what could cause an error DNA in replication
Answers
NOTICE: There are attachments attached to this answer that is mentioned in each paragraph!
We frequently see DNA replication as a well-organized, methodical process, much like a production line. It's not. For the DNA polymerase to read it, the DNA must not lie in a straight line and must be in motion, not static. It is curled and twisted. First, realize that this is a molecular issue. Bacteria lack neurons, cannot "think," and cannot make decisions. Everything is a chemical reaction, and chemical reactions frequently depend on one concentration's osmotic pressure being higher than another, both inside the cell and outside. Even at that level, there is a lot of "nothing," albeit nothing is empty. For a better understanding of the environment, picture a cell as a large room filled with balls of all sizes. Each ball has a unique form and isn't spherical; some balls fit together flawlessly while others don't. This is the easiest way to conceptualize the universe of molecular chemistry. There is never "nothing" other than in space when you push your way through layers upon layers of free oxygen, free nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, hydrogen dioxide, argon, methane, etc. when you walk through what we term "air."
Replication mistakes happen. Sometimes DNA polymerase enzymes add the incorrect nucleotide, too many, or too few nucleotides to a sequence. Or the DNA polymerase gets looped on the same strand, adding a few codons in a repetition before the strand slips away and it continues, or there is a tangle of crossing DNA and it jumps to the incorrect thread and back (or never), etc. In order to ensure that the bases added to a developing strand are appropriately matched with their complements, DNA polymerase enzymes are quite picky about the nucleotides they choose to use. However, these enzymes do make errors. Specifically, at a rate of around 1 per 100,000 nucleotides. Doesn't sound like much, but since each diploid cell has 6 billion base pairs, there are around 120,000 errors every cell division.
Ribosomal errors during transcription can even change the synthesis of the DNA polymerase proteins, leading to the creation of a mechanism that is already faulty. Since not all ribosomes are created equally, ribosome quality is important. Bacterial mutation rates are greater because bacterial ribosomes are less accurate and produce a lot more errors than human ribosomes. That is a benefit for simple, quickly reproducing life, which is also very vulnerable to the stresses of the molecular chemical environment. Unlike most more complex forms of life, which also have DNA repair mechanisms incorporated into the DNA polymerase, humans have these mechanisms. Some of these processes can often correct mistakes as soon as they are produced, while others can do so over time.
Regarding the pairing of C and T, etc. There are a number of balls in that room that, at first glance, appear to be identical, but if you compare two closely, you could find that one bump is larger or is located incorrectly even if it appears to be same. Proton shift is one such. Here are two instances using the purine guanine (G) and the pyrimidine thymine (T) (G). Please excuse my handwriting; I learned to type at a very young age. Shifted on the right, normal on the left. NA polymerase (as do most more complex forms of life) frequently correct mistakes as soon as they are made and others that correct mistakes later.
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Related Questions
How many miles of silver will be generated if 1.30 miles of zinc is placed into silver nitrate solution
Answers
2.60 moles.
Zn (s) + 2 Ag+ (aq) --> 2 Ag (s) + Zn2+ (aq), each mole of zinc gives out two moles of silver. Therefore, 1.30 moles of zinc will displace 2.60 moles of silver. ( 1.30 × 2)
More about silver nitrate:
An inorganic substance with the chemical formula AgNO3 is silver nitrate. This salt serves as a flexible base for numerous different silver compounds, including those employed in photography. Compared to halides, it is far less light-sensitive. Lunar caustic was previously the name given to it since early alchemists referred to silver as luna and connected it to the moon.
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During the distillation nitrogen gas is obtained first, then argon and oxygen. What can u say about the boiling points of these three gases?
Answers
Explanation:
The boiling point of liquid nitrogen, liquid argon, and liquid oxygen are -196°C, -186°C, and -183°C respectively. So, the correct order is nitrogen, argon, oxygen.
Nitrogen:
Since you don't want nitrogen to be condensing everywhere when it gets cold out, elemental nitrogen's boiling point is luckily below zero degrees Celsius. Thank goodness for nitrogen's extremely low boiling point. If it were at zero, boiling water would not produce a lot of heat, necessitating the use of a pressure cooker to prepare foods that typically call for boiling water. Additionally, since the air would be substantially enhanced with oxygen, items may catch fire more quickly (i.e. your home might burst in flame that much more easily). An ugly picture, to be sure.
