Noble gases have full outer shells valence electrons. Helium, argon and xenon have p orbitals. Neon, argon, krypton and xenon are all noble gases and thus have a full outer shell.
Noble gases are the elements that belong respectively to group 18 . since they are the very last group on the periodic table, they have full outer shells of valence electrons. Helium, neon, and argon are all noble gases located in the last group that is 18th group of the periodic table. All noble gases have p orbitals. Electronic configuration for Neon is [He] 2s2 2p6. The configuration for Helium [He] is 1s2. and of argon, there are 8 valence electrons in this element and hence, has fully filled electronic configuration and is a stable element. This means that their outermost s and p orbitals are completely filled.
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Does sodium bond with oxygen?
we mix oxygen (O2) and sodium (Na+)? Yes! For every oxygen, we need two sodiums to create a stable molecule.
What causes sodium and oxygen to bind?Ionic bonding occurs when metal and nonmetal are joined. In order to complete the octet of oxygen, the metallic element sodium provides its extra valence electron (Oxygen had 6 valence electrons but when Sodium donates its 2 valence electrons, it makes the octet of 8). Ionic bonding refers to the movement of electrons.
With what may sodium form bonds?When it comes to halogens, sodium seldom ever responds, although it does. In addition, it combines with different metallic halides to create sodium chloride and metal. Naphthalene, other aromatic polycyclic compounds, and aryl alkenes are the only substances with which sodium forms addition compounds. Paraffinic hydrocarbons do not react with sodium.
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which of the following best explains the observation that a resting neuron membrane, while highly permeable to potassium ions, is not at the equilibrium potential for potassium?
The membrane is also slightly permeable to sodium ions explains the observation that a resting neuron membrane, while highly permeable to potassium ions.
The resting membrane potential, often known as the resting potential, is a voltage across the membrane of a resting (non-signaling) neuron.
Ion concentration gradients across the membrane and the permeability of the membrane to each kind of ion dictate the resting potential.
Na + and K+ concentration gradients exist across the membrane of a resting neuron. Ions flow via channels to descend their gradients, which causes a separation of charge to produce the resting potential.
The resting potential is somewhat near the equilibrium potential of K + because the membrane is substantially more permeable to K+ than to Na+.
Therefore, the membrane is also slightly permeable to sodium ions explains the observation that a resting neuron membrane, while highly permeable to potassium ions.
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a common intermediate in the conversion of glycerol and lactate to glucose is which of the following?
A common intermediate in the conversion of glycerol and lactate to glusoce is glucose-6-phosphate.
Glycerol is an alcohol sugar which is composed of two polyols produced during the saponification of fats and oils. Triglycerides and phosphatidyl phospholipids are two alcohol sugars that serve as metabolic intermediates.
The RBC's in our blood that transports oxygen from lungs to other parts of our body and muscle tissues produce lactic acid.
The common intermediate in the conversion of glycerol and lactate to glucose is glucose-6-phosphate. In the gluconeogenesis pathway, glucose enters as DHAP. It bypasses through other compounds viz. phosphonyl pyruvate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate and malate. Lactate also passes through these on its way in glucose synthesis.
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complete the sentences to explain how a mutation can decrease the activity of a protein. match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.
If the mutation replaces one or more amino acids that do not form the same types of R group interactions as in the functional group protein, then the structure of the resulting protein can be altered so much that it has little or no functional activity.
A mutation is defined as a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations usually result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.
Hereditary mutations includes cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and sickle cell disease. Also other mutations can happen on their own throughout a person's life. These are generally called as sporadic, spontaneous, or new mutations. They affect only few cells.
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Question 4 (1 point)
If the decomposition of (NH4)2(CO3) is a first-order process with a rate constant of
0.196 s-1, how much ammonium carbonate would remain after 39.0 s, starting from
a concentration of 0.957 M?
Your Answer in units:
The final concentration of the reactant of a first order reaction can be determined from the rate constant equation. The concentration of ammonium carbonate after 39 s will be 0.003 M.
What is rate constant?Rate constant of a reaction is the rate of reaction when one molar concentration of the reactant is involved in the reaction. The expression for the rate constant k for first order reaction is :
k = 1/t ln (C0/Ct)
Where C0 be the initial concentration and Ct be the concentration after t seconds.
Given that C0 of ammonium nitrate = 0.957 M
rate constant = 0.196 /s
t = 39 s.
