What does the phonological loop in the Baddeley & Hitch (1974) working memory model contain?

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One of the many reasons for this is that, unlike men, women tend to seek help for their mental health. Men are less likely to request treatment for the condition than women "because of the stigma associated with poor mental health.”

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Thyroid uptake imaging is a diagnostic test that uses a small amount of radioactive material to measure how well the thyroid gland is functioning. The test involves taking a dose of radioactive iodine and then measuring the amount of iodine that is absorbed by the thyroid gland. The results of the test can help doctors to diagnose conditions such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

When interpreting the results of a thyroid uptake imaging test, doctors will look at the percentage of radioactive iodine that is taken up by the thyroid gland. A normal uptake is usually between 10-30%, with higher values indicating hyperthyroidism and lower values indicating hypothyroidism. However, the interpretation of the results will also depend on the patient's individual circumstances and symptoms.

Overall, thyroid uptake imaging is a useful diagnostic tool that can help doctors to identify thyroid disorders and develop an appropriate treatment plan. It is a safe and non-invasive procedure that is usually well-tolerated by patients.

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Beta-agonists work by binding to and activating beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the airway smooth muscle, causing relaxation and bronchodilation. This allows the airways to open up and reduces airway resistance, making it easier for the patient to breathe.

In acute asthma exacerbations, there is constriction of the airway smooth muscle and inflammation in the airways, leading to difficulty breathing. Beta-agonists are effective in treating acute asthma exacerbations because they specifically target the airway smooth muscle, which is the primary site of obstruction in asthma.

By relaxing the airway smooth muscle, beta-agonists rapidly relieve bronchoconstriction and improve airflow, thereby reducing the symptoms of asthma. Beta-agonists are typically administered via inhalation, allowing for rapid and targeted delivery to the airway smooth muscle.

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Assessment of Susan, who is 3 cm dilated, 80% effaced, with the fetus at zero station, I interpret her data as indicating that she is now in the active stage of labor. The active stage of labor typically starts when the cervix dilates to 3-4 cm and is characterized by stronger and more frequent contractions, as well as a more rapid cervical dilation rate.

This is in contrast to the earlier latent phase, which is characterized by mild contractions and slower cervical dilation. Given Susan's cervical dilation and effacement measurements, it appears that she has progressed beyond the latent phase and into the active phase of labor. This interpretation is supported by the fact that Susan is experiencing stronger and more frequent contractions, which suggests that her labor is progressing and that she is moving closer to delivering her baby. In order to confirm this interpretation, it would be important to continue monitoring Susan's progress, including cervical dilation, fetal heart rate, and contractions, to ensure that she is progressing smoothly and safely through the active stage of labor.

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No, the organism associated with sulfur granules, Actinomyces israelii, is not part of the normal oral flora and is usually associated with infections in the cervicofacial region.

Actinomyces is a type of bacteria that is part of the normal oral flora. However, it can sometimes cause infections in the head and neck area, leading to the formation of abscesses. These abscesses are often associated with the presence of yellow "sulfur granules," which are clusters of bacteria and cellular debris. The sulfur granules are a characteristic feature of Actinomyces infections and are formed as a result of the organism's ability to break down proteins and other organic compounds. While Actinomyces is normally a harmless member of the oral flora, it can cause disease in individuals with weakened immune systems or in those who have suffered trauma to the oral tissues.

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This is an example of a longitudinal study, specifically a cohort study. A cohort study follows a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure, in this case, patients who received a hip transplant at Hershey Medical Center during 2004 to 2014, and tracks their outcomes over time.

The study is prospective, meaning that data is collected after the hip transplant operation and patients are followed for 10 years to determine the success or failure of the transplant.

This type of study design allows for the examination of the relationship between exposure and outcome over a long period of time and can provide important insights into the effectiveness of hip transplant surgery in the long term. Cohort studies are often used to study the natural history of diseases and the long-term effects of treatments.

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The most likely diagnosis in a middle-aged patient presenting with several months of vague abdominal discomfort and bloating with anemia and no tender mass in the right flank that moves with respiration could be a gastrointestinal cancer, particularly colon cancer.

