival and reproduction. The presence of two generations, each with distinct characteristics and functions, allows for efficient production and dispersal of offspring, ensuring the continuation of the species over time.
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___migration starts with I and the word___helps us remember that____ means which is when individuals move____ a population
Internal migration starts with "I" and the word "Internal" helps us remember that it means movement within a country, which is when individuals move within a population.
What is internal immigration?Immigration is the process through which people acquire the status of citizens or permanent residents in another nation.
Human migration within a nation is known as internal migration or domestic migration. Internal migration typically involves moving for economic or educational purposes, or as a result of a natural disaster or civil war.
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How are unicellular organisms similar to multicellular organisms?
The levels of classification, from broadest to most specific, include: _____
They are, from most broad to most specific, Domains, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, & Species. In the modern classification system, there are eight basic levels.
What is phylum and examples?Phylum is a taxonomic rank in biological categorization, particularly for animals, that comes after Kingdom and before Class. Division is the corresponding rank in plants. The Class Mammalia (mammals), Class Aves (birds), Class Ascidiacea (sea squirts), and other classes are included in the Phylum Chordata. Phylum Chordata is one of the main categories in biological classification, ranking above the Class and below the Kingdom. Compare division sense 8.
How many Phylums are there?Later, the term was modified to phylum. About 35 animal phyla, 12 plant phyla, and 7 fungal phyla exist. The links between the roughly 34 phyla that make up the bacteria, including the archaea, are not as well understood.
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Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________
Answer:
oligodendrocytes of the central nervous system (CNS)
Explanation:
plants and animals go through the process of _______________________ to use stored energy.
plants and animals go through the process of Cellular Respiration to use stored energy.
They employ photosynthesis to convert water, sunshine, and CO2 into oxygen and simple sugars that the plant may use as fuel. Animals must seek or gather food to obtain the energy they require, but plants may produce their own food utilizing light energy from the sun.
This process is known as photosynthesis, and it occurs in chloroplasts, which are microscopic green structures found in the green sections of plants. Plants are autotrophs; they obtain energy from sunlight through the process of photosynthesis, which is carried out by cell organelles known as chloroplasts. Animal cells lack chloroplasts.
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Humans introduced rabbits to Australian ecosystems when the animals arrived on boats with convicts shipped to the continent.
Why did the rabbit population become invasive and grow so quickly?
Responses
The rabbits had no food.
The rabbits had no food.
The ship brought thousands of rabbits.
The ship brought thousands of rabbits.
There were no natural predators.
There were no natural predators.
All of the rabbits were infected with disease.
All of the rabbits were infected with disease.
Answer: the third response
Explanation: no predators means that there is no balance in population
Answer: There were no natural predators.
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which of the following is not true? question 10 options: moss are non-vascular. moss are marine plants. moss are unisexual. moss are a type of embryophyte.
False, moss are sea plants. Mosses are non-vascular, tiny, flowerless plants that grow in damp, shady settings and are classified as part of the Bryophyta category.
Moss is a type of plant, right?Mosses are spore-producing, non-flowering plants with stalks and leaves but no actual roots. The plant kingdom classifies mosses, together with their relatives the liverworts and hornworts, as Bryophyta (bryophytes).
Mosses are they water plants?They take in water and are non-vascular plants. The flow of water into and out of the plant is reliant on diffusion. For reproduction, they demand a damp atmosphere. To get to the egg, their flagellated sperms travel through the water.
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4. the extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of blank.
Microfilament assembly and disassembly are controlled processes that result in the extension of pseudopodia in amoeba. The intermediate filaments are the only cytoskeletal fibers not involved in whole cell motility or intercellular movement.
What do amoebas do to humans?Weight loss, stomach aches, occasional fever, nausea (a feeling of illness in the stomach), diarrhea (loose stool/poop), and other symptoms are all signs of the moderate form of amebiasis. Rarely, the parasite will spread outside of the intestines and infect other parts of the body, leading to a more severe illness like a liver abscess (a collection of pus). Amoebae are widespread and prevalent in many ecosystems, including soil, fresh water, and other environments. Some of them are human diseases, however they are mostly harmless.
Is amoeba a plant or animal?Algae and other protozoans are thought to resemble plants, whereas other protozoans are thought to resemble animals. The ameba is a protist that resembles an animal in that it moves and eats, but it is not considered an animal because it only has one cell; it is unicellular. Macrolide antibiotics (Flagyl), nitroimidazole antibiotics (erythromycin), animalartics (chloroquine), and antiprotozoals are among the medications used to treat amoebiasis (paromomycin). An illness can be avoided by being aware of the quality of the food, water, and cleanliness.
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the classification of organisms is called(1 point) responses evolutionary biology. evolutionary biology. ecology. ecology. taxonomy. taxonomy. anatomy.