The concentration after 39 seconds is calculated as follows:
0.196 /s = 1/39s ln (0.957 M / Ct)
Ct = 0.957 / (ln⁻¹ (0.196 × 39))
= 0.003 M.
Therefore, the concentration of ammonium carbonate after 39 seconds will be 0.003 M.
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g reffering to the periodic table, sort the following elements in order of increasing electronegativity: aluminum barium boron cesium calcium carbon fluorine
Increasing electronegativity for the following chemical would be: Florine > Carbon > Boron > Aluminum > Calsium > Cesium > Barium.
When atoms can attract electrons during chemical bonding, they are said to be electronegativity.
Electronegativity rises from left to right across the periodic table. The reason for this is that as the atomic number rises, there are more protons. Due to the growing size of the atoms, electronegativity decreases from top to bottom. As a result, fluorine is regarded as the element with the highest electronegative potential, whereas cesium has the lowest. The electronegativity of a halogen is thought to be high, while that of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal is thought to be low.
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russia has a variety of natural resources, including oil, natural gas, timber, iron ore, copper, and lead.
The compound sentence is Russia has a variety of natural resources such as oil, natural gas, timber, iron ore, copper and lead as well.
A compound sentence is a sentence that is formed from two more simple sentence by using the connective words.
For an example if sentence 1 is "It is raining" and sentence 2 is "It is cold" then the compound sentence of both the above sentences will be "It is raining and it is cold".
Now, Russia has a variety of natural resources, including oil, natural gas, Timber, iron ore, copper and lead.
This statement is a simple sentence.
This statement can be return as a compound sentence as follows,
Russia has a variety of natural resources such as oil natural gas and lead as well.
Here, we have used the word "such as" as a connective.
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Complete Question - Russia has a variety of natural resources including oil, natural gas, timber, iron ore, copper and lead (change into compound sentence)
to see amino acids on a developed chromatography paper or plate, you can react it with choose... after
Amino acids are colourless compounds. In order to see the spots on the chromatogram, you will apply a solution of ninhydrin to the paper. Ninhydrin will react with the amino acid to produce a purple compound. Silica gel will serve as the stationary phase in the thin layer chromatography procedures.
Ninhydrin (or fluorescamine) is very useful in chromatographic methods for the analysis of amino acids. One of these is paper chromatography, wherein amino acids are separated as the consequence of differences in their partition coefficients between water and an organic solvent. The aqueous phase is held stationary in the pores of the paper because of strong interaction of the water with the hydroxyl functions of the cellulose. The differences in partition coefficients show up as differences in rates of migration on the surface of moist (but not wet) paper over which there is a slow flow of a water-saturated organic solvent.
In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid solvent called the mobile phase, which carries it through a system on which a material called the stationary phase is fixed.
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Lewis dot structure of PSI3 with minimized formal charges
We need to know how many valence electrons are present in a given molecule in order to determine its Lewis dot structure.
What is Lewis dot structure?Lewis dot structure is defined as the visual representation of atoms' electrons using a diagram. It describe the bonds that exist between a molecule's lone pairs of electrons and its atoms.
A lone pair of electrons on the atom with the formal charge of 1- can typically be converted into a bonding pair that is shared with the atom that has the formal charge of 1+ in order to reduce the formal charges when they are present.
Thus, we need to know how many valence electrons are present in a given molecule in order to determine its Lewis dot structure.
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Which of the following is a source of methane gas?
Human respiration
Trees and plants
Warming oceans
Natural gas leaks
Trees and plants are the dominant sources of methane gas emissions. Therefore, option (B) is correct.
What is methane gas?Methane can be described as a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH₄. Methane can be described as a group-14 hydride, the simplest alkane, and the main component of natural gas. The abundance of methane makes it an economically attractive fuel.
Naturally, occurring methane can be found both below ground and under the seafloor and is produced by both geological and biological processes. The largest reservoir of methane gas is found under the seafloor in the form of methane clathrates.
The methane concentration in Earth's atmosphere has increased by about 150% and it accounts for 20% of the total radiative emission from all of the long-lived and mixed greenhouse gases.
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where nonmetallic wiring methods are subject to exposure to chemical solvents or vapors, they shall be inherently resistant to chemicals based upon their being for the specific chemical reagent.
Nonmetallic wiring techniques must be inherently resistant to chemicals based on their identification for the particular chemical reagent when they are exposed to chemical solvents or vapours.
