Met-Ser-Ser-Leu-Ser-Leu amino acid sequence will be generated, based on 5' AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG 3' mRNA codon sequence.
mRNA have triplet codons and each triplet codon codes for an amino acid. An amino acid can be coded by many triplet codons but one amino acid can only code for a single amino acid.
AUG is a start codon that codes for initiator amino acid called methionine. Serine can be coded by UCU, UCC, UCA, UGC, AGU, AGC triplet codon. leucine can be coded by UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG.
So the codon sequence 5' AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG 3' will generate Met-Ser-Ser-Leu-Ser-Leu amino acid sequence.
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Which of the following insoluble salts would you expect to dissolve upon the addition of nitric acid?(a) CaF2(b) NiS(c) Ag3PO4(d) AgCl(e) BaSO4(e) All would dissolve with the addition of acid.(f) None of these would dissolve upon the addition of acid.
Highly potent acid HNO₃ is. The oxidizing agent also uses it. CaF₂, NiS, Ag₃PO₄, AgCl, and BaSO₄ are the insoluble salts in this example.CaF₂, NiS, Ag₃PO₄ are dissolved, and AgCl and BaSO₄ not dissolved in HNO₃.
An oxidizing agent is a material in a redox chemical process that obtains or "accepts"/"receives" an electron from a reducing agent (also known as an oxidant, oxidizer, electron recipient, or electron acceptor) (called the reductant, reducer, or electron donor). Or to put it another way, an oxidizer is anything that oxidizes something else. This is described by saying that oxidizers "undergo reduction" and "are reduced" whereas reducers "undergo oxidation" and "are oxidized." The oxidation state, which characterizes the degree of electron loss, of the oxidizer falls while that of the reductant increases. The three most common oxidizing substances are oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and halogens.
An oxidizing agent is a chemical species that goes through a chemical reaction in which it obtains one or more electrons, to put it simply.
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What are pigments such as chlorophyll and carotene used for?; What are pigments used for in plants?; Why do plants need pigments like chlorophyll?; What is the function of carotene pigment in photosynthesis?
In regions of the electromagnetic spectrum where chlorophylls a and b are unable to absorb light, the plant can absorb light thanks to carotenoids and other auxiliary pigments.
What are pigments such as chlorophyll and carotene used for?Carotenoids absorb energy from sunlight similarly to chlorophylls. To increase photosynthesis, they then transfer the energy to chlorophyll molecules. Carotenoids function as antioxidants in all living organisms. The oxidation reactions that can harm cells can be slowed down by chemicals known as antioxidants.Insects, birds, and other animals are drawn to pigments as visible cues for pollination and seed dissemination. Plants are also shielded by pigments from UV and visible light harm (Tanaka et al., 2008). The human diet includes many fruits that are high in pigment.Chlorophyll and other pigments, which absorb the sun's rays to produce food for the organisms, are necessary for photosynthesis.To Learn more About chlorophylls refer To:
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which of the following branched chain amino acids form succinyl coa when catabolized? (more than one aswer)valine, leucine, and isoleucine
Option A and C: Valine and Isoleucine are the branched chain Amino acids that form succinyl CoA.
Isoleucine and valine breakdown produces energy and precursors to replenish TCA cycle intermediates (anaplerosis). Both amino acids break down to produce succinyl CoA, an intermediate in the TCA cycle; the breakdown of isoleucine also results in acetyl CoA. Thus, option A and C are the right choice.
Because extra-hepatic tissues have higher activities of the transaminases for the branched-chain amino acids, they are more likely to degrade isoleucine, leucine, and valine than most other amino acids, which are primarily degraded in the liver. These tissues include muscle. Although the liver is where the majority of individual amino acids are fully oxidized, skeletal muscle is where BCAA catabolism begins.
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Identify the anode and the cathode in the following combinations of half-cells. Remember that Ecell Eox + Ered and that Egell must be positive in order to function as a voltaic cell. You may use tables of standard reduction potentials in your text. a) Fe/Fe and Zn/Zn anode cathode b) Ag/Ag' and Sn/Sn c) Zn/Zn*2 and Cu/Cu2 d) Sn/Sn2 and Al/Al
a)Fe serves as the cathode while Zn serves as the anode. b)Ag is the cathode, and Sn is the anode. c) Zn is the anode and Cu is the cathode.
d) Al is the cathode and Sn is the anode.
