Voltage-gated Na+ channel inactivation gates shut, while voltage-gated K+ channel inactivation gates open.
What is depolarization?Depolarization or hypopolarization is a change within a cell that occurs when the cell's electric charge distribution shifts, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell relative to the outside. Voltage-gated Na+ channel inactivation gates are closed, while voltage-gated K+ channel inactivation gates are open. When a change happens within a cell, the distribution of electric charges changes, leaving the cell with a less negative charge than the outside. The negative internal charge of the cell briefly becomes more positive during the depolarization process (less negative). This change from a negative to a more positive membrane potential happens throughout a variety of processes, including an action potential.
Here,
Voltage-gated Na+ channel inactivation gates are closed, while voltage-gated K+ channel inactivation gates are open.
To know more about depolarization,
https://brainly.com/question/10842164
#SPJ4
discuss the importance of the porphyrin ring and the long hydrocarbon tail to the location and function of this molecule in photosynthesis.
Porphyrins are crucial components of biological systems. They participate in processes that turn light into chemical energy (photosynthesis), move electrons between molecules (metabolism), or transport oxygen (respiration).
Because of their crucial role in activities involving oxygen generation, transport, and consumption, porphyrins are necessary for aerobic life. They are cyclic macromolecules that readily form complexes with metallic ions like iron and magnesium. They are made up of four modified pyrrole subunits.
The hydrophobic phytol tail of chlorophyll is a lengthy hydrocarbon chain. It fixes the pigment to thylakoids' membranes. The tail's hydrophobicity enables it to bind the pigment to the thylakoids' membranes.
Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails aid in maintaining the fluidity of cellular membranes. They displace the phospholipid molecule, which helps keep the phospholipid molecules from condensing and solidifying.
Learn more about phospholipid from:
https://brainly.com/question/14949280
#SPJ4
process in which axons become wrapped up in fatty myelin sheath
Explanation:
Myelination is the process by which brain oligodendrocytes produce layers of myelin that wrap around the neuronal axons and act as a layer of insulation for the transmission of electric action potentials down the neuronal axon.
what are the two phases of bloodstain pattern interpretation
The two stages of interpreting a bloodstain pattern are pattern analysis and reconstruction.
Bloodstain analyzers assess bloodstain evidence at a crime scene using well-established scientific techniques, such as information gathering, observation, documentation, analysis, evaluation, conclusion, and technical (or peer) review.
The two stages of bloodstain pattern analysis are pattern analysis and reconstruction.
1. Pattern analysis: It examines the physical traits of stain patterns, such as size, form, distribution, general appearance, position, and surface texture. The patterns that are visible and potential causes are interpreted by analysts.
2. Reconstruction: It applies contextual justifications to the stain patterns using analysis data: What kind of crime has taken place. What is the source of the bleeding. Did the victim leave behind any stains, or were there others. Have other scene elements, such as emergency medical assistance or first responder operations, had an impact on the stain patterns.
To know more about bloodstain pattern
brainly.com/question/8169792
#SPJ4
The grass took in 10000J of solar energy and lost 50000J as waste heat. There were 30000J of energy in its waste products. Calculate the maximum amount of energy passed to an consumer
Answer:
The maximum amount of energy passed to a consumer is 20000J
Explanation:
This is calculated by subtracting the 50000J of waste heat from the 10000J of solar energy, leaving a total of 30000J of energy in the grass's waste products. Subtracting the 30000J of energy in the grass's waste products from the 10000J of solar energy leaves a maximum amount of energy passed to a consumer of 20000J.
explain how humans are agents of natural selection on bacteria
Bacteria provide yet another illustration of natural selection that has been sparked by humans. Single-celled microbes known as bacteria are extremely small. Antibiotics were created to attack bacteria because some of them cause disease.
What is natural selection?The process through which populations of living things adapt and change is known as natural selection.
A population's members are naturally varied, which means that they are all distinctive in some ways. This variety indicates that some people have characteristics that are more environment-appropriate than others.
When antibiotics are used inefficiently, which drives evolution and renders human disease-causing bacteria resistant to many antibiotics, similar trends of human-induced evolution are also seen in bacteria.
One of these ineffective uses that promotes bacterial evolution is the overuse of antibiotics.
Thus, this way, humans are agents of natural selection on bacteria.
For more details regarding natural selection, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/2725702
#SPJ1
Can someone answer please.
