The four different types of chromosomal mutations are deletions, translocations, duplications, and inversions.
Any chromosome mutation that results in a significant loss of genetic material (Deletion) is almost always deadly. Even while many chromosome mutations do not result in the loss of genetic information, the placement of a gene on a chromosome might affect how it is expressed. In humans, a number of genes can become seriously misaligned, which can obstruct normal foetal development (lethal). Similar to gene mutations, chromosomal mutations can be advantageous, harmful, fatal, or benign. Chromosome mutations are more likely to be damaging or fatal because they impact much larger portions of DNA that may carry hundreds or even thousands of genes.
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based on figure 1, explain how p53 regulates the cell cycle in the presence of damaged dna.
When p53 is activated in response to DNA damage, its levels rise quickly, which enhances its capacity to bind DNA and mediate transcriptional activation.
How does p53 control the cell cycle when there is DNA damage?
After DNA damage, the p53 proteins are activated and the cell cycle is halted. Cell cycle-inhibiting proteins like p21 are produced with the help of a specific transcription factor, the p53 protein. The p21 protein stops the cell cycle by preventing the cyclin-cdk complex, which is required for the change from G1 to S phase.
What does p53 do in damaged cells or DNA?
P53 is a crucial enabler of DNA repair because it halts the cell cycle and gives the repair system time to restore genome stability.
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which microorganism is transmitted to humans when they ingest larva, eggs, in contaminated foods.
Ascaris is the microorganism transmitted to humans when they ingest larva, eggs, in contaminated foods.
Ascaris lumbricoides is a large roundworm. It infects people and can reach a length of 35 cm. Through infected faeces, Ascaris eggs are dispersed in the soil. Human food and beverages are then contaminated from there. The host's intestine is where the eggs hatch before moving to the lungs.
Intestinal roundworms of the genus Ascaris typically spread when people consume the worm's eggs. When you touch contaminated soil or consume fruits and vegetables that were grown there without washing them beforehand, these eggs may end up in your diet. Washing your hands frequently, washing all produce before eating it, and avoiding any produce you think may have been cultivated in contaminated soil are all effective ways to avoid getting infected with Ascaris.
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if individuals tend to reproduce with only a subset of the population, which assumption of the hardy-weinberg principle is being violated?
Consider a population where there is segregation between pair of alleles (A and B) at a single locus. The letters p and q stand for the frequency of alleles A and B, respectively.
In a population with random mating, the Hardy-Weinberg principle connects genotype frequencies to allele frequencies.The population for this study is sizable, and matings are unrelated to the relevant locus.
Because there is no discernible pace of new mutation, allele frequencies remain stable over time.
• That there's no selection against every particular genotype; individuals of all genotype are equally as capable of mating & passing on their genes.
• There hasn't been a major influx of people from populations whose allele frequencies are very dissimilar to those of the endogenous group.
A population is said to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if it reasonably seems to fit these criteria.
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You are tudying a population of chicken. You oberve that 16% have yellow kin, which i receive. White kin i dominant. What i the frequency of the receive allele in the population
The frequency of the receive allelel in the population is 0.4 in the population.
The allele frequency is calculated by dividing the total number of alleles in a population by the number of specific alleles of a certain type. The phrase "allele frequency" simply refers to how prevalent an allele is in a population. The Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equation is used by researchers to examine the allele frequency in a population. The Hardy-Weinberg equation looks like this:
1 = p2 + 2pq + q2
The allele frequencies of various alleles are represented by the numbers P and q. The homozygous dominant genotype's frequency is denoted by the word p2. The homozygous recessive genotype frequency is represented by the other term, q2. Even though it would be impossible to count every hidden allele, it is simple to count the population's recessive traits. Two recessive alleles are responsible for recessive traits. By dividing the total number of recessive phenotypes by the total number of individuals, it is simple to determine the value of q2. Let's have a look at an illustration of how this data can be used to determine the frequency of any certain allele.
Recessive population's genotype frequency is
(q2) = (16% or 0.16).
As a result, q = 0.16 = 0.4 = frequency of recessive allele.