Non-metals are minerals (non-metallic minerals) that are typically not used as a source of raw materials for the extraction of metal. The non-metal group, which is present in a wide range of minerals, is crucial economically. In actuality, aqueous solutions are ones whose solvent is water. According to their chemical makeup, organic solvents can be categorised into three groups: hydrocarbons, oxygen, and halogens. In the sections that follow, we'll discuss the many categories of organic solvents and give some instances of each.
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select the keyword or phrase that will best complete each sentence about the three general rules of for drawing lewis structures.
1. Draw only the valence electrons.
2. Give every element main group element (except hydrogen) an octet of electrons.
3. Give each hydrogen two electrons.
Lewis structures are used to describe the arrangement or configurations of the valence electrons of molecules and polyatomic ions involved in electronic bonding. A Lewis structure consists of the symbols of the elements in the molecule surrounded by dots with each dot representing each of the elements valence electrons. Also, the electrons shared between two elements are shown by dots between the two elements and these electrons are known as shared electron pairs. The valence electrons on atom that is not involved in bonding is known as lone pairs.
The three general rules for drawing Lewis structures are:
1. Draw only the valence electrons. Only the valence electrons of the atoms of elements are shown since they are the only electrons involved in chemical bonding.
2. Give every element main group element (except hydrogen) an octet of electrons. The complete eight valence electrons of the noble gases is associated with their stability. Thus, the main group elements show a tendency to form enough bonds to obtain eight valence electrons in order to achieve stability. This is known as the octet rule. However, since the maximum number of valence electrons for elements in the first period of the period table is two, the noble gas helium has completely-filled valence shell containing two electrons known as a duplet. Hydrogen belongs to the first period and is therefore an exception to the octet rule.
3. Give each hydrogen two electrons. Hydrogen attains a duplet structure in accordance with the structure of helium
Therefore, the three sentences are: Draw only the valence electrons. Give every element main group element (except hydrogen) an octet of electrons. Give each hydrogen two electrons.
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[NOTE: THIS IS AN INCOMPLETE QUESTION. THE COMPLETE QUESTION IS: Select the keyword or phrase that will best complete each sentence about the three general rules of for drawing Lewis structures.a. main group b. hafnium c. valence d. hydrogen e. core f. transition metal1. Draw only__the electrons. 2. Give every___element (except hydrogen) an octet of electrons. 3. Give each____two electrons.]
2.) hard/soft acid base theory a. identify the products from the reaction between the following pairs of reagents. in each case identify the species that is acting as the lewis base and acid.
For each Lewis acid-base reaction, identify the base and the acid. Decide which reactant is an electron-pair donor and which reactant is an electron-deficient in each equation. Lewis acid is the substance with an electron deficit, while Lewis base is the other.
Small, compact, and polarizable describe hard acids and bases. Larger and more evenly distributed in size are soft acids and bases. In addition to their inherent strength, hard acids and soft acids react differently with different types of bases.
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Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, decomposes according to the equation above. This reaction is thermodynamically favorable at room temperature.
(a) A particulate representation of the reactants is shown below in the box on the left. In the box below on the right, draw the particulate representation of all the molecules that would be produced from these four reactant molecules.
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, decomposes as 4H₂O₂ → 4H₂O + 2O₂ when four reactant molecules are used.
The following diagram illustrates how hydrogen peroxide decomposition chemically: 2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂
As a result, one oxygen molecule and two water molecules result from the breakdown of two hydrogen peroxide molecules. Numerous chemical substances spontaneously react with molecular oxygen to produce peroxides in the form of free radicals. Given that there are four hydrogen peroxide molecules breaking down in the diagram, we have;
4H₂O₂ → 4H₂O + 2O₂
The breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, into water and oxygen gas is the first stage of this reaction. At room temperature, this reaction is thermodynamically advantageous.
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From the 2 enthalpy profile diagrams, state which
one is likely to represent this reaction 6C(s) + 6H2(g) + 3O2(g) → C6H12O6(s) Hf = -1086.4 kJ mol-1 and give a reason why.
Answer:
Diagram A
Explanation:
The information tells us that Hf = -1086.4 kJ mol-1. Since the value is negative, this tells us that the reaction is exothermic. In an exothermic reaction, energy is given out to the surroundings, thus the arrow must go from the reactants to the products to show the drop in enthalpy.
what is the product of the following reaction? multiple choice 3-methylpentane 3-methyl-2-pentanol 3-methyl-2-pentene 3-methyl-1-pentyne
The product formed from 3-methypentanone and NH₂NH₂ in the presence of KOH and heat is 3-methylpentane. Hence, the correct option is A.