All of them provide the sticky end because, after the cut, there will be a hanging end at the site, where this enzyme cuts, hence option D is correct.
How restriction enzymes cuts?Restriction enzymes, that cuts the nucleotide sequence at the restricted sites, act as molecular scissors in recombinant DNA technology.
When this enzyme cuts the DNA it creates two ends, a blunt end and a sticky end in the particular sequence. In the sticky end, one strand is longer than the other, while in the blunt end, both strands are of the same length.
Therefore, option D is correct.
Learn more about the restriction enzymes, here:
https://brainly.com/question/15451888
#SPJ1
which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is false? group of answer choices they separate from each other during meiosis ii to form two haploid cells, each with a random assortment of maternal and paternal homologs. they undergo crossing over during meiosis i. they may contain different sequences of alleles even though they have the same sequence of genes. new combinations of maternal and paternal homologous pairs results from fertilization.
they may contain different sequences of alleles even though they have the same sequence of genes is the false statement about homologous chromosomes.
A pair of homologous chromosomes, or homologs, are a pair of maternal and paternal chromosomes that pair up inside a cell during fertilization. Homologs have the same genes in the same loci and provide points along each chromosome that allow a pair of chromosomes to align correctly before separating during meiosis. This is the basis for Mendelian inheritance, which describes the patterns of genetic material transmission from an organism to its offspring parent developmental cell at a given time and location. Chromosomes are linear arrangements of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and histone proteins that form the chromatin complex.
learn more about homologous chromosomes here
https://brainly.com/question/27258467
#SPJ4
which of the following has not been proposed as a model to explain the origin of modern homo sapines? a. an origin in africa, followed by migration to other areas where indigenous premodern populations were replaced. b. an origin in africa, followed by migration to other areas where both interbreeding and replacement occurred. c. several origins in different areas with where modern forms evolved from local regional populations. d. separate origins in africa and australia with migrations from both these areas to displace all other populations.
d. A hypothesis to explain the genesis of modern Homo sapiens that involves distinct origins in Africa and Australia with migrations from both of these places to supplant all previous populations has not been put forth.
Who were the papuas?British New Guinea's governance was transferred to Australia in 1904, and the country changed its name to the Region of Guinea. German Northern Guinea was conquered by Australia during World War I.
He has been put forth as a theory to explain how modern humans emerged from Africa. The current model is the one that is most commonly used. It suggests that Homo sapiens originated in Africa before spreading over the globe. In general, modern scientists assume that from their origins in Africa, the homo sapiens first travelled to Asia around 80,000 and 1.5 million years ago. The account will certainly vary as the blanks are filled in. They had established themselves in Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia by 45,000 decades ago, or perhaps much earlier.
To know more about papua visits :
brainly.com/question/29362373
#SPJ4
Similar gill pouches in embryos of a chick, human, and cat are an example of _____.
A. developmental homology
B. the inheritance of acquired characteristics
C. genetic homology
D. structural homology
developmental homology.
What exactly is allopatric speciation?The process of allopatric speciation. A kind of speciation in which biological populations are physically separated by an extrinsic barrier and evolve intrinsic (genetic) reproductive isolation, such that if the barrier breaks down, the population’s members can no longer interbreed. Human, cat, whale, and bat limbs are examples of homologous structures. These structures, whether arm, leg, flipper, or wing, are all based on the same bone structure.
Homologous structures have a same embryonic origin, and equivalent organs perform similar functions. The bones of a whale’s front flipper, for example, are similar to the bones in the human arm. These structures are not comparable. The wings of a butterfly and those of a bird are similar but not identical.
To learn more about allopatric To Refer:
https://brainly.com/question/4493180
#SPJ4
It has been suggested by some scientists that the iris reflex is an example of homeostasis. Describe this reflex and explain why it might be considered to be a homeostatic mechanism
The iris reflex is a physiological response that occurs in response to changes in light intensity
The iris, the colored part of the eye that surrounds the pupil, controls the amount of light that enters the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil. When light intensity increases, the iris contracts the pupil to reduce the amount of light entering the eye.
When light intensity decreases, the iris dilates the pupil to increase the amount of light entering the eye. This reflex helps to maintain a constant level of light intensity within the eye, which is important for proper vision. In summary, the iris reflex is a physiological response that occurs in response to changes in light intensity, and it help to maintain a constant level of light intensity within the eye, which is important for proper vision.