Argon:
As nonpolar gases, Ar, F2, and Cl2 only display London Dispersion Forces (LDF). These largely negligible forces, which are the product of transient dipoles, must be resisted throughout the boiling process. Since bigger atoms and molecules have valence electrons further from their nucleus, LDF intensity is also directly correlated with atomic or molecular size. Compared to smaller atoms or molecules, these outermost electrons are less attracted to the positive nucleus or nuclei, making it simpler for them to create transient dipoles. As a result, the differing molar masses of each compound—Ar—39.95 g/mol, F—38.00 g/mol, and Cl—70.90 g/mol—can be used to explain the variation in boiling points.
Oxygen:
At 1 atm, oxygen would boil at -183 degrees Celsius if it were a liquid. Although the phase diagram for oxygen is more intricate than this, it is a general phase diagram. Imagine that the term "vaporization" is at the same height as 1 atm, which is roughly halfway up the y-axis. If the y value at that time was equal to 1 atm, the "vaporization" arrow to the right would be directly above -183 degrees Celsius. It's crucial to remember that pressure determines what temperature a substance will boil, melt, condense, or freeze, as you can probably guess. Additionally, the pressure in particular circumstances can affect what phase a material is in.
The expression caco3 → cao co2 is an example of a reactant. product. chemical equation. chemical progression.
Answers
Chemical equation
What is a chemical equation?The reactants and products of a chemical reaction are represented symbolically in a chemical equation by the appropriate chemical formulas.A chemical equation that illustrates how Calcium oxide (quicklime) and carbon dioxide are produced during the breakdown of limestone.CaCo3 → CaO+ CO2 (Decomposition reaction)
The portion of the chemical equation on the reactant side is to the left of the symbol "→," and the portion on the product side is to the right of the arrow symbol.Decomposition reaction:-A chemical reaction that results in the breakdown of one reactant into two or more products is known as a decomposition reaction.
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Answer:
chemical equation
Explanation:
How many moles of propane
react when 294 g of CO2 form?
C3H8 +502 3CO2 + 4H₂O
?] mol C3H8
Answers
Mass ratio: 3/5
The energy of a photon from certain wavelength is 1.37 x 10^-20 j, what is the frequency in hz?
Answers
Answer:
frequency = 2.07 x 10¹³ Hz
Explanation:
To find the frequency of the photon, you need to use the following equation:
E = hv
In this formula,
-----> E = energy (J)
-----> h = Planck's Constant (6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ J*s)
-----> v = frequency (Hz)
Since you have been given values for two of the variables (in the correct units), you can plug them into the equation and simplify to find the frequency.
E = hv <----- General Equation
E = (6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ J*s)v <---- Plug in Planck's Constant
1.37 x 10⁻²⁰ J = (6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ J*s)v <----- Plug in energy (given)
2.07 x 10¹³ = v <----- Divide both sides by 6.626 x 10⁻³⁴
Help pls!!
The table compares the number of electrons in two unknown neutral atoms.
Comparison of Electrons
Atom Number of Electrons
A 10
D 11
Use this information to determine the number of valence electrons in the atoms. Which of the following correctly compares the stability of the two atoms?
A Both are unreactive.
B Both are highly reactive.
C A is unreactive and D is reactive.
D A is reactive and D is unreactive.
Answers
Answer: A is unreactive and D is reactive.
Explanation:
A is neon, which is a noble gas, and thus unreactive.
D is sodium, which is an alkali metal, and thus highly reactive.
Determine if the following statement is true or false, and why. “A hypothesis can be proven true.”
A. False, it should read “A hypothesis can only be proven false.”
B. True
C. False, it should read “A hypothesis cannot be tested.”
D. False, it should read “A hypothesis can’t be proven true if it is falsifiable.”
Answers
it's true. answer is B.
a hypothesis is a stage before formation of theory. so when we put forward a hypothesis to prove something (in scientific observation) it can be proven true with the experiments conducted.
but of course it's can be proven wrong too, after the experiments conducted. then it is disregard.
a proven hypothesis (a true hypothesis)is the reason for theories.
Answer:
it's true. answer is B.
a hypothesis is a stage before formation of theory. so when we put forward a hypothesis to prove something (in scientific observation) it can be proven true with the experiments conducted.
but of course it's can be proven wrong too, after the experiments conducted. then it is disregard.
a proven hypothesis (a true hypothesis)is the reason for theories.