The symptoms of abdominal discomfort, bloating, and anemia are common in colon cancer, and the absence of a tender mass in the right flank that moves with respiration suggests that the cancer has not spread to the liver or other organs. Other possible diagnoses could include inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, or a gastrointestinal infection. However, the presence of anemia suggests a more serious underlying condition, such as cancer. A thorough diagnostic workup would likely include a colonoscopy to examine the colon for any signs of cancer or inflammation, as well as blood tests to check for tumor markers or other abnormalities. Treatment for colon cancer may involve surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, depending on the stage and extent of the disease. It is important for patients with these symptoms to seek medical attention promptly to ensure early diagnosis and treatment.

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Cooking meat at high temperatures can result in the formation of harmful chemicals such as heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).


When meat is cooked at high temperatures, such as grilling or broiling, the heat can cause the formation of harmful chemicals called HCAs and PAHs. HCAs are formed when amino acids, sugars, and creatine in meat react to high heat. PAHs are formed when fat and juices from the meat drip onto hot coals or flames and produce smoke.

These chemicals are known to be carcinogenic and can increase the risk of cancer, especially in the colon, breast, and prostate. To reduce the formation of these chemicals, it's recommended to marinate the meat before cooking, avoid charring or burning the meat, and cook at lower temperatures for a longer period of time. Additionally, using a gas grill instead of a charcoal grill can also help reduce the formation of HCAs and PAHs.

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False. Every patient's healthcare team is unique and may vary depending on the patient's needs, condition, and treatment plan.

The healthcare team can include physicians, nurses, pharmacists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, social workers, and other healthcare professionals. The team may also include family members, caregivers, and other individuals who support the patient. The composition of the healthcare team can also change over time, as the patient's needs and condition evolve. Effective communication and collaboration among team members are crucial to ensure that the patient receives comprehensive, coordinated care that meets their individual needs and preferences.

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The code series 93015-93018 represents cardiac stress testing. These codes describe the complete cardiac stress test including the performance of the test, supervision, interpretation, and report.

93015 represents a cardiovascular stress test using maximal or submaximal treadmill or bicycle exercise, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, and physician supervision, with the interpretation and report.

93016 represents a cardiovascular stress test using maximal or submaximal treadmill or bicycle exercise, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, and pharmacological stress, physician supervision, interpretation, and report.

93017 represents a cardiovascular stress test using maximal or submaximal treadmill or bicycle exercise, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, and multiple rhythm electrocardiographic monitoring, physician supervision, interpretation, and report.

93018 represents a cardiovascular stress test using maximal or submaximal treadmill or bicycle exercise, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, and pharmacological stress, multiple rhythm electrocardiographic monitoring, physician supervision, interpretation, and report.

In summary, the codes 93015-93018 represent different types of cardiac stress tests including exercise-based or pharmacological stress, with or without additional electrocardiographic monitoring, and include physician supervision, interpretation, and report.

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The terms in the question refer to a medical condition called brain metastases, which occurs when cancer cells spread from the primary tumor in one part of the body to the brain. In this case, the cancer has originated from the lungs and has spread to the brain (C71.9) and other areas such as the lung (C34.90) and other unspecified sites (C79.31).

Brain metastases are a serious complication of cancer and can cause symptoms such as headaches, seizures, confusion, and difficulty speaking or moving. Treatment options include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery to remove the tumors. The choice of treatment depends on factors such as the number and location of the brain metastases, the patient's overall health, and the type and stage of the primary cancer.

Managing brain metastases from lung cancer can be challenging, but with proper treatment and care, many patients can experience improved quality of life and survival rates. It is important for patients with lung cancer to receive regular screenings and follow-up care to monitor for the development of brain metastases and other potential complications.

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The three main causes of valvular aortic stenosis are congenital abnormalities, calcific degeneration, and rheumatic heart disease.

1. Congenital abnormalities: Some individuals are born with aortic valve defects, such as a bicuspid aortic valve, which has two leaflets instead of the normal three. This structural abnormality can cause restricted blood flow, leading to aortic stenosis.

2. Calcific degeneration: As people age, calcium deposits may build up on the aortic valve leaflets, causing them to become stiff and rigid. This restricts the valve's ability to open fully, resulting in aortic stenosis. This cause is more common in older adults.

3. Rheumatic heart disease: This occurs as a complication of untreated or inadequately treated strep throat infections. The immune system's response to the infection can cause inflammation and scarring of the heart valves, including the aortic valve. Over time, this damage can lead to aortic stenosis.