3-Methylpentane is defined as a branched alkane with the molecular formula C₆H₁₄. 3-Methylpentane is a structural isomer of hexane which is composed of a methyl group bonded to the third carbon atom in a pentane chain.
2-Methylpentane and 3-Methylpentane are position isomers because these are the chain isomers of hexane, position isomers are those isomers which are formed when any specific functional group is attached.
Hence, the reaction of 3-methypentanone and NH₂NH₂ in the presence of KOH and heat produces 3-methylpentane.
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4. which of the following are not the intermediates in fisher esterification reaction between acetic acid and ethanol? h oh hcl h cl cl h o o b 1234 oh o o a 2347 oh o oh c 1245 o o oh d 124567 oh o e 45 1 2 3 4 5 oh oh oh 6 7 o o o f 167
All of the acidic impurities present in the reaction mixture could be eliminated with the aid of sodium carbonate. Any acidic contaminant can be detected by the addition of sodium carbonate, which causes carbon dioxide to form.
The initial action can be neutralizing the response, which enables you to isolate the ester product. The addition of sodium bicarbonate, a weak base, could help achieve this. The carboxylic acid and acid catalyst react with sodium carbonate, raising the pH of the solution as a result.
A byproduct of CO2 fuel is created when the natural portion of the reaction aggregate is washed with sodium bicarbonate to remove extra acetic acid. You can release the pressure that develops below by venting the vial.
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many nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones are catalyzed by acid or base . base catalyze hydration by
Many nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones are catalyzed by acid or base catalyze hydration by : converting the water to hydroxide ion, a much better nucleophile.
Nucleophilic addition reactions: what are they?A nucleophile establishes a sigma bond with an electron-deficient molecule in a chemical addition process known as a nucleophilic addition reaction. The ability to transform carbonyl groups into a variety of functional groups makes these reactions crucial in organic chemistry.
Adding nucleophiles involves two steps: an intermediate alkoxide is created by the breakdown of the p link to the O. The intermediate alkoxide is protonated to produce an alcohol derivative.
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Which of the following best describes a galvanic cell?
Galvanic cell is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
An electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of spontaneous redox reactions into electrical energy is known as a galvanic cell or a voltaic cell. Galvanic cell Voltaic cell is an electrochemical cell that makes use of chemical reactions to generate electrical energy.
A galvanic cell consists of two half-cells, such that the electrode of one half-cell is composed of the metal A, and the electrode of the other half-cell is composed of metal B; the redox reactions for the two separate half-cells.
Galvanic cells harness the electrical energy available from the electron transfer in a redox reaction to perform useful electrical work. The key to gathering the electron flow is to separate the oxidation and reduction half-reactions, connecting them by a wire, so that the electrons must flow through that wire
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TRUE/FALSE. a chemist prepares a solution of aluminum chloride by measuring out of aluminum chloride into a volumetric flask and filling the flask to the mark with water.
A chemist prepares solution of aluminum chloride by measuring out of aluminum chloride in volumetric flask and filling the flask to mark with water : True.
How is solution of aluminum chloride prepared?An aqueous solution of aluminum chloride is prepared by the redox reaction between aluminum metal and dilute hydrochloric acid.
Aluminum chloride solutions is moderate to highly concentrated liquid solutions of Aluminum chloride. Aluminum chloride is one of the most powerful Lewis acid.
Generally, it is used in reactions as a catalyst and aqueous aluminum chloride is prepared by dissolving aluminum with concentrated hydrochloric acid. After reacting with compound, it reacts with water molecule and forms aqueous solution.
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Fatty acid oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. However, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA molecules cannot cross the inner membrane to enter the matrix. The carnitine shuttle system transfers the acyl group from CoA to carnitine, which can enter the mitochondrial matrix. Label the enzymes and compounds of the carnitine shuttle system. These abbreviations are used: intermembrane space, IMS; carnitine acyltransferase I, CAT1; mitochondrial carnitine acyltransferase II, CAT2; and carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (carnitine carrier protein), CAT.
An essential system that supports fatty acid oxidation is the carnitine shuttle system.