Explanation:
hope this helps :)
Phase change involves changing states of matter (solid-liquid-gas). How do these three states of matter differ from each other? (on a molecular level)
Answers
solid : the molecules are tightly packed
liquid : the molecules have some space in them
gas : molecules can freely move around
NiSe2 + Ca3(PO4)2 = Ni3(PO4)2 + CaSe
balance please
Answers
Which term describes this reaction?
Answers
Answer:
addition polymerization
Explanation:
A year has 365 day and a day has 24 hours. if an hour has 60 minutes and a minute has 60 seconds how many seconds are in a year
Answers
Answer:
31536000
Explanation:
There are 31536000 seconds in a day.
60s x 60min x 24hrs x 365 days = 31536000sec
What are the five (5) things that can indicate a chemical change has occurred?
Write out the combinations that indicate a chemical change, explain how you know.
Answers
Answer: Bubbles, burning, odor, color change, and rusting.
Explanation: Chemical changes are changes to something that is irreversible.
HELP FAST!!!!!!!
Which two groups have the same functional group?
O A. Amines and alcohols
B. Aldehydes and esters
C. Ketones and aldehydes
D. Esters and ethers
Answers
Answer:
C. Ketones and aldehydes
Explanation:
they are both carbonyl functional group
they both have a carbon-oxygen double bond
testosterone is an example of a ketone
formaldehyde is an example of a aldehyde
opentextbcca
wikipedia
Answer:
Ketones and Aldehydes
Explanation:
i just took tha test
Which chemical name is correctly paired with the chemical formula?
tin(IV) bromide, SnBr4
aluminum fluorate, AlF3
iron(II) oxide, Fe2O3
potassium chloride, K2Cl2
Answers
Answer:
Tin bromine = Snbr2
aluminum fluorate = AlFe3
iron oxide = Fe2o3
potassium chloride = KCL or 2KCL = K2CL2
All Pairs are correct
Considering the combustion reaction of propane again, what mass of propane (C3Hg) is necessary to react with 4.53 g of oxygen? C3H8 +5023CO₂ + 4H₂O 0.0256 g C3H8 1.13 g C3H8 1.25 g C3H8 2.50 g C3H8
Answers
Answer:
1.25 g C3H8
Explanation:
edge lol
60 ml of a 1.0 m solution of h2so4 is mixed with distilled water to make 1 l of solution. what is the molarity
Answers
Answer:
0.057 M
Explanation:
To find the new molarity, you need to (1) find the moles (via the molarity equation using the old molarity and volume) and then (2) calculate the new molarity (via the molarity equation using the combined volume and old moles).
(Step 1)
60 mL / 1,000 = 0.06 L
Molarity (M) = moles / volume (L)
1.0 M = moles / 0.06 L
(1.0 M) x (0.06 L) = moles
0.06 = moles
(Step 2)
0.06 L + 1 L = 1.06 L
Molarity (M) = moles / volume (L)
Molarity = 0.06 moles / 1.06 L
Molarity = 0.057 M
helpp im timed Part A
Fill a clear glass or resealable plastic bag three-fourths full with water. Place the pencil in the water, and hold it vertically without spilling. Look at the pencil from the side. Describe what you see.
Part B
Tilt the pencil from side to side while continuing to look at it from the side. Describe what you see.
Answers
Any deviation in the image of an object when light passing from one medium to other is assciated to the phenomenon of refraction.
What is refraction ?
It is the deflection from a straight path undergone by a light ray while passing from one medium (such as air) into another (such as glass) in which its velocity is different.
Basically, the light refraction gives the pencil a slight magnifying effect, which makes the angle appear bigger than it actually is, causing the pencil to look crooked.
When the pencil tilt from side to side, It looks so dramatically broken on looking at it from different angles.
We can magically “fix” the broken pencil by changing where the pencil is positioned in the glass.
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Answer:
Explanation:
Any deviation in the image of an object when light passing from one medium to other is assciated to the phenomenon of refraction.
What is refraction ?
It is the deflection from a straight path undergone by a light ray while passing from one medium (such as air) into another (such as glass) in which its velocity is different.
Basically, the light refraction gives the pencil a slight magnifying effect, which makes the angle appear bigger than it actually is, causing the pencil to look crooked.
After Looking at the pencil from the side of a clear glass or resealable plastic bag filled three-fourths with water, we will see the light bends around the pencil, causing it to look bent in the water.
When the pencil tilt from side to side, It looks so dramatically broken on looking at it from different angles.