It's essential to identify and treat aortic stenosis early to prevent complications, such as heart failure, irregular heart rhythms, or sudden cardiac death. Treatment options include medications, valve repair, or valve replacement, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

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The Intolerance of Uncertainty Theory is a cognitive-behavioral model that explains Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). It proposes that individuals with GAD have a low tolerance for uncertainty, which leads to excessive worry and anxiety. These individuals perceive uncertainty as threatening, leading to a cycle of worry and avoidance behaviors.

According to this theory, individuals with GAD engage in cognitive and behavioral strategies to reduce uncertainty and anxiety, such as seeking reassurance, avoiding uncertainty, and overpreparing for situations. However, these strategies can become maladaptive and maintain anxiety symptoms.

Treatment based on this theory focuses on increasing tolerance for uncertainty by helping individuals develop more adaptive coping strategies, such as mindfulness, acceptance, and problem-solving. This approach aims to reduce excessive worry and avoidance behaviors and improve overall functioning.

Research supports the role of intolerance of uncertainty in GAD, and interventions based on this theory have shown promising results in reducing anxiety symptoms.

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Patients who took compound 2 have a lower risk of developing reinfarction compared to those who did not.

The data provided shows that patients who took compound 2 had a reinfarction rate of 100 out of 4900 (or 2.04%), while patients who did not take compound 2 had a reinfarction rate of 250 out of 4750 (or 5.26%). This indicates that the risk of reinfarction is lower in patients who took compound 2 compared to those who did not.

The term "reinfarction" refers to a subsequent heart attack occurring after the initial one. Risk factors for reinfarction include age, gender, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, family history, and a history of heart disease. Treatment options for reinfarction include medications such as aspirin, beta blockers, and statins, as well as lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, regular exercise, and quitting smoking.

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The correct answer is (d) decrease; rodent. There is a decrease in the size of the acorn crop. This change will most likely lead to a(n) decrease in the incidence of Lyme disease because there is a decrease in the size of rodent populations.

The white-footed mouse is one of the primary reservoirs of Lyme disease. The ticks feed on these mice and become infected with the bacterium. The ticks then bite humans and transmit the disease.

The acorn is an important food source for many rodents, including the white-footed mouse. A decrease in the size of the acorn crop will lead to a decrease in the population of rodents, which will then lead to a decrease in the number of infected ticks. As a result, there will be a decrease in the incidence of Lyme disease.

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As a nurse, it is important to understand the recommended frequency of monitoring for patients with type 2 diabetes. In terms of monitoring blood glucose levels, the ADA recommends that patients with type 2 diabetes should have their A1C levels checked every three months until their blood glucose is well controlled, and then every six months thereafter. So, the correct option is b. Every 6 months.

According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), patients with type 2 diabetes should have an initial assessment of their diabetes self-management skills, nutritional status, physical activity, and psychosocial factors at the time of diagnosis. This assessment should be followed by ongoing monitoring and follow-up visits with healthcare providers.

The A1C test provides an average of a patient's blood glucose levels over the previous two to three months. It is valuable tool for assessing a patient's overall diabetes management and determining if changes need to be made to their treatment plan.

In addition to A1C monitoring, patients with type 2 diabetes should have their blood pressure, lipid levels, kidney function, and eye health checked on an annual basis. The ADA also recommends that patients receive vaccinations for influenza and pneumococcal disease, as they are at an increased risk for these infections.

In summary, the nurse should monitor a 30-yr-old patient with a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes every three months until their blood glucose is well controlled, and then every six months thereafter. Annual assessments of blood pressure, lipid levels, kidney function, and eye health should also be conducted, along with vaccinations for influenza and pneumococcal disease. Early and regular monitoring and intervention can help prevent or delay complications associated with diabetes. So, the correct option is b. Every 6 months.

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The statement "According to the biological perspective, panic disorder is believed to be caused by abnormalities in the brain circuitry that controls fear responses." is True.  This circuitry includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, among other regions.

Studies have shown that individuals with panic disorder have hyperactive amygdalas and less activity in the prefrontal cortex, which leads to an overactive fear response.
Furthermore, research has shown that there is a genetic component to panic disorder. Studies of twins have found that panic disorder is more likely to be inherited than other anxiety disorders. Specific genes that are associated with panic disorder have also been identified, such as the COMT gene, which regulates the activity of dopamine in the brain.
While genetics play a role in the development of panic disorder, environmental factors can also contribute to the disorder. Traumatic events or chronic stress can trigger panic attacks in individuals who are genetically susceptible to the disorder.
In summary, the biological perspective suggests that panic disorder is caused by abnormalities in the brain circuitry and that genetics plays a significant role in the development of the disorder. However, environmental factors can also contribute to the disorder.