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If you wish to obtain 10. 0 grams of copper metal from copper(ii) sulfide, what mass of copper(ii) sulfide (in grams) must you use?.
To generate 10.0 g of copper metal, 14.94 g of copper (II) sulfide must be utilized, which is 14.94 g.
The amount of a material in a sample may be determined in what proportion?The mass of an element in 1 mole of the compound is divided by the compound's molar mass, and the result is multiplied by 100 to determine the mass percent of the element in the compound.
A mole is equal to 10 grams of copper divided by 64.
The comparable mole of copper (II) sulfide will also be 0.1563 moles since the mole ratio of copper (II) sulfide to copper is 1:1.
14.94 grams are equal to 0.1563 moles of copper (II) sulfide, or 0.1563 x 95.6.
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Is a clam like a snail?.
Compared to clams and snails, squid and clams have undergone different evolutionary processes for less time.
The molecular clock is a method that may be used to determine when two species first diverged by counting the changes between their DNA molecules. According to the Molecular Clock hypothesis, the amount of nucleotide changes between two species would be proportional to the duration of their evolutionary separation, and as a result, some proteins' sequence substitutions would occur at a consistent pace, with proteins acting as the clocks.
The evolutionary links between clams, squid, and snails were determined in the aforementioned inquiry using the molecular clock. According to this investigation, clams and squids are more connected than clams and snails.
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how do scientists construct recombinant dna molecules
Recombinant DNA molecules were created by separating segments of DNA and recombining them with other sequences.
The process of fusing two or more DNA molecules to produce a hybrid is known as recombinant DNA. Restrictions endonucleases and ligase are two categories of enzymes that enable the technique.
the recombination process The steps in DNA technology are as follows:
Isolation of genetic material (DNA)
Cutting of DNA at specific locations.
Joining of DNA fragment.
Insertion of DNA into the host cell.
Selection and screening of transformed cells.
The first production of the reconstructed DNA was occurred in early 1970s.
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period of nuclear cellular division in which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes______
Period of nuclear cellular division in which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes Mitosis
What is Mitosis?Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells from one parent cell. It occurs in eukaryotic cells, which are cells that contain a nucleus and other organelles. During mitosis, the chromosomes in the nucleus are replicated and then divided into two identical sets, each of which is packaged into a new nucleus.
The cell then divides into two daughter cells, each of which has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Mitosis is important for the growth and development of organisms. In addition, it allows for the repair of damaged cells and the production of cells for asexual reproduction.
Mitosis is a continuous process that has four distinct stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible under a microscope.
Metaphase is the stage in which the chromosomes align at the center of the cell. During anaphase, the chromosomes are pulled apart and moved to opposite sides of the cell. In telophase, the chromosomes arrive at opposite sides of the cell and the cell begins to divide into two daughter cells.
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An organism is exposed to a mutagen, such as x-rays or ultraviolet light. What could be the effect of the mutagen on the organism? select all of the answers that apply.
The organism's response to the mutagen may be:
The mutagen may interfere with gene function, which would be bad for the organism.The mutagen might alter gene activity in a way that is advantageous to the organism.The codon-anticodon binding may be altered by the mutagen.A mutagen has the power to alter genetic code to create a mutation, which affects an organism's morphology and functionality. These agents may be chemical, physical, or biological mutagens.Among mutagens' side effects are:The mutagen may interfere with gene function, which would be harmful to the organism. For example, structural changes in some proteins brought on by mutations can result in diseases like Fanconi anemia or Xerodermia pigmentosum. Another negative effect of mutagen exposure is cancer.To know more about mutations visit :-
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An organism is exposed to a mutagen, such as X-rays or ultraviolet light. What could be the effect of the mutagen on the organism? Select all of
the answers that apply
A The mutagen may disrupt gene function to the harm of the organism
B. The mutagen may change gene function in a way that benefits the organism.
C. The mutagen may change the genetic material of the cell from DNA to proteins.
D. The mutagen may change the binding between codons and anticodons.
E.The mutagen may have little or no observable effect on the organism.
some scientists claim recent evidence suggests birds should be reclassified to share more taxonomic groups with dinosaurs. what type of evidence would provide the best support for this claim?