We can magically “fix” the broken pencil by changing where the pencil is positioned in the glass.
The integrating center for the negative feedback loop that regulates body temperature is the.
Answers
Answer: Hypothalamus
Explanation:
The hypothalamus controls body temperature by sending signals to muscles, organs, glands, and other components of the nervous system when it becomes too low or too high. These structures then help in returning the body temperature to normal.
Which of the following questions would be answered by performing a scientific experiment?
A.
What type of food is the most enjoyable?
B.
What type of food is the most nutritious?
C.
What type of food looks the best?
Answers
DESPERATE NEED OF HELP
Answers
Answer:
the answer will be false.
Explanation:
because it is not balanced.
What is the weighted average of a
bean in the sample data given?
Sample Number
of Beans
Black
Eyed Peas
Cannellini
Beans
410
90
Abundance Mass
(%)
(g)
1.32
82
18
2.94
Weighted
Average (g)
[?]
Answers
Answer: 1.6116
Explanation:
[tex](1.32)(0.82)+(2.94)(0.18)=\boxed{1.6116}[/tex]
The weighted average of a bean in the given sample data is equal to 1.6116 g.
What is the Weighted Average?The weighted average can be described as a calculation that takes into account the varying degrees of importance of the numbers in a data set. Each number is multiplied by a predetermined weight in the given data set before the final calculation is made in calculating a weighted average.
A weighted average assigns weights that calculate in advance the relative abundance of each data point. A weighted average is commonly determined to equalize the frequency of the values in a data set.
Given the abundance of Black eyes peas, m₁ = 82% = 0.82
The mass of the Black eyes peas, W₁ = 1.32 g
the abundance of cannellini beans, m₂ = 18% 0.18
The mass of cannellini beans, W₂ = 2.94 g
The weighted average = m₁W₁ + m₂W₂ = 1.32× 0.82 + 2.94 ×0.18
The weighted average of a bean = 1.6116 g
Therefore, the weighted average of a bean in the sample is 1.6116 g.
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Which phrase describes a homogeneous catalyst?
Answers
Answer:
It is in the same phase as the reactants.
Explanation:
i took the test
the volume of a 300 L sample of CO2(g) at 2.30 atm is compressed to 29.6 L, what
is the new pressure at constant temperature and moles?
Answers
Answer:
23,31 atm
Explanation:
p1v1 = p2v2
2.3 * 300 = p2 *29.6
p2=23.31 atm
PROBLEMS
1. What is the molarity of 4 grams of NaOH dissolved in 1 liter of solution?
2. What is the molarity of 4 grams of NaOH dissolved in 0.5 liter of solution
3. What is the molarity of 4 grams of NaOH dissolved in 0.1 liter of solution
4. Which of the 3 solutions above is more concentrated and why?
Answers
Answer:
1.) 0.1 M
2.) 0.2 M
3.) 1 M
4.) Solution #3 is the most concentrated because it has the highest molarity. This solution has the largest solute to solvent ratio. The more solvent there is, the lower the concentration and molarity.
Explanation:
To find the molarity, you need to (1) convert grams NaOH to moles (via molar mass from periodic table) and then (2) calculate the molarity (via the molarity equation). All of the answers should have 1 sig fig to match the given values.
Molar Mass (NaOH): 22.99 g/mol + 16.00 g/mol + 1.008 g/mol
Molar Mass (NaOH): 39.998 g/mol
4 grams NaOH 1 mole
---------------------- x ------------------ = 0.1 moles NaOH
39.998 g
1.)
Molarity = moles / volume (L)
Molarity = (0.1 moles) / (1 L)
Molarity = 0.1 M
2.)
Molarity = moles / volume (L)
Molarity = (0.1 moles) / (0.5 L)
Molarity = 0.2 M
3.)
Molarity = moles / volume (L)
Molarity = (0.1 moles) / (0.1 L)
Molarity = 1 M
How many grams of butane were in 1. 000 atm of gas at room temperature?
Answers
The mass in grams of butane at standard room temperature is 53.21 grams.
How can we determine the mass of an organic substance at room temperature?The gram of an organic substance at room temperature can be determined by using the ideal gas equation which can be expressed as:
PV = nRT
1 × 22.4 L = n × (0.0821 atm*L/mol*K× 298 K)
n = 22.4/24.4658 moles
n = 0.91556 moles
Recall that:
number of moles = mass(in grams)/molar massmass of butane = 0.91556 moles × 58.12 g/mole
mass of butane = 53.21 grams
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What is a spring tide? When and why does it occur?