This reflex can be considered as a homeostatic mechanism as it helps to keep the internal environment of the eye stable, ensuring the best possible function of the eye.
Learn more about iris here:
https://brainly.com/question/4190629
https://brainly.com/question/16423508
What are 3 environmental factors that can play a role in natural selection?
The three main environmental factors that can play a role in natural selection are weather conditions, temperature and geographical access.
The concept of natural selection was given by the naturalist Charles Darwin. Natural selection is the phenomenon by which nature selects those organisms that have traits which are favorable to the environment. The positive heritable changes, which are the variations, that benefit a any particular species will continue to stay in nature while the rest of the unfavorable traits will be eliminated.
The three main environmental factors that can play a role in natural selection are weather conditions, temperature and geographical access. The organisms which are not able to adapt to a particular weather or climate and the temperature conditions will not able to survive. Geographical access also plays a major role in natural selection.
To know more about natural selection here
https://brainly.com/question/2725702
#SPJ4
if a mouse and a small lizard of the same mass (both at rest) were placed in experimental chambers under identical envi- ronmental conditions, which animal would consume oxygen at a higher rate? explain.
A mouse will consume oxygen at a higher rate than a small lizard of the same mass (both at rest) placed in an experimental chamber under the same environmental conditions.
A mouse would use oxygen more quickly. This is because a mouse has a higher metabolic rate because it is an endothermic organism. Compared to ectotherms, endotherms have a higher metabolic rate. An illustration of an ectothermic organism is the lizard.
Endotherms (for instance, mice) up their metabolic rate to prevent a drop in body temperature when it's chilly outside in order to maintain a constant internal temperature.
Ectotherms are creatures that adjust their body temperature in response to their surroundings (such as lizards). They require less energy because of their low metabolic demands, which results in a reduced rate of respiration. Because of this, when a mouse and lizard are housed in the same environment, the mouse uses up more oxygen.
Learn more about endotherm and exotherm here: https://brainly.com/question/13871042
#SPJ4
what connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk?
which task would be most difficult for a 3-year-old child with down syndrome who has clinodactyly of the thumb (type iii) on the dominant hand?
Having fun in a warm bath,constructing a sandcastle,a crayon in your hand For just a 3-year-old child with A syndrome who has clinodactyly of a thumb (type III) just on dominant hand, the task would be the most difficult.
The finger bones' developmental flaw is the cause of clinodactyly. Due to this flaw, the bone takes the shape of a wedge rather than a typical rectangle. Numerous syndromes, including as ’s syndrome, Genetic disease, Turner syndrome, Fanconi anaemia, and others, can be linked to clinodactyly. The medical name for an unusually bent and curved finger is clinodactyly. The afflicted digit may cross over other fingers and curl to the side abnormally. One in four Down syndrome babies has the disorder, which is more common in the Down syndrome community (3%). (trisomy 21).
(Which task would be MOST DIFFICULT for a 3-year-old child with Down syndrome who has clinodactyly of the thumb (type III) on the dominant hand?)
Learn more about syndrome
https://brainly.com/question/9782041
#SPJ4
What are the two sources of variation in a species?
There are two main sources of variation within a species: genetic variation and environmental variation. variation are important for the survival and adaptation of a species.
Genetic variation refers to the differences in the genetic makeup of individuals within a species. This can include variations in the DNA sequence, which can lead to variations in physical characteristics, such as eye color or height. Genetic variation can be caused by mutations of species , which are changes in the DNA sequence, or by the shuffling of genetic material during sexual reproduction. Environmental variation refers to the differences in the conditions that individuals within a species are exposed to. This can include variations in temperature, light, food availability, and many other factors. Environmental variation can lead to differences in the physical characteristics of individuals, such as variations in coat color or size.
Learn more about variation here:
https://brainly.com/question/24252444
#SPJ4
Since inappropriate activation of telomerase may contribute to cancer, why do you think the genes coding for this enzyme have been maintained in the human genome throughout evolution
Telomerase plays a critical role in maintaining the integrity of chromosomes during cell division, allowing cells to divide indefinitely.
The maintenance of telomerase genes in the human genome throughout evolution is likely due to the fact that this enzyme is necessary for the growth and repair of tissues, such as the immune system, which are essential for survival. Additionally, telomerase may play a role in the development of certain types of stem cells, which are important for tissue regeneration. However, it is also true that the inappropriate activation of telomerase can contribute to cancer development, as it allows cells to divide uncontrollably. Therefore, a balance must be maintained between the beneficial functions of telomerase and its potential to contribute to cancer development.
