Biology High School

What can you tell me about the polarity of the xanthophylls compared to carotene? 8. What are the mobile and stationary phases in the chlorophyll TLC experiment? Why are the mobile and stationary phased named that way? 9. Many kinds of intermolecular forces cause organic molecules to bind to the adsorbent on a TLC plate. Rank the strengths of these interactions (use 1 for the WEAKEST; 4 for the STRONGEST). H-bonding van der Waals salt formation dipole-dipole

Answers

Answer 1

Xanthophylls are more polar than carotene due to oxygen-containing functional groups. In chlorophyll TLC, the mobile phase (nonpolar) carries the sample while the stationary phase (polar) remains fixed. Intermolecular forces ranking: van der Waals < dipole-dipole < hydrogen bonding < salt formation.

Xanthophylls are more polar than carotene. Xanthophylls contain oxygen-containing functional groups such as hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (C=O) groups, which increase their polarity compared to carotene, which lacks these groups.

In the chlorophyll TLC (thin-layer chromatography) experiment, the mobile phase is typically a nonpolar solvent such as hexane, while the stationary phase is a polar adsorbent material coated on the TLC plate, such as silica gel or alumina. The mobile phase is named so because it moves or "migrates" up the TLC plate, carrying the sample components with it. The stationary phase remains fixed in its position, allowing separation of the components based on their affinity for the stationary phase.

Ranking the strengths of the intermolecular forces :

1. van der Waals forces: These forces arise from temporary fluctuations in electron density, resulting in weak attractions between molecules.

2. Dipole-dipole interactions: These interactions occur between polar molecules, where the positive end of one molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule.

3. Hydrogen bonding: This is a specific type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) and forms a weak bond with another electronegative atom.

4. Salt formation: This involves the formation of strong ionic bonds between positively and negatively charged species, resulting in a high level of interaction strength.

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