The classification of organisms is called taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of naming, characterizing, and classifying creatures, and it encompasses all of the world's plants, animals, and microorganisms.
Taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining and classifying groupings of biological species based on similar traits. It is derived from the Ancient Greek 'arrangement' and -o 'method'. Taxa are groupings of organisms that are assigned a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to produce a more inclusive group of higher rank, resulting in a taxonomic hierarchy.
In modern botany, the main ranks are domain, kingdom, phylum (division is often used instead of phylum), class, order, family, genus, and species.
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Full Question: The classification of organisms is called(1 point) responses
evolutionary biology.. ecology. taxonomy. anatomy.Answer:
the answer is taxonomy
Explanation:
What is the advantage of having small, needlelike leaves?
A) better protection against insects and herbivores
B) decrease in transpiration rate
C) decreased efficiency of light capture
D) increase in transpiration rate
E) increased efficiency of light capture
Conifers and cacti, which have tiny, needle-like leaves, provide various benefits:
Reduced water loss: The surface area via which water can be lost through transpiration is reduced in tiny leaves. When water is scarce in dry or arid areas, this adaptation is especially crucial.Needle-shaped leaves may be an adaptation to colder climates, where big leaves may become destroyed by freezing temperatures. Additionally, the small size of needle-like leaves enables more effective gas exchange in cold climates.Protection from herbivores: Because of their rough texture and frequently sharp tips, needle-like leaves might repel herbivores. This helps guard against eating or harming the plant.Greater exposure to sunshine: The arrangement of small, needle-like leaves frequently maximizes the amount of light that each leaflet receives. This is especially helpful in low-light conditions, like the woodland understory.The ability to thrive in locations where other leaf varieties may be less suited to the conditions is the main benefit of having short, needle-like leaves.
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i need help as fast as possible
Answer:
2 common ancestor: The most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved.
the visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also called the ______.
-epicardium
-myocardium
-pericardium
-endocardium
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also called the epicardium.
The pericardial cavity is the narrow gap between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium.
The fibrous pericardium is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds and protects the heart. Many ligaments connect it to the diaphragm, the sternum (through the sterno-pericardial ligaments), and the vertebral column. It keeps the heart stable.
The inner side of the fibrous pericardium is lined by the outer (parietal) layer of serous pericardium. The inner (visceral) layer of the serous pericardium lines the external surface of the heart. Between the two layers of the serous pericardium is the pericardial cavity, which contains pericardial fluid. This fluid works as a lubricant between the two layers of the heart, allowing it to expand and contract.
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what is the name for the small movements of your eye that are pieced together by the brain into perceptually seamless visual movement?
The small movements of your eye that are pieced together by the brain into perceptually seamless visual movement is called saccades.
A saccade is a fast, synchronized change in fixation in the same direction for both eyes between two or more phases. Conversely, the eyes move smoothly in fluid pursuit motions as opposed to abruptly. The occurrence can be related to a change in the frequency of an outgoing signal or a movement of a bodily part or apparatus.
Humans and many other animals don't fixate their gaze on a subject while seeing it; instead, they shift their eyes to find intriguing details and create mental "maps" of the image in three dimensions.
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what is the difference between neurons and glia? what parts of the nervous system compose the cns? what parts compose the pns?
Glial (Neuroglial) cells maintain, feed, and shield the neurons but do not carry nerve impulses. Glial cells are substantially more numerous and capable of going through mitosis than neurons.
What neurological components make up the CNS?The nervous system is made up up of the spinal cord and the brain. All of the body's components are connected by nerves that emerge from the spinal cord and make up the peripheral nervous system.
What elements comprise the PNS?The somatic nervous system refers to the portions of the nervous that are just not found in the spinal cord or the brain. Included are the spinal nerve, their roots, and branches, as well as the neuromuscular connections and peripheral nerves.
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If the frequency of allele A is 0.7, using the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what would the frequency of the heterozygous Aa genotype be?
If the frequency of allele A is 0.7, using the Hardy-Weinberg formula, then the frequency of the heterozygous Aa genotype is 0.42 as it is the heterozygous condition of the population.
What is the frequency of the heterozygous?Here, the frequency of allele A is 0.7 , as per the equation P+q=1,
as P(A)= 0.7,
so the q = 1 - 0.7, that is q = 0.3
The Hardy-Weinberg formula is:
[tex]P^2[/tex] + 2pq + [tex]q^2[/tex] = 1
The frequency of the heterozygous Aa genotype is:
2pq = 2 x 0.7 x 0.3,
2pq = 0.42
Hence, if the frequency of allele A is 0.7, using the Hardy-Weinberg formula, then the frequency of the heterozygous Aa genotype is 0.42 as it is the heterozygous condition of the population.
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what is the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on earth? 1. origin of mitochondria 2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 3. origin of chloroplasts 4. origin of cyanobacteria
The sequence will be: 4, 3, 1, 2, i.e., origin of cyanobacteria, origin of chloroplasts, origin of mitochondria, origin of multicellular eukaryotes, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on earth.