An electrical device with polarisation has an electrode called an anode through which regular current flows. The cathode, an electrode of the device through which regular current exits the device, is in contrast to this. For "anode current into the device," the acronym ACID is frequently used. Since electrons move in the opposite direction to conventional current, which is the flow of positive charges in a circuit, (negatively charged) electrons flow out of a galvanic cell's anode and into an external circuit that is linked to the cell. For instance, the anode is located at the end of a household battery that is marked with a "-" (minus).
In both galvanic and electrolytic cells, the oxidation reaction takes place at the anode electrode.
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Predict the products when cyclohexanol is heated in the presence of H^+. Show both the organic product and the inorganic product formed in this reaction.
Draw cyclohexanol with a double bond and without the OH- group. next draw water
How are double bonds created?Two atoms sharing two sets or electrons result in a double bond. Always shared in pairs, electrons. Covalent bonds are referred to as each shared electron pair. A double bond between two atoms requires more energy to break than a single bond because four electrons are divided between the two atoms in a dual bond.
What makes a single bond different from a double bond?When two atoms join one couple of electrons, they form a single bond; when they share two pairs, they form a double bond (four electrons). To form triple bonds, three pairs free electrons (six atoms) share space.
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calculate the volume of 1.0 x 10-4 m cv solution that needs to be added to a 25.0 ml volumetric flask and diluted with deionized (di) water in order to prepare a calibration standard solution with a concentration of 1.0 x 10-5 m cv . as part of your preparation for performing this experiment, repeat this calculation for each of the calibration standards you would need to prepare in part i a of the experiment and record the information in your notes so that you have it ready during the lab session. also calculate the volume of 1.0 x 10-4 m cv solution required to prepare 10 ml of 3.0 x 10-5 m cv solution to be used in part ii b of the experiment and record the information in your notes. group of answer choices 2.5 milliliters 250 microliters 25 microliters 2.5 microliters none of the above
The volume of solution required to make final concentration of is 2.5 ml and for is 3 ml.
What are calibaration of a solution?
Standard addition, internal standard, and external standard techniques to quantitation all employ calibration solutions. Calibrants can be made gravimetrically using reference standards or pure reference materials, but they can also be made on a volumetric or other fraction basis.
For preparing the solution of known concentration and volume, the equation can be related as:
M1v1=M2V2
M1 and V1 are molarity of known solution
M2 AND V2 molarity of solution to be prepared
Here,M1=1 x 10^-4M
M2= 1 X 10^-5 M
V2= 25ml
1 x 10^-4 x V1=1 X 10^-5 x 25
Volume of required solution=2.5ml
To make the volume 10ml of 3 x 10^-5 x 10
Volume of required solution=3ml
Therefore the volume of solution required to make final concentration of is 2.5 ml and for is 3 ml.
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Draw the major organic product for each of the two situations.
(a) Phenylacetic acid is treated first with Br2 and one equivalent of PBr3, then with a large excess of ethanol.
(b) Propionic acid is treated first with Br2 and one equivalent of PBr3, then with a large excess of ammonia.
a) Phenylacetic acid is treated first with Br2 and one equivalent of PBr3, then with a large excess of ethanol is 2-bromo-2-phenyacetic acid.
b) Propionic acid is treated first with Br2 and one equivalent of PBr3, then with a large excess of ammonia is Alanine.
The are the examples of the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction .
a) when phenylacetic acid react with the PBr₃ it will convert to the major product as 2-bromo-2-phenyacetic acid.
b) Propionic acid is treated first with Br2 and one equivalent of PBr3, produces the 2-bromo propanoic acid and then it treated with a large excess of ammonia and produces the major product as is Alanine.
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calculate ecell for 1.0 m cu2 / 0.001 m zn2 : [ select ] tip: room temperature of 298 k can be assumed and use the e0cell for the cu/zn cell calculated from standard reduction potentials in q2.
In q2, the Cu/Zn cell was 1.041V by using standard reduction potentials.
As we have the formula
ZnZn 2+ (0.001M) Cu 2+ (0.1M) Cu
Overall cell reaction: ZnZn² +2e
Cu²+ +2e ⟶Cu
Zn+Cu 2+ Zn+Cu²+ Zn²+Cu
E cell o = cathode standard reduction potential + anode standard oxidation potential
E cell o = 0.34 to 0.76 V
E cell o =1.1 V
Kc = [Zn 2+ ] / [Cu 2+ ]= 10²
E cell o =1.1 V
K C = [Cu 2+ ] [Zn 2+ ] = 10 1
The cell's EMF at any electrode concentration is:
E=E o n 0.059 log(K C )=1.1 -0.059/2 X log(10² )=1.1 2 0.059 (2)
=1.10-059=1.041V
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in scrum a____is defined as a piece of a product that delivers some useful functionality to a customer.