To know more about telomerase click below:
https://brainly.com/question/13641132#
#SPJ4
Which layer of skin do the hair follicles come from ?
The first and second layers of your skin are where hair follicles begin to develop. A hair follicle is a pore-like structure that encloses the hair's root and strand.
The top two layers of your skin are home to hair follicles. Over 5 million hair follicles are present in your body at birth, and there are over a million on your head. Your hair follicles produce more hair as you become older.One of the few structures in your body that can stop working and start working again is your hair follicle (degenerate and regenerate). Your body's ability to create hair is aided by this process.
learn more about hair follicles Refer:brainly.com/question/12668856
#SPJ4
in order for plants to survive, they must undergo photosythesis, respiration, and transpirtaion. Which plant structures are the most essential for those three processes? (chose one)
A. leaves
B. roots
C. seeds
D. stems
Answer:
A. leaves
Explanation:
The primary components for photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration in plants are leaves.
The process of turning light energy into chemical energy, which is ultimately utilized by the plant for growth and survival, takes place on the leaf during photosynthesis. The chloroplasts in leaves contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which is responsible for absorbing the light energy required for photosynthesis.
The plant also breathes through its leaves, where it absorbs carbon dioxide and exhales oxygen.
Water moves through a plant during transpiration, when it evaporates from aerial components like leaves, stems, and flowers. This procedure aids in the absorption of minerals and nutrients as well as helping to maintain the plant's water balance.
The structures where all three of these processes occur are leaves.
Answer: a
Explanation:
check other persons answer
Sexual reproduction and meiosis go hand-in-hand . meiosis is the process responsible for gamete (sex cell) production and ensures genetic variation . but how does it do this ?
Answer:
Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms, including animals and plants. It is responsible for producing gametes, or sex cells (sperm and eggs in animals, and spores in plants), which have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells. During meiosis, there are two rounds of cell division (meiosis I and meiosis II) that result in four daughter cells, each with a unique combination of chromosomes.
Analye how body ytem interrelate to maintain one example of homeotai in the human body
Homeostasis can be seen in the preservation of normal blood pressure. The brain receives information from the heart when blood pressure fluctuates and uses those signals to provide the heart the proper commands.
How does your body maintain homeostasis?In order to maintain homeostasis, the body must constantly check its internal conditions. Each physiological situation has a certain set point, including body temperature, blood pressure, and the quantities of particular nutrients. The physiological value that the normal range varies around is known as a set point.
An illustration of a body preserving homeostasis :Homeostasis of blood glucose.Oxygen balance in the blood.pH homeostasis in extracellular fluid.Ionized calcium homeostasis in the plasma.Equilibrium of arterial blood pressure.Homeostasis of the body's core temperature.The equilibrium of body water volume.Homeostasis of the extracellular sodium concentration.To know more about blood glucose:
https://brainly.com/question/13864752
#SPJ4
proofreads dna during replication in order to catch and fix any mistakes occurring during the process.
DNA polymerases are the enzymes that build DNA in cells. When replicating (copying) DNA, the majority of DNA polymerases have the capacity to "check their job" with each base they add. This process is referred to as proofreading.
the molecule that contains the genetic material required for an organism to develop and function, and is present inside of cells. Thanks to DNA molecules, this information may be passed along from one generation to the next. DNA, commonly referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material carried by humans and virtually all other organisms. Nearly all of an individual's cells may include their DNA. DNA is the molecule of information. It provides the knowledge required to produce proteins, another type of substantial molecule. Each of your cells contains 46 long structures called chromosomes that serve as a distribution point for these instructions. These chromosomes are made up of several smaller segments of DNA, called genes.
learn more about DNA here:
https://brainly.com/question/30006059
#SPJ4
Do you think that endocytosis and exocytosis can occur within the same cell? Explain your reasoning.
It is true that a cell can undergo both exocytosis and endocytosis. It is a cell's method of importing and removing material.