Recent research, according to some scientists, indicates that birds should be reclassified to share more taxonomic families with dinosaurs. The likely candidates appear to be proof that dinosaurs and birds had a shared genetic past. Option D is the right response.
Which of the following best illustrates how organisms have evolved?
Complete Resolution. The right response is Fossil. Relationships in evolution are demonstrated by fossils. Because they demonstrate that earlier life on Earth was distinct from the species present now, fossils are crucial pieces of evidence for evolution.
Which better explains why it is thought that animals are heterotrophic?
The organisms known as heterotrophs are unable to produce their own sustenance. They therefore rely on food from other living things. For sustenance, animals rely on either plants or other animals.
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What is the term for the female portion of the moss gametophyte?
Select one:
O a. the archegonium
O b. the sporangium
Oc. the rhizoids
Od the antheridium
Oe. the stalk
• a. the archegonium
Hope it helps
Farmer Joe has black chickens and purchases a white rooster. Black and white genes in chickens are codominant. Draw Punnett squares to predict the offspring of the black chickens and white rooster.
Use capital "B" for black and capital "W" for white.
1.) What is the genotype of the black chickens?
________________
2.) What is the genotype of the rooster?
_________________
3-4-5.) Genotypic ratio: BB:__ BW:__ WW__
6-7-8.) Phenotypic ratio: Black :___ Black and White:__ White__
9.) If Farmer Joe wanted HALF of the chicken offspring to be black and HALF of the chicken offspring to be Black AND White, what genotype would the rooster have to be that he purchased? ___________
Answer:
1) Genotype for black chicken is BB
2) Genotype for the rooster is WW
3-5) The ratio is BB:0 BW:100 WW:0
6-8) the phenotype is 0 black, 0 white, 100% black and white
9) The genotype of the rooster would have to be BW
Explanation:
Since it is codominant, both colors would show if the alleles were BW.
Which statement about the relationship between an organism’s traits and genes is true?
Answer:
Genes code for proteins that determine an organism's traits.
Explanation:
Geneis the basic physical and functional unit of heredity.Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteinsDNA contains the genetic information necessary for the structure and function of living beings.Chromosomes are composed of a DNA molecule, whose segments form the genes that contain specific base sequences to determine a trait.
interaction between two species in which both are harmed
Members of two distinct species engage in interspecific rivalry when they use the same scarce resource. Competition is bad for both parties involved since if one species didn't exist, the other would have a stronger chance of surviving and reproducing.
An ecological community is made up of all the populations of various species that coexist in a given area. For instance, if we wanted to characterize the ecological community of a coral reef, we would include the populations of every sort of organism we could locate, from the different coral species to the different fish species to the single-celled, photosynthetic algae dwelling in the corals. When species' ecological responsibilities and needs for survival and reproduction overlap, this is known as having overlapping niches, and this is when species compete. If two species with overlapping niches develop through natural selection to use less similar resources, leading to resource partitioning, competition can be reduced.
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the studded organelle that aids in protein synthesis____
The ribosome is a branched organelle that helps with protein synthesis.
All cells contain ribosomes, which are macromolecular organisms that carry out biological protein synthesis (mRNA translation). To create polypeptide chains, ribosomes combine amino acids in the order dictated by the codons of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. The short and big ribosomal subunits are the two main parts of ribosomes. Each subunit is made up of numerous ribosomal proteins and one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules (RPs or r-proteins). [1][2][3] The translational apparatus also refers to the ribosomes and related components.
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Why is mitosis important for humans?.
Answer:
Role of mitosis:
• They aid in high cell number, often known as growth.
• They aid in healing damaged cells or regeneration of cells in cuts or wounds.
• Mitosis ensures genetic stability in freshly created cells.
Explanation:
Mitosis is the mechanism by which the daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cells are produced. The cell clones - or replicates - its chromosomes, then evenly divides the replicated chromosomes to ensure that each daughter cell has a complete set.