What is fatty acid oxidation?An essential system that supports fatty acid oxidation is the carnitine shuttle system.The carnitine shuttle system's chemicals and enzymes serve the following purposes:Intermembrane space (IMS): This region of the cell is where the carnitine system's enzymes function.Carnitine acyltransferase I, or CAT1 Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 is another name for this. It transforms long-chain acyl-CoA species into the appropriate long-chain acyl-carnitines so that they can be transported into the mitochondria.Carnitine acyltransferase II, or CAT2, in the mitochondria: This enzyme is present inside the mitochondria and is responsible for oxidizing long-chain fatty acids there.(Carnitine carrier protein), carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase, CAT: A cytoplasmic acylcarnitine transporter switches out for mitochondrial carnitine in this membrane transporter.To learn more about fatty acid oxidation refer to:
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What would corundum most likely be useful?; What mineral has a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale?; What hardness is corundum on the Mohs scale?; What rocks have a hardness of 9?
Corundum would most likely be useful in Gemstone Cutting. This is because of the extreme hardness that makes it an abrasive. Generally, both synthetic and natural corundum are used in a number of industrial applications that need its toughness, chemical stability, and hardness.
Corundum is a mineral that has a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale.
Corundum is a rock with a hardness of 9. According to the data on the Moh's scale, corundum comes after diamond with a hardness scale of 9 below that of the diamond rock which is 10. Corundum comes immediately before Topaz which has a hardness scale of 8.
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grinding glass is the correct answer :)
What is the concentration of F— ions when 369.205 mg of MgF2 (62.3018 g/mol) completely dissociates in 2.686 L of water?
Enter the numeric answer only in the units of mM (millimolar).
Magnesium fluoride is the name of the ionic substance that results from the union of magnesium and fluoride ions. The compound has the chemical formula MgF2 Mg F 2.
What is the chemical formula of a compound with Mg and F?Magnesium fluoride is the name of the ionic substance that results from the union of magnesium and fluoride ions. The compound has the chemical formula MgF2 Mg F 2. Magnesium ion has an oxidation state of +2, while fluorine has an oxidation state of -1. Therefore, two fluoride ions are combined with a magnesium ion to equalize the charges.It consists of one magnesium atom and two fluorine atoms. It contains anions and cations since it is an ionic substance. In comparison to fluorine, magnesium is a metal with a substantially lower electronegativity. Consequently, this chemical is made up of a magnesium cation and two fluoride anions.To learn more about Magnesium fluoride refer to:
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11. Using VSEPR theory, predict the electron group geometry, molecular shape, and the bond angles in a molecule that contains 4 electron groups (3 bonds and 1 lone pair electrons).
a. tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, >109.5°
b. tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, <109.5°
C. tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, 109.5°
12. Using VSEPR theory, predict the electron group geometry, molecular shape, and the bond angles in a molecule that contains 6 electron groups (5 bonds and 1 lone pair electrons).
a. octahedral, octahedral, 90°
b. octahedral, square planar, 90°
c. octahedral, square pyramidal, 90°
13. What are the bond angle in the molecular geometry of H2O?
A. 104.5°
B. 107°
C. 109.5°
According to VSEPR theory,
11. tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, <109.5°
12. octahedral, square pyramidal, 90°
13. 104.5
The valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is a model used to predict 3-D molecular geometry based on the number of valence shell electron bond pairs among the atoms in a molecule or ion. This model assumes that electron pairs will arrange themselves to minimize repulsion effects from one another. In other words, the electron pairs are as far apart as possible. The VSEPR model is useful for predicting and visualizing molecular structures. The structures are: linear, trigonal planar, angled, tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal, disphenoidal (seesaw), t-shaped, octahedral, square pyramidal, square planar, and pentagonal bipyramidal. 104.5° is the bond angle of water.
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assign oxidation states to the nitrogen atom in each of the following structures. the red spheres are oxygen atoms, and the blue spheres are nitrogen atoms.
The blue spheres are nitrogen atoms in their oxidation states, whereas the red spheres are oxygen atoms. This means that the charge must be calculated by adding the oxidation number of the nitrogen atom and the total of the oxidation states of the oxygen atoms.
what is red spheres and the blue spheres?
The oxidation state of nitrogen ranges from 3 to +5. It is in the oxidation states of 3 for ammonia (NH3) and 5 for dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5). Despite having a +5 oxidation state, nitrogen does not produce pentahalide. Fluorine has a lower electron gain enthalpy with a negative sign than chlorine. In the ozone molecule, the two oxygen-oxygen bond lengths are the same.
The oxidation state of nitrogen is +3 in nitrous acid HNO2 and nitrous oxide N2O3, a dark blue liquid with acidic characteristics.
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6C(s) + 6H2(g) + 3O2(g) → C6H12O6(s) Hf = -1086.4 kJ mol-1
With reference to this reaction specifically, Give a definition for
the ‘standard enthalpy of formation’.