Answers
A spring tide occurs when there is a new or full moon in the solar system.
What is Spring tide?This is the type of tide which occurs when the sun, moon and earth are in line and occurs between three to four times per year.
Lunar and solar tides also line up and reinforce each other to produce this type of tide.
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What happens if you keep thermometer in deep freezer? Why?
Answers
Answer:
Nothing will happen until you remove the thermometer.
Explanation:If the thermometer is made of mercury in glass, nothing will happen….mercury does not freeze at the temperatures in the refrigerator…
Please help asap! giving brainliest to correct answer!!
which pair of compounds has the same empirical formula? (5 points)
select one:
a. c3h8 and c3h
b. c2h2 and c2h
c. c4h10 and c6h
d. c4h10 and c2h5
Answers
Answer:
D. C₄H₁₀ and C₂H₅
What is a empirical formula?
A chemical formula indicating the elements of a compound and their relative proportions, as (CH₂O)n.
Since an empirical formula indicates the ratio (proportions) of the elements in the compound, it can be used, along with the molar weight of the compound, to determine the molecular formula.
The empirical formula provides the smallest whole-number ratio among elements or compounds within a molecular compound. A compound is a chemical formed from atoms of different chemical elements.
Hence, Option D is correct.
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Did you write these compounds?
KBr
2 NH₂OH
2HNO3
Answers
The missing components of the neutralisation reaction include the following:
KBr KBr 2NH4OHKBr 2NH4OH2HNO2What is neutralisation reaction?Neutralisation reaction is defined as the type of reaction that leads to the formation of salt and water when an acid and a base reacts.
From the reactions given the missing components are replaced as follows:
HBr + KOH --> KBr + H2OH2SO4 + 2NH4OH --> (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O2HNO3 + Mg(OH)2 --> Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2OLearn more about acids here:
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A is a solution containing 3.5g of HX per dm-³. B is a solution containing 0.050moldm-³ of an hydrous sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) of solution 25cm³ portions of solution B required an average of 26.10cm³ of Solution A for complete neutralization. From this results, calculate
1. The Molar Concentration Of A
2. The Relative Molar Mass Of A
Equation For The Reaction 2HX + Na2CO3 ---> 2NaX + H2O + CO2
Brainliest!!
Answers
The Molar Concentration Of A =0.099 .
The Relative Molar Mass Of A = 35.0129 gm
Given,
Mass of HX = 3.5 g
Moles of solution B ([tex]Na_{2} CO_{3}[/tex]) = 0.05 moles
Volume of HX = 26.10 mL
Volume of Solution B = 25 mL
Molecular weight of solution B = 2(atomic weight of Na )+ atomic weight of C + 3(atomic weight of O)
= 2(23) + 12 + 3(16)
=106 gm
Equivalent weight of [tex]Na_{2} CO_{3}[/tex] = molecular weight / 2 = 106 /2 =53 g
Mole = mass / molecular weight
∴0.05 = mass / 106
∴ mass = 5.3 gm [tex]Na_{2} CO_{3}[/tex]
Normality = mass ÷ (equivalent weight × volume of the solution in liter)
= 5.3 ÷( 53 × 0.025)
=4 N
So, by using formula ,
[tex]N_{1} V_{1} =N_{2} V_{2}[/tex]
[tex]N_{1}[/tex] = normality of solution B = 4 N
[tex]V_{1}[/tex] = volume of solution B = 25 mL
[tex]N_{2}[/tex] = normality of solution A = ? N
[tex]V_{2}[/tex] =Volume of solution A = 26.1 mL
∴ 4×25 = [tex]N_{2}[/tex] × 26.1
∴[tex]N_{2}[/tex] = 3.83 N
∴ normality of solution A = 3.83 N
from Formula of the normality we can find the equivalent weight of the A
Normality = mass of HX ÷ (equivalent weight × volume of the solution in liter)
3.83 = 3.5 ÷( equivalent weight × 0.0261)
∴equivalent weight = 35.0129 g
In case of HX the electron transfer is 1 ,so equivalent weight = molecular weight ; which is also termed as relative molar mass in given case.
∴The Relative Molar Mass Of A = 35.0129 g
Molar concentration = mass / molar mass
= 3.5 / 35.0129
= 0.099 mole
∴ The Molar Concentration of A is 0.099 .
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