According to scrum, a feature is a component of a product that offers or provides a customer some practical functionality.
The features in Agile approaches stand for a section of functionality that provides significant business value and meets a stakeholder requirement. User stories are the building blocks of features. "A feature is a service that meets the needs of a stakeholder. A benefit hypothesis and acceptability criteria are included for each feature. The Product Manager is in charge of the Features in the Scaled Agile Framework.
Although she doesn't necessarily compose them, she has the last say about the feature's priorities and content. Some businesses describe the person who is in charge of defining and ensuring that the feature is executed as intended using the role of feature owner rather than that of product manager.
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the polarizability of an atom increases as the increases.
the polarizability of an atom increases as the increases.
first ionization energy
principal quantum number of the valence electron shell
all of the above answers would correctly complete the sentence.
effective nuclear charge
The polarizability of an atom increases as the increases :
principal quantum number of the valence electron shell
Polarizability can be defined as the ease to with which the electron cloud of the atom is distorted. id the principle quantum number of the valence shell electron increase that means when we move down the group in a periodic table than the valence electrons are loosely bonded to the nucleus and the ionization energy decreases and the polarizability will be increases.
Thus the principal quantum number of the valence electron shell increase will lead to the increase in the polarizability of an atom.
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the lattice energy of nacl is 769 kj/mole. which of the following is a correct statement about nacl?
The lattice energy of nacl is 769 kj/mole and the following is a correct statement about nacl that It requires 769 kJ to separate one mole of solid NaCl into one mole of each gaseous Na+ and Cl- ions.
What is lattice energy?
Electropositive metals interact with electronegative nonmetals to create solid ionic compounds. The concept of lattice energy, a type of potential energy given in units of kJ/mol, is involved in both the formation and dissolution of such compounds.
It is possible to think of the generation of aqueous ions from a solid as the breakage of its crystal lattice followed by hydration. If the Born-Haber cycle is used to determine the other two processes, the enthalpy of any one of the three processes can be determined.
Hence that It requires 769 kJ to separate one mole of solid NaCl into one mole of each gaseous Na+ and Cl- ions.
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Why does this equation show that matter is neither created nor destroyed (law of
conservation) in a chemical reaction?
Mg(OH), + 2HN03 - Mg(NO3), + 2H,O
There are the same number of atoms for each element on the reactant and product
side of the equation.
There are the same number of molecules on the reactant and product side of the
equation.
There are the same number of reactants as products in the equation.
® This equation does not show that matter is neither created nor destroyed.
The two main postulates that was given by Antoine Lavoisier are, oxygen play an important role in combustion and the other is mass of the reactant and product is conserved. Therefore, the correct option is option A.
What is law of conservation of mass?According to Law of conservation of mass, mass can neither be created nor be destroyed. Mass can only be transformed from one form to another. The law of conservation of mass was given by Antoine Lavoisier. Every reaction in nature follow the law given by Antoine Lavoisier that is mass is always conserved.
The statement that is representing matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction is 'there are the same number of atoms for each element on the reactant and product.'
Therefore, the correct option is option A.
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which of the following statements regarding a phase change is not true? which of the following statements regarding a phase change is not true? heat energy is either absorbed or released during a phase change. the temperature of the sample stays the same during a phase change. the molecules do not change their average kinetic energy during a phase change. molecular attractions are either overcome or formed during a phase change. the amount of heat energy stays the same during a phase change.
The amount of heat energy does not remain constant during a phase change.
What exactly is phase shift?A phase change is the conversion of matter from one state to another. When a big amount of energy is gained or lost, this process takes place. Pressure and temperature are other elements that influence phase change.
There are eight thermal mechanisms that might cause matter to change phase. Melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, deposition, ionization, and recombination are the processes involved. These eight phases exist at varying temperatures and pressures.
Latent heat refers to the energy involved with these changes.
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According to labeling guidelines, only two "Signal Words" can appear on a label. One is Danger and the other is:a. Warningb. Toxicc. Explosived. Flammable
Here is the complete explanation about labeling guidelines.
What is labeling guidelines?Signal words are found on the pesticide product labels.
Of to the end, and they describe the acute to (short-term) toxicity of to by formulated pesticide of the product.
The signal word can become either: DANGER and be the WARNING . Products with to the DANGER signal word are the most toxic. Products of with the signal word in the WARNING are lower in the toxicity.