Your body has trillions of cells (thousands of millions). However, you began life as a single cell - a fertilized egg cell. This cell is then divided and divided again to produce other cells in a process known as mitosis.
Mitosis is a process that produces additional cells that are genetically identical to the original cell. It is essential for the development of embryos, as well as for the growth and development of human bodies. Mitosis is the process through which new cells are formed and old, destroyed, or damaged cells are replaced.
A cell splits into two identical daughter cells during mitosis. Because the daughter cells must have a copy of every chromosome, the process commences by duplicating the chromosomes and then meticulously segregating the copies to provide each new cell with a complete set.
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how do the sperm or egg cells made in meiosis compare to the original cell?
The sperm or egg cells made in meiosis compared to the original cell are genetically different.
There аre two types of cell division: mitosis аnd meiosis. Most of the time when people refer to “cell division,” they meаn mitosis, the process of mаking new body cells. Meiosis is the type of cell division thаt creаtes egg аnd sperm cells.
Mitosis produces two diploids (2n) somаtic cells thаt аre geneticаlly identicаl to eаch other аnd the originаl pаrent cell, whereаs meiosis produces four hаploid (n) gаmetes thаt аre geneticаlly unique from eаch other аnd the originаl pаrent (germ) cell. Mitosis involves one cell division, whereаs meiosis involves two cell divisions.
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Place the four images from the cell cycle in the correct chronological order. four magnified cells
Through mitosis somatic and germ cells divide and produce two identical daughter cells. The correct order is C, B, A, D. Option C.
What is mitosis?Mitosis is a sequence of events that follows the interphase and preceeds cytokinesis. Together, they compose the cell division process through which a diploid somatic cell (2n), produces two identical daughter diploid cells (2n).
During cell division, the whole-cell first suffers duplication of its content and then it separates. Mitosis occurs in somatic cells and in germ cells.
Mitosis is divided into four phases,
Prophase ⇒ chromosomes condensate, and the nuclear membrane breaks. Metaphase ⇒ fibers of the spindle apparatus take chromosomes toward the equatorial cell plane, where they line up. Anaphase ⇒ specialized enzymes break the bonds between chromatids and separate them. Each chromatid migrates to one of the poles. Telophase ⇒ the new chromosomes are already in the corresponding poles, and the nuclear membrane forms again in each pole.The correct order is C, B, A, D. Option C.
C ⇒ interphase. Lax chromatine.
B ⇒ prophase. Condensed and visible chromosomes.
A ⇒ metaphase. Chromosomes in the equatorial plane.
D ⇒ anaphase. Sister chromatids migrating to the poles.
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Complete question
Place the four images from the cell cycle in the correct chronological order.
Four magnified cells. Options,
A. Image A, image D, image B, image C
B. Image C, image D, image B, image A
C. Image C, image B, image A, image D
D. Image B, image C, image D, image A
Is Master Raymond Claire's father?.
"Prehistoric time traveller" is the enigmatic Master Raymond. Although not much is known about him, Geillis Duncan and Claire Fraser are believed to have shared him as an ancestor.
Raymond, a respected physician and herbalist, was residing in Geneva about the year 1724. He exchanged letters with a member of the occult named du Carrefours, who lived in Paris. Du Carrefours was suspected by French officials at the same time that Raymond vanished from Geneva. Within weeks following du Carrefours' trial and execution, Raymond had opened up shop in Paris and was said to have taken over some of the spymaster's covert operations.
While living in Paris in the 1740s, he keeps his most suspect components in a cabinet adorned with occult symbols to deter most onlookers.
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exemplified by starlings displacing bluebirds from nesting sites
exemplified by starlings displacing bluebirds from nesting sites is called as competition. it may occur for resources such as food, water and shelter.