Evolutionary biologists have continued to investigate a variety of elements of evolution by formulating and testing hypotheses and concepts based on information from the field or laboratory and data generated using the tools of mathematical and theoretical biology. Their discoveries have influenced the development of biology as well as numerous other fields in science and industry, including computer science, agriculture, and medicine.
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given that people with sickle cell anemia are protected against malaria, the allele for sickle cell anemia is kept in the population. this is an example of .
Given that people with sickle cell anemia are protected against malaria, the allele for sickle cell anemia is kept in the population. This is an example of balancing selection.
Balancing selection is a type of natural selection that maintains genetic variation in a population by favoring the survival of multiple alleles. In this case, the allele for sickle cell anemia is maintained in the population because individuals who are heterozygous for the allele (i.e., carriers) are protected against malaria. This is an example of heterozygote advantage, which is a type of balancing selection. Heterozygote advantage occurs when heterozygous individuals have a higher fitness than homozygous individuals for either allele, leading to the maintenance of both alleles in the population. In the case of sickle cell anemia, the allele is kept in the population because the benefits of protection against malaria for carriers outweigh the costs of having a potentially debilitating disease for homozygous individuals.
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in appositional growth, chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix.
True or False
True. Appositional growth is a process of cartilage growth where chondrocytes, the cells responsible for producing and maintaining the cartilage matrix, divide and secrete new matrix.
This is in contrast to interstitial growth, which involves the chondrocytes within the existing cartilage matrix dividing and producing new matrix.
During appositional growth, chondrocytes in the outer layer of cartilage, called the perichondrium, divide and secrete new matrix on the surface of the cartilage. This process leads to an increase in cartilage thickness and is important for the growth and maintenance of bones, joints, and other tissues that require cartilage for support and movement.
Appositional growth can also occur in other tissues, such as bone, where it contributes to bone remodeling and repair. In bone, the process involves the activity of osteoblasts, cells responsible for producing new bone matrix, and occurs on the surface of existing bone tissue.
In summary, appositional growth is a process of tissue growth where cells divide and secrete new matrix on the surface of existing tissue, and chondrocytes in cartilage are an example of cells that can carry out this process.
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which of the following biological processes regularly lead to adaptation? group of answer choices mutation migration inbreeding genetic drift natural selection
Natural selection and Genetic drift are the biological processes which lead to adaptation.
The only evolutionary process that results in adaptation is natural selection. Gene flow is an evolutionary process that typically results in an equalization of allele frequencies between the source and recipient populations.
Contrary to natural selection, genetic drift has an entirely random impact on the population's genetic composition. Hence, although being an evolutionary mechanism, genetic drift does not result in adaptations.
Natural selection is the theory behind evolution put forth by Charles Darwin. Resources are scarce in nature, thus organisms with heritable qualities that promote reproduction and survival will typically produce more offspring than their contemporaries, increasing the frequency of the traits across generations.
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The fluid mosaic model of the membrane proposed that membranes:
A. Consist of a single layer of phospholipids and proteins.
B. Consist of a phospholipid bilayer composed of a variety of fatty acids.
C. Consist of protein molecules embedded in a dynamic bilayer of phospholipids.
D. Consist of a phospholipid bilayer between two layers of hydrophilic proteins.
The correct answer is option C. According to the fluid mosaic model of the membrane, proteins are encapsulated in a dynamic bilayer of phospholipids in membranes.
S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson introduced this hypothesis in 1972, claiming that the cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins scattered all over it.
The phospholipid bilayer is continually in flux as a result of the diverse external and intracellular stimuli that influence it, and the proteins create a mosaic of different configurations.
The proteins may interact with the polar head groups of the bilayer and the nonpolar core of the membrane because they are amphipathic, or having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas.
The proteins are crucial for signal transduction, molecular transport, and cell-to-cell recognition. The semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer acts as a barrier to control the flow of chemicals into and out of the cell.
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the depth at which the rate of photosynthesis balances the rate of plant respiration is known as the .
The compensation point is the depth at which the rate of photosynthesis equalizes the rate of plant respiration. There is no net gain or loss of oxygen in the aquatic environment since the amount of oxygen generated during photosynthesis is equal to the amount of oxygen used during respiration.
what is plant respiration?
Plant respiration is a sequence of internal chemical processes that occurs in cells that allows plants to release energy from organic substances like sugars and starches. Similar to how animals break down glucose in the presence of oxygen to provide energy for cellular functions, this process is called cellular respiration. All cells in plants, including the roots, stems, and leaves, engage in respiration, which is crucial for the plant's development and upkeep. The energy generated during respiration is employed for a number of processes, including the upkeep of cellular structures, the delivery of nutrients, and the synthesis of new substances.
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