So the correct is danger of because it's indicated by flammable and high toxic.
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clastic sedimentary rocks are defined and named based mainly on their while chemical sedimentary rocks are defined mainly on their
Chemical sedimentary rocks are named mostly based on chemistry, whereas clastic sedimentary rocks are named primarily based on particle size.
By sorting, grain size, and shape, clastic rocks are categorised. Chemical sedimentary rocks form when dissolved minerals are dissolved in water. Chemical rocks are categorised mostly based on the minerals that make up the rock.Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of rock fragments (clasts) from earlier strata. Rock fragments that have become loose due to weathering are then transferred to a basin or depression where silt is confined. When sediment is deeply buried, becomes crushed, and becomes cemented, sedimentary rock is produced. Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified into various groups based on the size of the sedimentary grains and the sorts of rock pieces that make up the sediment.
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your task is to measure the amount of energy evolved during the combustion of some hydrocarbon. which of the following would be the ideal technique for this experiment?
Your task is to measure the amount of energy evolved during the combustion of some hydrocarbon, then the ideal technique for this experiment would be : Bomb calorimetry
What is bomb calorimetry?Hydrocarbons are combustibles means that they can react in a combustion reaction to produce energy. To measure this energy, it's a necessary equipment so that the reaction can be placed in a controlled way.
The bomb calorimeter is the equipment, which is an adiabatic vessel, with water and heat is calculated based on the increase in the temperature of the water.
Coffee-cup calorimetry is used to measure the heat of a dissolution reaction and bomb manometry is used to measure the pressure.
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the four nitrogens of caffeine are indicated below. which one of these nitrogens is the most basic? a. 2 b. 1 c. 3 d. 4
The nitrogen atom marked 2 is most basic among all 4 nitrogen; So, Option A is correct.
In the structure drawn of caffeine attached below, we can see that there are 4 nitrogen atoms marked 1 to 4.
-The nitrogen atom marked 1 has hybridization SP2 as its lone pair are involved in resonance with the ring by which doesn't act as a proton acceptor.
-The nitrogen atom marked 2 has hybridization SP2 as its lone pair are pointing outwards and away from the ring due to which its lone pair are not involve in conjugation which makes this nitrogen atom basic and it acts as a proton acceptor in a molecule.
-The nitrogen atom marked 3 and 4 in bigger ring has hybridization SP2 as their lone pairs are involved in conjugation with ring and in resonance stabilization of amide by which they doesn't act as a proton acceptor.
Caffeine is an psychoactive drug and one of the most widely consumed substance.It helps in decreasing drowsiness.It can have both good and bad effect on health.
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Asphalt is a mixture of high molecular weight hydrocarbons. You walk across a newly paved road and get asphalt on the bottom of your shoes.
A) Would Octane be the best solvent to used to remove the asphalt?
B) Explain why or why not
Asphalt is a mixture of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, yes octane is the best solvent to remove the asphalt.
A) Yes, octane is the best solvent to remove the asphalt.
B) Octane is an organic solvent that is non-polar in nature. Asphalt is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with a high molecular weight. In its natural state, this mixture is also non-polar in nature. As per the general law, like dissolves like. This shows that polar substances are able to dissolve in polar solvents, whereas non-polar substances are able to dissolve in non-polar solvents.
Octane, which is a non-polar solvent, has the ability to dissolve asphalt, which is also a non-polar mixture. Because of this, octane is the most effective solvent for removing asphalt.
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How does multiplying a wave's wavelength by its frequency give the wave's speed?
PLEASE HELP!!!
Multiplying a wave's wavelength by its frequency gives the wave's speed because the speed of a wave is equal to its frequency multiplied by its wavelength. The equation for this is speed = frequency x wavelength.
What is wavelength?
Wavelength is the distance between two successive peaks or troughs in a wave. It is the measure of the cycle of a wave, or the length of one full cycle of a waveform. Wavelength is also often used as a measure of the frequency of a wave, with the two being inversely proportional. In other words, the higher the frequency of a wave, the shorter its wavelength. Wavelengths are commonly measured in meters, but can also be expressed in any unit of distance. Wavelengths of visible light range from about 400 nanometers (violet) to 700 nanometers (red). Wavelength is an important property of waves, as it is used to identify and classify different types of waves. It can also be used to measure the speed of a wave, as the speed of a wave is determined by its wavelength and frequency.
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Why do different solids have differently
shaped solubility
Curves ?