Ecological competition is the conflict between two organisms over the same resources in an ecosystem. Environmental resources include things like food, water, shelter, light, territory, and substrate that are necessary for surviving and procreating. Competition for mates can also occur among members of the same species. The term "inter-specific competition" refers to rivalry between members of the same species, whereas "intraspecific competition" is used to describe rivalry between members of different species. Since members of the same species share an ecological niche, their needs are essentially the same, and as a result, interspecific competition is typically more fierce than intraspecific competition. Within ecosystems, ecological rivalry helps keep the diversity of species and the organisation of communities.
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What are the three possible outcomes when light strikes a chloroplast?
When light strikes a chloroplast, an electron gets energy and jumps to a higher level by absorbing energy.
What is chloroplast?An organelle found in the cells of plants and some algae called a chloroplast is where photosynthesis, the process by which solar energy is transformed into chemical energy for growth, takes place. It is a plastid.
They are in charge of performing photosynthesis, the process by which light energy is transformed into sugar and other organic compounds that are consumed as food by plants or algae. They also manufacture the lipid and amino acid building blocks required to make chloroplast membranes.
When light hits the chloroplast, the electron gets excited and jumps to the excited or higher level by absorbing or capturing energy.
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A root with a combining vowel added to it is called:
the root word
the suffix
combining form
the prefix
the Greek/Latin meaning of the term
The vowel "O" is a combining vowel that is typically inserted to construct words (which can be lengthy or short words) to make them simpler to pronounce.
Vowels are the sounds that are made while speaking without any obstruction or restriction. The English alphabet has five vowels: A, E, I, O, and U. Consonants are all other alphabetic characters or letters. There are four fundamental sounds from ten fundamental vowels, according to our examination of the technicalities of English. A word portion that is appended to the end of the root word and changes or emphasizes the meaning of the root word is known as a suffix. These words occasionally have gaps and are often vowel-based. Take the word beautiful, for instance, which is changed beautifully by adding the 'ly' suffix.
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Do snails have genders?.
Yes, snails have both genders. They are hermaphrodite.
Any organism that possesses both male and female reproductive organs and is able to generate both eggs and spermatozoa is referred to as a hermaphrodite. The snails appear to be both male and female at the same time.
Both male and female reproductive cells are present (they are hermaphrodite). Self-fertilization is a possibility, thus they don't actually need to mate with another snail in order to breed. In a soggy, underground nest, they lay about 80 white eggs after mating.
The right mantle cavity's top section should be examined. If your snail has a sheath adjacent to its gills, it is a male. It is a female if there is no penile sheath visible. Sequential hermaphrodites that transition from male to female throughout the course of their lifetimes, calyptraeid gastropods are a class of stationary, filter-feeding marine snails (protandry).
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a)
Andrea is investigating the effects of light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis. She measured the rate of photosynthesis at different light intensities for two identical plants. The plants were placed in closed containers. One container had an initial carbon dioxide concentration of 0.40%. The other container had an initial carbon dioxide concentration of 0.03%.
Look at the graph.
Does an increase in carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis?
(Check one box)
⬜Yes
⬜No
b)
Explain your answer.
A) Yes, an increase in carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis.
B) The graph shows that as the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases for both plants. The plant with an initial carbon dioxide concentration of 0.40% has a higher rate of photosynthesis at all light intensities compared to the plant with an initial carbon dioxide concentration of 0.03%. T
What is photosynthesis graph about?The graph indicates that an increase in carbon dioxide concentration does affect the rate of photosynthesis.
Therefore, plant with higher carbon dioxide concentration, photosynthesis rate is higher, meaning that it is able to produce more glucose and oxygen, which is a clear indication that an increase in carbon dioxide concentration does affect the rate of photosynthesis.
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How is cancer related to the study of the cell or tissue?.
The relationship between the cell cycle and cancer is clear: cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell proliferation, and the cell cycle apparatus regulates cell proliferation. Fundamentally, all tumours allow for an excessive number of cells to exist.
Cells that divide uncontrolled and invade neighbouring tissues are what cause cancer.Cancer is mostly brought on by DNA changes. The majority of DNA mutations that result in cancer occur in areas of DNA known as genes. These modifications are also referred to as genetic changes.