Exocytosis is the process by which secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, causing the release of the contents of the vesicles into the extracellular space as well as the integration of fresh proteins and lipids into the plasma membrane.A cell moves materials (such as proteins and neurotransmitters) out of the cell by a process known as exocytosis, which is a type of active transport and bulk transport. Exocytosis is an active transport system that uses energy to move materials. All cells utilise exocytosis and its opposite, endocytosis, because the majority of the chemical components crucial to them are big polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic region of the cell membrane passively. Exocytosis, a type of bulk transport, is the process by which a significant number of molecules are discharged. The process of exocytosis is carried out by porosomes, secretory gateways located in the cell plasma membrane. At the cell plasma membrane, where secretory vesicles momentarily dock, porosomes are a persistent cup-shaped lipoprotein structure.
Learn more about Exocytosis here:
https://brainly.com/question/11660031
#SPJ4
A longnose snake sunning itself on a rock to raise its body temperature is demonstrating which characteristic of life?
answer choiceshomeostasis
organization
reproduction
use of energy
A longnose snake sunning itself on a rock to raise its body temperature is demonstrating its homeostasis.
The stable internal, external, and chemical conditions that are maintained by biological systems are known as homeostasis. This is the state of the organism when everything is operating at its best, including the body temperature and fluid balance, which are maintained within predetermined ranges (homeostatic range). Despite changes in the environment, nutrition, or level of exercise, other variables such as the pH of extracellular fluid, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions, as well as the blood sugar level, must be controlled. A regulator or homeostatic system, which regulates one or more of these variables, maintains life as a whole.
To know more about homeostasis
brainly.com/question/2826402
#SPJ4
(c) The genetic material from one bacterial cell enters another via transformation, transduction, or conjugation
Answer:
The genetic material from one bacterial cell enters another via transformation, transduction, or conjugation. Transformation is the transfer of genetic material between cells by a virus. Transduction is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage. Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material from a donor to an recipient cell via a specialized surface that allows for adhesion and exchange of genes.
Explanation:
The genetic material from one bacterial cell enters another via transformation, transduction, or conjugation.
Transformation occurs when a bacterial cell's DNA becomes part of the DNA of another bacterial cell. The new cell will then carry the new DNA in its genome.
Conjugation is where a bacterium transfers its own genes (the genetic material) to another bacterium. This transfer can occur through direct contact between two cells or by using small particles called pili that are used to transfer genetic material between cells within a group of bacteria called a biofilm.
Conjugation is often used by pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and Vibrio cholerae because it allows them to spread rapidly and easily between different hosts (including humans).
Photosynthesis and Climate Change Compare the Two Photosystems Place the item in the appropriate photosystem. harvests light energyPhotosystem I only Photosystem Il only Photosystem 18 found in the thylakoid contain chlorophyll oxidizes water produces oxygen passes electrons to an electron transport chain
Photosystem I: harvests light energy, contains chlorophyll, passes electrons to an electron transport chain.Photosystem II: oxidizes water, produces oxygen.
Photosystem I and IIPhotosystem I and II are the two photosystems found in the thylakoid membranes of photosynthetic organisms. Photosystem I (PSI) is a light-harvesting complex which absorbs light energy and converts it into a form that can be used in the light reaction.PSI passes electrons to an electron transport chain which produces ATP and NADPH. PSI also contains Chlorophyll-a, a pigment which absorbs light energy.Photosystem II (PSII) is the other major photosystem which also harvests light energy and passes the electrons to an electron transport chain.However, it does not contain Chlorophyll-a, and instead contains Chlorophyll-b and other pigments which absorb different wavelengths of light. PSII also oxidizes water, producing oxygen as a byproduct.Both photosystems are essential components of photosynthesis, and as a result, play an important role in climate change. Photosynthesis is responsible for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which helps to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases.Furthermore, the oxygen produced by PSII helps to create a breathable atmosphere. As climate change continues, photosynthesis will become increasingly important to help mitigate its effects.To learn more about Photosystem I and II refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/13776808
#SPJ4
true/false. The plural of fish is usually fish, but fishes has a few uses. In biology, for instance, fishes is used to refer to multiple species of fish. For example, if you say you saw four fish when scuba diving, that means you saw four individual fish, but if you say you saw four fishes, we might infer that you saw an undetermined number of fish of four different species.
True. Fishes has a few uses but is not typically used as the plural of fish. Fishes, for instance, can refer to several fish species in biology.
Do I really need to mention fishes?Fish is typically used as a plural noun. You can use the plural form fishes to refer to multiple fish species, particularly when speaking scientifically. Fishes are another common name for the zodiac sign Pisces.