Each solid has a unique solubility curve. This is due to the fact that each solid has a specific temperature at which it becomes soluble.
Why do solubility curves differ?The solubility curve shows how a substance's solubility changes as a function of temperature. The curving line on the graph that depicts the relationship between temperature and a substance's solubility at various temperatures is called the solubility curve.
What a solubility curve's shape represents?The lines on the solubility curve represent a saturated solution, or one in which all of the solute's dissolved volume has been dissolved in 100 g of water.
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thionyl chloride is used as an oxidizing and chlorinating agent in organic chemistry. select the best lewis structure for socl2.
A Lewis Structure is defined as a very simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a molecule by use of dots.
A Lewis Structure is defined as a very simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a molecule. Lewis Structure is used to show how the electrons are arranged around individual atoms in a molecule. Electrons are represented as "dots" or for bonding electrons as a line between the two atoms.
Thionyl Chloride is a colorless to pale yellow or red liquid with a pungent smell. Thionyl Chloride is used as a chlorinating agent in the manufacture of organic compounds, it is also used as a solvent in Lithium batteries, and in making pesticides.
The Lewis structure of Thionyl Chloride is given in the image attached below.
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two atoms of a single element that have a different number of neutrons are two distinct of that element.
The response is 1. A single element will always contain the same number of protons. The number of neutrons can fluctuate, though. While the number of protons in an element's isotopes can vary, the number of neutrons does not.
Isotopes are members of an element's family who share the same number of protons but have unique neutron counts. The atomic number of an element on the Periodic Table is determined by the number of protons in its nucleus.
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2,4-dinitrophenol uncouples oxidative phosphorylation by decreasing the membrane potential. The process involves inhibiting electron flow from complex to ubiquinone shuttling the protons across the mitochondrial membrane preventing the electron transfer from Fe-S center to ubiquinone inhibiting cytochrome oxidase
DNP is integrated into mitochondrial membranes, electron transport is gradually inhibited. Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an uncoupler, which means it may separate the pumping of H+ ions for ATP production from the flow of electrons.
Without affecting the respiratory chain or ATP synthase (H(+)-ATPase), uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria prevent the coupling between the electron transport and phosphorylation reactions. This inhibits ATP synthesis.
DNP is known to have mixed activities, which means that in addition to uncoupling, it also has other effects. This implies that ATP production is not possible using the energy from electron transport.
It is a precursor to other chemicals and is biochemically active, allowing protons to go from the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix to decouple oxidative phosphorylation from the electron transport chain in cells with mitochondria.
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What describes a property of a proton?; What are 3 characteristics of a proton?
A positive charge is a property that best describes a proton. A proton is made up of three smaller particles called quarks.
Characteristics of a proton :
1. A proton is located inside the nucleus sometimes bounded together by nuclear forces along with neutrons.
2. A proton carries a charge of 1.6 x 10^-19 Coulomb. One Coulomb constitutes approximately 6.241 x 10^18 protons.
3. A proton has a mass of 1.67262 x 10^-27 kg or approximately 1 a.m.u It is almost equal to that of a hydrogen atom as its nucleus only consists of one proton and the rest of the atom constitutes one electron whose mass is nearly negligible.
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Which of the following statements best describes the type of bond formed
between sodium and chlorine in sodium chloride?
Na
P:11
N:12
Na
+
oo
00
CIT
Cl
P:17
N:18
Sodium Chloride
Sodium and chlorine form a ionic bond because they are sharing their valence
electrons.
Sodium and chlorine form an ionic bond because chlorine transfers its seven
valence electrons to sodium.
In an ionic bond, the atoms are bound together by the electrostatic forces in the attraction between ions of opposite charge.
How sodium chloride is formed?
A metal ion and a nonmetal ion are frequently joined via ionic bonds. For instance, the nonmetal chloride (Cl) and the metal sodium (Na), when combined, form NaCl through the formation of an ionic bond. Both ions, sodium cation (Na+) and chloride anion (Cl-), are formed when a sodium atom donates an electron to a chlorine atom. These two ions have entire valence shells and are therefore more stable energetically. Exothermic in nature, the reaction generates a lot of heat energy as well as a bright yellow light. Ionic bonds are created by the attraction between positive and negative ions. The ionic bond in a sodium chloride (NaCl) molecule is formed by the ions sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl), which are known as Na + and Cl-.To learn more about sodium chloride refer to:
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how many electrons are involved in the oxidation-reduction reaction of zinc metal with hydrochloric acid. show the number of electrons lost or gained by each element.