By utilising weaknesses found in cancer cells and their precancerous lesions, new approaches to prevens.tion, detection, and therapy will be made possible by a more thorough understanding of the biology of cancer cell.
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Which layer of the atmosphere is most strongly affected by conditions on earth's surface?.
The lowermost layer of the atmosphere (the troposphere) is the most strongly affected by conditions on earth's surface.
How many layers on atmosphere of earth's surface?The atmosphere of the Earth is composed of several distinct layers. Each layer has unique characteristics that help to shield the planet from the effects of outer space. The layers are, from nearest the surface, the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.The troposphere is the closest layer to the Earth's surface. It extends from the surface up to about 7-14 miles high, depending on latitude. This layer holds most of the Earth's weather, clouds, and air pollution.The stratosphere sits above the troposphere, extending from 7 to 30 miles high. This layer features the ozone layer, which absorbs much of the sun's ultraviolet radiation. As a result, the stratosphere is much warmer than the troposphere.The mesosphere starts above the stratosphere at 30 miles high and extends up to 50 miles. Temperatures in this layer can reach a frigid -90 degrees Celsius. This is where meteors burn up before they reach the ground.Above the mesosphere is the thermosphere, which extends from 50 to 370 miles high. This layer is extremely thin and contains a few molecules of gas, which is why it is sometimes called the "exosphere". Temperatures here can reach over 1000 degrees Celsius.Finally, the exosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere. It extends from 370 miles up to 6,200 miles high. This is where satellites orbit and some of the Earth's atmosphere escapes and mixes with space.To learn more about atmosphere layer refer to:
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Is more energy made with oxygen or without oxygen?
Answer:
More energy is made with oxygen.
Explanation:
Just like when cellular respiration happens, when they use respiration they use and make energy more efficiently rather than through fermentation which isn't as efficient but doesn't use oxygen.
Without oxygen, organisms can split glucose into just two molecules of pyruvate. This releases only enough energy to make two ATP molecules. With oxygen, organisms can break down glucose all the way to carbon dioxide. This releases enough energy to produce up to 38 ATP molecules.
The formula for cellular repiration i a follow: glucoe oxygen carbon dioxide water. In a cla demontration, Mr. Nakaguchi take a ugar packet and pour it on your dek. She then point a fan at the tiny mound of glucoe upplying it with plenty of oxygen. "There we go, we are combining ugar with oxygen!" exclaim the teacher. The cla eagerly wait. For nothing. You had the reactant neceary for cellular repiration, o why did nothing happen?
Glucose + Oxygen = Waters + Carbon Dioxide + Energy, and so forth. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + power (Glucose + Oxygen produces Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy) is the equation for cellular respiration.
You might have noticed that the formula for photosynthesis is the reverse of the formula for cellular respiration. Thus, the stages of cellular respiration should be performed in the following order: Krebs cycle, oxidative decarboxylation, and glycolysis - Oxidative phosphorylation - Electron transport chain. Cellular respiration is the term used to describe the process by which food is broken down in the cell and energy is released. All species' cells engage in cellular respiration. The process through which microorganisms use oxygen to convert food molecules in order to get oxidative phosphorylation for cellular processes is known as cellular respiration.
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Why does our Sun look so much bigger than the stars we see at night?
Answer:
Our Sun looks much bigger than the stars we see at night because it is much closer to us. The stars we see at night are much farther away, so they appear smaller to our eyes.
Answer:
the sun appears much bigger and brighter than all other stars because it is much, much, much closer to you than any other star. Other stars are much further away, and their brightness drops by the distance squared.
p= $7000.00, a = $7840.00, t = 4 years
The interest on the loan is about 3% of the principal.
What is the rate?We have to note that the rate of the interest is also very important when we are dealing with a lone. That is going to decide the amount that you are going to have to pay back on the principal that have been borrowed.
We then have;
I = PRT/100
I = interest
P = principal
R = rate
T = time
But;
I = A - P
I = $7840.00 - $7000.00
I = $840.00
840 = 7000 * R * 4/100
R = 84000/700 * 4
R = 3%
We would have an interest rate of about 3%.
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