The ‘standard enthalpy of formation’ is the energy that is evolved or absorbed when one mole of the substances if formed from its constituents under standard conditions.
What is the enthalpy of formation?We have to assume that when we form a compound that the compound would have to be formed from the elements that compose the compound and that the elements that are combining to form the compound would have to be the elements that are in the standard states.
We can see from the reaction that has been written here that the carbon, the oxygen and the hydrogen that need to be combined so as to give us the glucose molecule would have to be in the standard state and such they can be seen here to be depicted as the elemental compounds in the reaction shown.
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oxidation catalysts for a gasoline fuel engine require a temperature of ____to effectively operate.
The required temperature is 500 degrees
Oxidation Catalysts help lower engine emissions through chemical reactions that convert carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and aldehydes into carbon dioxide and water.Catalytic oxidation are processes that rely on catalysts to introduce oxygen into organic and inorganic compounds. Many applications, including the focus of this article, involve oxidation by oxygen. Such processes are conducted on a large scale for the remediation of pollutants, production of valuable chemicals, and the production of energy.Oxidation catalysis is conducted by both heterogeneous catalysis and homogeneous catalysis. In the heterogeneous processes, gaseous substrate and oxygen (or air) are passed over solid catalysts. Typical catalysts are platinum, and redox-active oxides of iron, vanadium, and molybdenum.
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Sketch and label Rutherford and Bohrs models of the atom
In 1915, Neil Bohr proposed the Bohr model of the atom. It was made possible by modifying Rutherford's atomic model.
What is difference between Rutherford and Bohr Model ?The Rutherford and Bohr models describe the structure of an atom. Ernest Rutherford proposed the Rutherford model in 1911. Niels Bohr proposed the Bohr model in 1915. The Bohr model is thought to be a modification of the Rutherford model. The primary distinction between the Rutherford and Bohr models is that the Rutherford model does not explain the energy levels in an atom, whereas the Bohr model does.The Rutherford model of the atom states that an atom is made up of a central core in which nearly all of the atom's mass is concentrated, and light weight particles move around this central core. It also states that the central core is positively charged, while constituents moving around it are negatively charged.The Rutherford model has been modified by the Bohr model. This model was proposed based on the hydrogen atom's line spectra. According to this model, electrons always travel in specific shells or orbits around the nucleus. According to the Bohr model, these shells have different energies and are spherical in shape.To learn more about Rutherford model refer :
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For some transformation having kinetics that obey the Avrami equation, the parameter n is known to have a value of 1.5. If the reaction is 25% complete after 125 sec, how long (total time) will it take the transformation to go to 80% completion?
Time taken the transformation to go to 80% completion t = 259.04 sec
From Avrami equation we have
Y= 1 - e^{-Kt^n}
here
Y = 50%
T Time of reaction completion = 148 sec
n = 1.8
putting all value to get constant K
0.5=1- e^{-K*148^1.8}
e^{-K*148^1.8} = 0.5
Taking log on both side
-K*148^{1.8} = -0.693
K=8.59 * 10^{-5}
NOW GIVEN
0.85= 1 - e^{- 8.59 * 10^{-5} *t^1.8}
e^{- 8.59 * 10^{-5} *t^1.8} = 0.15
Taking log on both side
- 8.59 * 10^{-5} *t^1.8 = -1.897
t = 259.04 sec
The speed at which a chemical reaction occurs is called the reaction rate, and it is defined as proportional to the increase in the concentration of a product per unit time and to the. decrease in the concentration. of a reactant per. unit time. Reaction rates. can vary significantly. For instance, cellulose burns in a fire in a matter of fractions of a second, unlike the sluggish, years-long oxidative corrosion of iron under the Earth's atmosphere. The rate typically decreases with time for most reactions. Monitoring the concentration alterations over time allows one to calculate the pace of a reaction.
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which r shows the hightest percentage of equatorial conformation at equilibrium? select the single best answer.
The r shows axial conformation at the equilibrium of the cyclohexane and mono groups.
Axial: In cyclohexane, a bond that is parallel to the axis of the ring, or a set connected via way of means of this type of bond. A = axial positions; E = equatorial positions.
Because the axial function locations the R corporations in the direction of the hydrogen atoms on the opposite carbons, the axial conformation calls for better to triumph over the extra steric interactions. This outcomes in R values which can be weighted toward the equatorial conformation. The larger, greater complicated the R group, the greater electricity this is required to triumph over the delivered steric interaction.
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