Fishes may be used as a noun.Both the singular and plural versions of the noun fish as well as the verb fish are acceptable spellings. A single fish or any group of fish can be appropriately described as "fish." Multiple fish species are generally referred to as fishes.
To know more about Fishes visit:
https://brainly.com/question/11679506
#SPJ4
countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize ________.
a) blood pressure b) diffusion c) active transport d) osmosis e) PO2 in the water
The correct option is b ; diffusion, countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize diffusion .
The gills of fish include a structure known as "countercurrent oxygen exchange" that increases the quantity of oxygen that can be taken up by the blood. They accomplish this by increasing the amount of time that their blood is in contact with water that has more oxygen while the blood absorbs more oxygen.
Blood and water flow in the gills of fish in a countercurrent exchange mechanism. -improves gas exchange effectiveness. Blood flows against water flow, which helps to maintain a diffusion gradient directly along the gill.
Learn more about to gills of fish
https://brainly.com/question/9505905
#SPJ4
What evidence did Watson and Crick have at their disposal (and also used) in 1953?
X-ray diffraction information
base ratio information
In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick used X-ray diffraction data and base ratio information to propose their double helix model of DNA structure.
James Watson and Francis Crick proposed the double helix model of DNA structure, which explained how the genetic material could store and transmit information.
They had several pieces of evidence at their disposal, including X-ray diffraction data collected by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin which showed that DNA had a regular, repeating structure.
Additionally, they also had information about the base ratio, which was the proportion of the different nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) present in DNA.
This information helped the researchers understand the chemical nature of the bonds between the nucleotide bases. Furthermore, they also used the knowledge of the 3D structure of other biological macromolecules such as proteins to form hypothesis about the structure of DNA, this was also a big part of their research.
The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA was a major breakthrough in the field of genetics and led to a greater understanding of how genetic information is stored and transmitted.
Learn more about X-RAYS:
https://brainly.com/question/27176475
#SPJ4
when individual components in an organism interact with each other or the environment to create novel structures and functions, the resulting characteristics are called properties.
When individual components in an organism interact with each other or the environment to create novel structures and functions, the resulting characteristics are called properties.
Physical properties are those that can be observed with the eye, such as size, shape, color, and texture. Chemical properties are characteristics of an organism that are determined by the presence of specific molecules and atoms, such as the ability to dissolve in water or react with certain chemicals. Finally, biological properties are characteristics of an organism that are determined by its genetic makeup, such as its ability to reproduce or its resistance to certain diseases.
When individual components interact to create novel structures and functions, the resulting properties can have major implications for the organism. For example, the interaction between proteins and DNA can produce new proteins that are involved in the formation of new organs or tissues, which can make an organism more capable of adapting to its environment. Similarly, changes in the chemical composition of an organism can cause the development of new metabolic pathways, allowing it to better utilize available resources.
Learn more about Physical properties at : https://brainly.com/question/20399244
#SPJ4
Complete question :
when individual components in an organism interact with each other or the environment to create novel structures and functions, the resulting characteristics are called ?
Most EPSPs are attributable to the a opening of sodium channels, b. closing of potassium channels, c.opening of chloride channels. d. Both a ando
Most EPSPs are attributable to the opening of sodium channels d. Both A and B.
The term "excitatory post-synaptic potential" (EPSP) is used to describe the rise in the post-synaptic neuron's positive charge in both A and C. The influx of cations and the expulsion of anions lead to this state.
While chloride is an anion (Cl-), sodium and potassium are cations (Na+ and K+, respectively). The cell typically opens cation channels to facilitate the inflow of cations like sodium and potassium in order to raise the positive charge within the neuron. As a result, selection C is incorrect. The potassium ions will not be able to enter the cell or exit the cell if the potassium channel is blocked. The cell's net charge will not change as a result of this static condition.
On the other hand, in order to allow sodium ions from the extracellular fluid to enter, the sodium channel is opened. The positive charge within the neuron will rise as this cation enters the cell. The chloride channel is also opened to make it easier for chloride ions to escape the neuron and into the extracellular fluid. The positive charge will increase within the cell as a result of this expulsion of negatively charged anions from the neuron into the extracellular fluid. The negative charge within the cell will decrease as anions are transported out of the cell.
Know more about EPSPs here: https://brainly.com/question/1287151
#SPJ4