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The classic auscultatory finding of mitral regurgitation is a holosystolic murmur heard best at the cardiac apex and radiating to the axilla. The murmur is high-pitched and blowing in quality, and may be accompanied by an S3 heart sound.

The best physical exam-finding indicator of the severity of mitral regurgitation is the intensity of the murmur. A soft, grade 1 or 2 murmur suggests mild regurgitation, while a louder, grade 3 or 4 murmur indicates moderate regurgitation.

A loud, grade 5 or 6 murmur suggests severe regurgitation. Other physical exam findings that may indicate the severity of mitral regurgitation include the presence of a palpable thrill over the cardiac apex, an enlarged left ventricle, and the presence of pulmonary edema or congestive heart failure.

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Postpartum thyroiditis is a condition that affects the thyroid gland in women after giving birth. The condition causes the thyroid gland to become inflamed and can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and depression.

In the long term, the prognosis for postpartum thyroiditis is generally positive. Most women who develop the condition will recover within a few months to a year. However, for some women, postpartum thyroiditis can lead to permanent thyroid damage and an increased risk of developing hypothyroidism later in life. It is important for women who develop postpartum thyroiditis to be monitored closely by their healthcare provider, particularly if they have a history of thyroid problems or autoimmune disorders. With appropriate treatment and monitoring, most women with postpartum thyroiditis can expect to make a full recovery and have a good long-term prognosis. It is important for patients to stay informed about their condition and to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their symptoms and prevent complications.

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Phonologically similar words are more difficult to recall than dissimilar ones, according to Baddeley's (1966) experiment. This shows that in the phonological loop, we employ speech-based rehearsal techniques.

When words are used as memoranda, the phonological similarity effect is also present. Similarity is operationalized as phoneme overlap, such as cat, fad, pan, and map versus bar, kid, sun, and toe (Baddeley, 1966), and it persists for similar items even when they are mixed in with dissimilar items.  

If you simply utilised a visual depiction, you may mistakenly think that E and F were the same thing. The phonological loop, one of the elements of working memory, is conceptualised in accordance with this approach by Baddeley (1986).

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Adipocytes provide a source of energy and produce hormones that help to regulate appetite and energy expenditure, playing a crucial role in maintaining energy homeostasis during fasting.

Adipocytes, or fat cells, play a crucial role in maintaining energy homeostasis during periods of fasting. When the body is in a fasted state, it relies on stored energy from fat cells to provide fuel for vital processes such as gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis.

Adipocytes release stored fatty acids into the bloodstream, which can be taken up by other tissues and used as a source of energy. Additionally, adipocytes produce hormones such as adiponectin and leptin, which regulate appetite and energy expenditure.

During fasting, levels of adiponectin increase, which can help to increase insulin sensitivity and promote fat oxidation. Leptin levels also decrease, which can lead to increased hunger and a desire to eat.

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Tabletop equipment on legs typically requires a clearance of at least 6 inches to allow for proper airflow and ventilation. This clearance allows for efficient cooling of the equipment and helps prevent overheating, which can cause damage or even lead to a fire hazard.

It is important to always check the manufacturer's specifications for recommended clearance and to ensure that the area around the equipment is free from obstructions. Additionally, it is important to regularly clean and maintain the equipment to ensure optimal performance and prevent any potential safety issues. In summary, proper clearance for tabletop equipment on legs is essential for safe and efficient operation.
Tabletop equipment on legs typically requires a clearance to ensure proper ventilation, accessibility, and sanitation. The clearance refers to the space between the bottom of the equipment and the surface it is placed on. The required clearance for such equipment may vary depending on the manufacturer's recommendations and local regulations. Generally, a clearance of 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) is considered adequate for most tabletop equipment on legs. Always consult the equipment's manual or check with the local authorities for specific clearance requirements.

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On average, black women have denser bones than white women. Studies have shown that black women have higher bone mineral density (BMD) than white women in both the spine and hip regions, which are commonly used sites for measuring bone density.