The electrons are involved in the oxidation-reduction reaction of zinc metal with hydrochloric acidThere are two electron Zn(s)+2HCl(aq)→ZnCl2(aq)+H2(g).
Calculation:
The net reaction is
Zn(s)+2HCl(aq)→ZnCl2(aq)+H2(g).
The Cl⁻ ions are spectators - they do not change.
This experiment includes the reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid. The test compares the reactivity of 3 metals magnesium zinc and copper. The video consists of a dialogue of writing balanced equations for all of the discovered reactions.
Hydrochloric acid, also known as hydrochloric acid, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride. it's far a drab solution with a function smelly odor. it's miles categorised as a sturdy acid. It is a component of gastric acid inside the digestive gadget of maximum animal species, which includes human beings. when hydrochloric acid comes into contact with pores and skin and other tissues it is able to reason excessive burns.
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How many grams are there in 3.4 mols of NH3?
Answer: 57.8g
Explanation:
We can find molar mass by adding up the masses of each component, nitrogen is 14 and hydrogen is 1, this gives us 17g/mol.
Multiplying molar mass by number of moles will give us the grams in that many moles, 3.4x17=57.8g.
which of the following occurs naturally as nonpolar diatomic molecules?
A. Hydrogen
B. Nitrogen
C. Oxygen
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen are nonpolar diatomic molecules that are found in nature. Answer is right ( D).
Which chemicals fall within the nonpolar category?Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, oxygen, ozone, and nitrogen are a few examples of non-polar compounds. Examples for homonuclear nonpolar compounds include ozone, oxygen, and nitrogen (O 3 ). Other nonpolar compounds include alkynes, which are water insoluble.
Diatomics are they non-polar?Any diatomic molecule with the same element represented by both atoms must be a molecular compound. A polar molecule is a diatomic compound, such as HF, that contains a polar covalent link.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. a___is an experimental set-up that can be used to measure the heat of a chemical reaction or a physical change and determine the specific heat capacity of a substance.
Calorimeter is an experimental set-up that is used to measure the heat of a chemical reaction or physical change and determine the specific heat capacity of a substance.
What is calorimeter?Calorimeters are used to measure volume and heat produced during a certain time interval. The flow is passed through a tank partly filled with water whose thermal capacity and weight are known before the experiment.
A calorimeter is an object used for calorimetry and is the process of measuring heat of chemical reactions and heat capacity. Some common types of calorimeter are: differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal micro calorimeters and titration calorimeters.
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Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is a very strong acid compared
to ethanoic acid that is found in citrus fruits. Explain (with
reference to formation of hydronium ions) why hydrochloric acid
has a much lower pH compared to ethanoic acid. You should
support this answer with accompanying ionic equations.
Answer:
Explanation:Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach is a much stronger acid than ethanoic acid (also known as acetic acid) found in citrus fruits. The strength of an acid is determined by its ability to donate protons (H+ ions) to a solution, and the concentration of H+ ions in a solution determines its pH. A solution with a higher concentration of H+ ions will have a lower pH, while a solution with a lower concentration of H+ ions will have a higher pH.
When hydrochloric acid is dissolved in water, it ionizes to form hydronium ions (H3O+) and chloride ions (Cl-). This process can be represented by the following ionic equation:
HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl-
The hydronium ions that are formed in this reaction are responsible for the acidity of the solution. The concentration of hydronium ions in a solution of hydrochloric acid is much higher than the concentration of H+ ions in a solution of ethanoic acid, which means that hydrochloric acid has a much lower pH compared to ethanoic acid.
The ionization of ethanoic acid in water is a similar process, but it results in the formation of fewer H+ ions compared to hydrochloric acid. This is because ethanoic acid is a weaker acid than hydrochloric acid, and it donates fewer protons to the solution. The ionic equation for the ionization of ethanoic acid in water is as follows:
CH3COOH + H2O → CH3COO- + H3O+
As you can see, the ionization of ethanoic acid results in the formation of one H3O+ ion for every molecule of acid that ionizes. In comparison, the ionization of hydrochloric acid results in the formation of one H3O+ ion for every molecule of acid that ionizes, plus an additional H+ ion. This means that the concentration of H+ ions in a solution of hydrochloric acid is much higher than the concentration of H+ ions in a solution of ethanoic acid, which leads to a much lower pH for hydrochloric acid compared to ethanoic acid.
I hope this helps to explain the difference in pH between hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid. Let me know if you have any other questions.