The reasons for this racial difference in bone density are not completely understood, but may be due to differences in genetics, hormones, lifestyle factors, or a combination of these factors. However, it is important to note that individual variation in bone density exists within racial groups and that other factors, such as age, sex, and medical conditions, can also affect bone density

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Baddeley's 2000 Working Memory Model added a fourth component, the episodic buffer, to the original 1974 model of phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive.

Baddeley's 1974 model of working memory proposed that working memory consists of three components: the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the central executive. However, this model had limitations in explaining certain aspects of working memory, such as how information from different modalities is integrated. In 2000, Baddeley updated his model by adding a fourth component, the episodic buffer, which serves as a temporary store for multimodal information, allowing for the integration of information from different modalities. The episodic buffer also provides a bridge between working memory and long-term memory by binding information from the other components and sending it to long-term memory. The addition of the episodic buffer expanded the model's explanatory power and accounted for more complex working memory tasks.

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When anyone strokes newborn toby's cheek, his head turns in the direction of the touch, and toby opens his mouth. This is an example of the rooting reflex.

One of the uncontrollable, frontal release-mediated, basic motor reflexes is the rooting reflex, which is also referred to as an involuntary reflex. When a baby's mouth corner is stimulated, it begins.

When a baby's mouth is touched or stroked, rooting reflex begins to develop. The infant will turn his or her head, open his or her lips, and root in the direction that is being stroked. The infant will find the breast or bottle and can begin to feed. About four months pass during the duration of this reflex.

A fundamental instinct for survival, the rooting reflex is present in newborns. This response aids your infant in locating and latching onto a bottle or your breast to start eating. Your baby should naturally turn their head to nurse when you lightly brush the corner of their lips with your breast.

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The characteristic triad of abnormalities corresponding to ventricular pre-excitation due to Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome consists of the following:

1. Short PR interval: In WPW syndrome, an accessory pathway called the Bundle of Kent allows electrical impulses to bypass the atrioventricular (AV) node, resulting in faster conduction and a shortened PR interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG).

2. Delta wave: The accessory pathway causes part of the ventricles to depolarize earlier than normal, resulting in a slow, slurred upstroke in the QRS complex on an ECG, known as a delta wave.

3. Wide QRS complex: Due to the presence of the delta wave and the abnormal ventricular activation pattern, the QRS complex appears wider than normal on an ECG, reflecting delayed and prolonged ventricular depolarization.

These three features are the hallmarks of WPW syndrome and help clinicians diagnose this condition, which can lead to potentially dangerous arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and, in rare cases, sudden cardiac death.

Treatment options may include medications, catheter ablation, or lifestyle changes depending on the severity of the symptoms and associated risks.

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It is not appropriate or beneficial to consider any tendon as "useless." Each tendon in the human body serves a unique function and plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's stability and movement.

It is important to note that all tendons in the human body serve important functions and have specific roles in maintaining the body's stability and movement. Tendons are tough connective tissues that attach muscles to bones, allowing for the transmission of force between them.

If a tendon is damaged, there are various ways to treat it, including physical therapy, medication, and in severe cases, surgery. However, it is not ethical or appropriate to use a "useless" tendon to repair another.

All body parts and tissues, including tendons, should be respected and treated with care and consideration for their function and importance to the body's overall health and well-being.

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The size of the left atrium does not correlate well with the severity of mitral regurgitation.

Mitral regurgitation is a condition in which blood flows backward from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to a malfunctioning mitral valve. The severity of mitral regurgitation is typically determined by the volume of blood that flows back into the atrium during each heartbeat, which is measured using echocardiography.

Although the size of the left atrium often increases as a result of chronic mitral regurgitation, studies have shown that there is a poor correlation between left atrial size and the severity of the regurgitation.

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Malakoplakia is a rare inflammatory condition that is not premalignant. Malakoplakia is a rare inflammatory condition characterized by the formation of granulomatous lesions.

Malakoplakia is characterized by the formation of granulomatous lesions, which are composed of histiocytes with abundant cytoplasm and basophilic, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive, intra-cytoplasmic inclusions called Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. These bodies are composed of undigested bacterial products and iron, and they are thought to result from defective phagolysosome processing by histiocytes. Malakoplakia most commonly affects the urinary tract, but it can also occur in other organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and skin. It is usually treated with antibiotics and surgical excision.

Therefore, Malakoplakia is a rare inflammatory condition.

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Answer:

Bulimia

Explanation: