The separation of the Archaebacteria into a separate domain indicates that these organisms are significantly different from other bacteria, and are not closely related to them.
The separation of Archaebacteria into an unique domain demonstrates their distinction from other bacteria. A class of prokaryotic organisms known as archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in terms of morphology and biochemistry.
They can endure harsh conditions like hot springs, salt lakes, and other acidic or alkaline ecosystems. They are referred to as "extremophiles" as a result. Moreover, compared to other bacteria, Archaebacteria have genomes that are more closely connected to eukaryotes.
The three-domain system was created as a result of this genetic diversity, with the Archaebacteria being given to its own domain. The Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota are the three different subgroups included by the contemporary definition of the domain.
This separation is a reflection of the Archaebacteria's unique evolutionary history and the many traits they possess.
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Select all of the organisms that typically have cell walls. 1. Animals 2. Fungi 3. Protozoa 4. Algae5. Plants.
With the exception of animals, every creature mentioned in the question normally has cell walls.
Cell walls, which enclose a cell's outside and offer structural support, are solid, semi-permeable structures.
Plants and algae have cell walls made of cellulose, another polysaccharide, although certain protozoa and fungi have cell walls formed of chitin. Animal cell walls are made up of lipids like collagen and proteins.
Cell walls are crucial for giving cells shape and acting as an additional barrier against the outside world. They are crucial for the cell's selective permeability, which lets only specific molecules enter or leave the cell.
Cell walls in certain species can function as a source of nutrition and a barrier against predators.
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what is one important consequence of the structure of the lipid bilayer in the cell membrane?
A lipid bilayer is a perfect structure in cell membranes due to several additional features besides its capacity for self-sealing. One of these that is most significant is fluidity, which is essential to numerous membrane processes.
Important elements of cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers. A barrier preventing molecules and ions from entering and leaving the cell is the lipid bilayer. The ability to selectively permit the passage of specific molecules into or out of cells, however, is a crucial function of a cell membrane. The cell wall let any molecule to pass through or leave the cell by screening them if indeed the cell membrane becomes broken. The cell will eventually die as a result of losing its ability to operate.
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short fatty acid chains within phospholipids in the plasma membrane generally: a. decrease membrane fluidity. b. increase the cholesterol content. c. increase the transition temperature. d. increase membrane fluidity.
Short fatty acid chains within phospholipids in the plasma membrane generally increase membrane fluidity. So option D is correct.
The fluidity of the plasma membrane is an important property that influences how the membrane and cells function. Several factors influence the fluidity of the plasma membrane, including the length of the fatty acid chains in the phospholipids that comprise the membrane.
Because phospholipids with short fatty acid chains have fewer van der Waals interactions between their chains, their arrangement in the membrane is more disordered and loosely packed. This disordered arrangement increases membrane fluidity, which can have a variety of physiological effects, including facilitating the movement of proteins and other molecules across the membrane.
Phospholipids with longer fatty acid chains, on the other hand, have more van der Waals interactions between their chains, resulting in a more ordered and tightly packed arrangement of phospholipids in the membrane. This ordered arrangement reduces membrane fluidity, making it less permeable to certain molecules.
As a result, the correct response is (d) increase membrane fluidity.
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What type of epithelial tissue is skin exposed to friction and has a protective function?
The type of epithelium known as stratified squamous epithelium typically performs protective roles, such as preventing pathogens from penetrating underlying tissue and/or preventing water loss.
The skin's epidermis, or top layer, is on the whole made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells.The epidermis and dermis are the two layers that make up the skin. The layer immediately underneath the dermis, known as the hypodermis, is now classified as superficial fascia rather than skin. The stratified squamous epithelium that covers the skin's epidermis is necessary for it to shield the body from harm and resist friction. Therefore, 3. stratified squamous epithelium is the right response. The epithelia to which the other three responses are referring serve very different purposes than friction resistance, hence they are incorrect. columnar pseudostrategization
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________ is an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli.
Sensory adaptation is an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli.
Sensory adaptation is a process by which the sensitivity of a sensory system changes over time in response to a constant or repeated stimulus, leading to a reduced sensitivity to that stimulus.
This allows our sensory systems to filter out irrelevant information and focus on detecting changes in the environment that are more important for survival.
Sensory adaptation is a fundamental process that occurs in all of our sensory systems. It is an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli.
This process is essential for our ability to detect changes in the environment and filter out irrelevant information. Sensory adaptation is a form of neural plasticity, where the sensory system undergoes changes in response to the stimulus over time.
The process of sensory adaptation involves changes in both the peripheral and central nervous systems.
At the peripheral level, the sensory receptor cells that respond to a particular stimulus become less responsive as the stimulus is presented repeatedly. At the central level, the neurons that process the sensory information also become less responsive. This results in a reduction in the intensity of the sensory experience, which is known as sensory adaptation.
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the _______ of the mitochondrion contains the proteins making up the _______ that carry out electron transport.
The inner membrane of the mitochondrion contains the proteins making up the electron transport chain.
The mitochondrion is a complex organelle that plays a crucial role in cellular respiration and energy production. The inner membrane of the mitochondrion is highly folded and specialized, forming cristae, which increase the surface area for energy production. The electron transport chain, a series of protein complexes, is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. This chain is responsible for transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, creating a proton gradient across the inner membrane. The energy generated from the electron transport chain is used to produce ATP, the main energy currency of the cell. In summary, the inner membrane of the mitochondrion contains the proteins that make up the electron transport chain, which plays a crucial role in energy production.
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How does climate change impact fungal diseases?
Fungi are especially sensitive to climate extremes. Persistently warmer temperatures at increasingly higher latitudes are contributing to ongoing expansion of geographic ranges of known fungal pathogens. Alongside fungal species’ advancement into new territories, many have the capacity to develop thermotolerance.
A greater number of previously unharmful or underappreciated fungal species emerge by climate change. Extreme weathers - including heat waves, drought, and flooding - foster circumstances favoring survival and infectivity of pathogens. However, fungi can be trained to evolve thermotolerance, and gradual adaptation to increasing temperature caused by climate lead to an increase of organisms that can cause disease. Climate change increases geographic range of pathogenic species, leading to emergence of diseases in areas where they have not been reported.
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Number the following stages of a star’s life in the correct order.
Heat and light are emitted because of nuclear fusion.
Formation of a white dwarf.
Formation of a red giant.
Gas and dust inside a nebula are drawn together.
The planetary nebula drifts away.
The correct order of stages of a star's life cycle is D, C, E, B, and A.
What is the life cycle of a star?A Star begins its life in a nebula. A nebula, or region of gas and dust in space, is where a star is born. When the gas and dust combine to form a protostar, it becomes extremely hot and eventually transforms into a main sequence star.
This phase, which can endure for billions of years, is when nuclear reactions take place and the star glows. This is the life cycle of a star.
Therefore, The correct order of stages of a star's life cycle is D, C, E, B, and A.
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what percentage of earth’s freshwater is frozen in the cryosphere?
Approximately 68.7% of the freshwater on Earth is frozen in the cryosphere
The cryosphere is a critical component of the Earth's climate system and plays an important role in regulating global temperatures and sea levels. The melting of ice in the cryosphere is a key indicator of climate change, and the resulting rise in sea level can have significant impacts on human societies and natural ecosystems. The continued loss of ice from the cryosphere is also expected to have a wide range of environmental and ecological consequences, including changes to ocean currents, alterations to the water cycle, and impacts on wildlife populations. Understanding the cryosphere and its role in the Earth's climate system is essential for predicting and mitigating the impacts of climate change on a global scale.
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a food that is unprocessed and in a raw state that has never been frozen or undergone any form of heat processing or preservation is called
Fresh foods. Food that has been freshly prepared has not been kept cold or warm, reheated, for an extended period of time, or created from leftovers.
Food that hasn't been preserved or gone bad is referred to as fresh food. This means that the meat was recently killed and butchered, the fish was recently caught or harvested, and it was kept cold. For vegetables and fruits, it means that they were recently harvested and properly cared for afterward.
Dairy goods are perishable because they are just produced. Cheese that hasn't been dried or salted for ageing is hence considered fresh cheese. Cream fraîche, or "fresh cream," refers to sour cream.
Fresh food hasn't been dried, smoked, salted, frozen, canned, pickled, or otherwise preserved. Fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds are among the fresh, wholesome foods that are included.
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EXTENDED RESPONSE
A single layer of smooth muscle encircles the walls of
blood vessels. The walls of the stomach and small
intestine have a layer of circular smooth muscle and
a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle.
Part A
How does the muscle arrangement of blood
vessels reflect the function of this structure?
Part B How does the muscle arrangement of the
stomach and small intestine reflect the func-
tion of these structures?
Tunica media is a thicker arterial wall layer which is mostly made up of smooth muscle cells. It forms the middle layer in blood vessels.
What is Smooth muscle cells?Smooth muscle cells regulate blood flow by constricting and dilating the blood vessels. This regulation is important for the efficient transport of gases and nutrients when reaches the capillary bed.
Due to having a large amount of smooth muscle cells, these arterioles play an important role in regulating the flow of blood between arteries and capillaries.
Therefore, Tunica media is a thicker arterial wall layer which is mostly made up of smooth muscle cells. It forms the middle layer in blood vessels.
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What are two ways lysosomes can be activated?
Lysosomes could be activated by joining forces with an aging organelle or a phagocytosed food vesicle.
An organelle of the a cell that is membrane-bound and houses digestive enzymes is called a lysosome. Numerous biological processes involve lysosomes. They disassemble extra or damaged cell components. They could be applied to eliminate invasive bacteria and viruses. Lysosomes can assist a cell in self-destruction thru a process induce apoptosis, or apoptosis, if indeed the damage is irreparable. Currently, the lysosome is a particular kind of acidic organelle. It must therefore be shielded from the interior of the rest of the cell. Therefore, the proteolytic enzymes that need to be kept inside an acidic, low-pH climate are kept in a chamber with a membrane surrounding it. Large molecules are disassembled into smaller ones by these hydrolytic enzymes.
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If a dog has 72 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after going through mitosis
In the case of a dog with 72 chromosomes, mitosis will result in the formation of two daughter cells, each with a complete set of 72 chromosomes.
This is because mitosis involves the replication and segregation of the full complement of chromosomes in the parent cell.
The process of mitosis can be divided into several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible under a microscope. The nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle fibers, which will pull the chromosomes apart during cell division, begin to form.
During metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell, and the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome. In anaphase, the spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids of each chromosome apart, and these chromatids are then pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
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with independent assortment, how many different types of gametes are possible from the genotype k/k, l/l, m/m, p/p and in what proportions are they expected?
with independent assortment each gene is 1/2 chance, so 4(1/2) = 1/16. 16 possible combinations, 1/16 chance of getting any one of them.
Mendel's law of independent assortment states that the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another. In other words, the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another gene. According to the law of independent assortment, during the inheritance of two different traits, the alleles of both the traits assort and are inherited independently of one another during gamete formation.
Independent assortment occurs spontaneously when alleles of at least two genes are assorted independently into gametes. Consequently, the allele inherited by one gamete does not affect the allele inherited by other gametes. Mendel noted that the transmission of different genes appeared to be independent events. This gives both the trait equal chances of being inherited. Each gene is 1/2 chance, so 4(1/2) = 1/16. 16 possible combinations, 1/16 chance of getting any one of them.
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cactus plants needed to protect themselves so they grew thorns.
true or false?
It is TRUE that Cactus plants needed to protect themselves so they grew thorns.
For protection against herbivores, cacti have evolved spines from ordinary leaves. Moreover, they might develop barbed spines to make them more painful and challenging to move, scaring off potential predators. Several cacti have evolved to replace their leaves with spines all over their bodies, which resemble porcupine quills, rather than developing leaves just to be eaten by voracious herbivores.
As they have developed barbs as well, these spines are much harder to get rid of than non-barbed spines. This is best illustrated by the numerous barbed spines on opuntia cactus.
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what organ of digestion is the main site of absorption.
The majority of the nutrients of your meal are absorbed in your small intestine before being transported by your circulatory system to other areas of your body organ for storage or utilisation. A special type of cell helps nutrients pass through the gut lining and into the circulation.
The majority of food molecules that have been digested, together with water and minerals, are absorbed in the small intestine and then sent to other bodily organ areas for storage or additional chemical alterations. Absorbable substances are helped to penetrate the gut tract and enter the bloodstream by specialised cells. Your small intestine's longest segment is this final segment. Before entering the large intestine, the majority of the nutrients in your food are absorbed in the ileum.
(What organ of digestion is the main site of absorption of a food?)
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What are the roles of primers in PCR?
Role of Primers in PCR: 1) polymerize free nucleotides to form new DNA strands. 2) provide energy for DNA polymerization reactions. 3) provide 3' end for DNA polymerase.
What are PCR primers?PCR primers are short single-stranded DNA fragments that are complementary to and flank the target region. They act as starting points for new strands. The enzyme polymerase can only add DNA bases to double strand of DNA. Only when the primer binds can the polymerase enzyme bind and start building a new complementary strand of DNA from the loose DNA bases.
What is the importance of primer specificity in PCR technology?Careful design of synthetic oligonucleotide primers is critical to the overall success of a PCR experiment. An ideally designed primer pair ensures efficiency and specificity of the amplification reaction, resulting in high yields of the desired amplicon.
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In what type of environment would you find extreme halophiles?
a) ice
b) hot springs
c) very salty water
d) anoxic swamps
e) a rain forest
Very salty water is the environment where extreme halophiles are found. Halophiles include a number of bacterial and eukaryotic organisms, the majority of which are members of the class Archaea.
An extremeophile who can survive in salty environments is referred to as a "halophile," which is Greek for "salt-loving." Examples include the alga Dunaliella salina and the fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga. Some well-known species, most notably bacteriorhodopsin, exude red-colored carotenoid molecules. Halophiles can be found in saltier water bodies besides the ocean, such as the Dead Sea, Urmia Lake in Iran, the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and Owens Lake in California. They can also be found in evaporation ponds.
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Please help and put the numbers in order!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Thankssss
The correct sequence of stages in Calvin Cycle are
1.Carboxylation- RuBP (5 carbon) is carboxylated by CO2 in presence of RuBisCO
2.Reduction- of 1,3 bis phosphoglycerate by NADPH in presence of glyceraldehyde -3 phosphate dehydrogease, producing Glyceraldehyde -3 phosphate (G3P) and NADP
3.Regeneration-of RuBP, five G3P molecules produce three RuBP molecules utilizing three ATP
So, the correct answer is 'Carboxylation → reduction →Regeneration.
What is carboxylation?
A carboxylate group is added to a substrate during carboxylation. PHAs become more hydrophobic and undergo carboxylation when unsaturated PHAs, epoxidized side chains, or chlorine groups are oxidised. The hydrophilicity of the polymer is increased by the carboxylic group addition. There have been reports of about 70 PHA polymers containing OH or -COO end groups. Unsaturated PHO-co-polyhydroxyundecenoate (PHU) was carboxylated using ozone and osmium tetroxide (OsO4), and the reaction took place in heated dimethylformamide, which caused backbone breakdown. Gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to establish the degradation, and variations in the solubility of the polymer were used to demonstrate the carboxylation.To know more about carboxylation, click the link given below:
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What is the identity of this atom?
X
X
X
A
B
C
D
Berrylium (Be)
Fluorine (F)
Cobalt (Co)
Argon (Ar)
All of the following are found in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria EXCEPT N-acetylglucosamine lipoteichoic acid teichoic acid peptidoglycan lipid A
One of the teichoic acids that make up the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is glucan. Chemically, peptididoglycan constitutes 60 to 90% of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria.
Many bacteria have been linked to the formation of biofilms by a specific type of GlcNAc polymer called poly-(1,6) N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG), which is also found at the cell surface.
Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids are found in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. Teichoic acids are peptidoglycan-covalently bonded, penetrate, and extend beyond the rest of the cell wall. Teichoic acids, also known as lipoteichoic acids, are teichoic acids that are covalently linked to lipids in the cytoplasmic membrane.
Teichoic acids (TA) are polyglycerol phosphate-based anionic polymers that are present in Gram-positive bacteria CW.
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Someone help, and please explain how you approached your answer.
Answer:
A)
Explanation:
0.5 mm is 500micrometers
Just eyeballing the cell there is no way it could be B) or C).
In the circumstances of this question I think the only thing you can really do is look at the cell and try to make an approximate guess on the diameter. In a question like this it can be tricky with A) and D) being so close together in magnitude.
I think it is A). This is because it looks like it would take about 5 of the cell to reach the diameter of the microscope lens.
And 100micrometers is 1/5 of 0.5mm.
select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle. A. The cycle is regulated via a negative feedback loop. B. The corpus luteum releases an egg into a fallopian tube. C. Estrogen and progesterone cause a follicle to mature. D. Pituitary hormones cause the uterine lining to be shed monthly. E. A maturing follicle cause the uterine lining up to build.
The correct statement about hormonal events of the ovarian cycle is A maturing follicle cause the uterine lining up to build. The correct option to this question is E.
Ovarian cycle Both progesterone's positive feedback on the hypothalamus to boost GnRH secretion and estradiol's positive feedback on the pituitary that increases the pituitary's response to GnRH and encourages LH surge govern the entire cycle. The corpus luteum develops from the Graffian follicle following ovulation. Growth and follicular maturation are aided by gonadotropins (LH and FSH). The uterine lining sheds due to lower levels of estrogen and progesterone brought on by infertility. The endometrium thickens during the follicular phase as a result of the mature follicle's production of progesterone and estrogen. Choice E is the right response.For more information on ovarian cycle kindly visit to
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classify microbes into five groups based on oxygen requirements. which group(s) of microbes have protective enzymes and which group(s) of microbes do not?
Microorganisms can be categorised into the following groups based on their oxygen requirements:
Aerobic, facultative, anaerobic , capnophilic and microaerophilic
Explain the types of microbes (oxygen requirements)?The need for oxygen can be used to categorise different types of microorganisms. The way that bacteria meet their energy needs is reflected in the amount of oxygen they need.
Aerobes thrive in ambient air, that contains a 21% oxygen content and a negligible (0.03%) carbon dioxide content.Because oxygen is poisonous to anaerobes, they cannot develop there. Free O2 is not the final electron acceptor for anaerobes.aerobic (requires O2), facultative (grow in presence/absence of O2), anaerobic (growth in absence of O2), capnophilic (CO2 can stimulates growth), and microaerophilic (needs decreased O2 tension).To know more about the types of microbes, here
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What does variation mean?
Answer: The difference from other species, genetic or other.
Explanation:
Answer:
A different form of something/a change and difference of something.
For example; a variation of different cupcakes
Explanation:
I hope this helped! (I can't really explain it like how I can explain math)
which of the following statements is true of genetic mutations? a. errors in dna replication are most often fatal. b. errors in dna duplication are normally irreparable. c. mutations may result from environmental agents. d. mutations that occur in somatic cells are inheritable.
Of the options provided, the true statement regarding genetic mutations is that mutations may result from environmental agents. So option c is correct.
Environmental factors can induce mutations in the DNA of an organism, leading to changes in the genetic code that can have both positive and negative effects. These environmental agents can include exposure to radiation, chemicals, and certain viruses. In addition to environmental factors, mutations can also occur spontaneously during DNA replication or as a result of errors in cellular processes such as DNA repair.
While errors in DNA replication or duplication can lead to mutations, they are not necessarily fatal or irreparable. In fact, cells have a range of mechanisms to repair damaged or mutated DNA, including mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair. However, in cases where the damage or mutation is extensive or affects critical genes, it can lead to serious consequences, including cell death or the development of cancer.
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What type of blood vessel is built to handle the highest pressure of any vessel in the cardiovascular system? A) muscular artery B) metarterioles E) conducting correct C) arterioles F) all are correct D) veins G) none
Option A), Muscular artery is the type of blood vessel that is built to handle the highest pressure of any vessel in the cardiovascular system.
Muscular arteries have thick walls with a high density of smooth muscle cells, which allow them to constrict and dilate in response to changes in blood pressure and flow. This allows muscular arteries to regulate blood flow and maintain a stable pressure in the cardiovascular system, even under conditions of high demand or stress. Muscular arteries are the largest and most muscular type of artery in the human body. They are designed to handle the highest pressure of any vessel in the cardiovascular system, due to their role in distributing blood to the organs and tissues of the body. The walls of muscular arteries contain three layers: the tunica intima, the tunica media, and the tunica adventitia. The tunica intima is the innermost layer of the artery wall and is in direct contact with the blood flowing through the vessel. It is composed of endothelial cells that form a smooth, non-adhesive surface to prevent blood clotting and to allow easy flow of blood. The tunica media is the middle layer of the artery wall and contains many layers of smooth muscle cells. This muscle layer is responsible for the contraction and dilation of the artery in response to the signals from the sympathetic nervous system.
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why are archaea considered a monophyletic group according to the three-domain hypothesis?
a. Because this group includes all organisms except eukaryotes
b. Because this group evolved after the origin bacteria
c. Because this group includos an ancestral population and all of its descendants
d. Because all members of this group lack membrane-bound organelles
Archaea is considered a monophyletic category under the three-domain theory since it consists of an ancestral population and all of its progeny.
The several recognised phyla of these bacteria are further divided, and they lack cell nuclei. Although having a visual resemblance to bacteria, they have a closer relationship with eukaryotes. They are also well equipped to thrive in challenging conditions.
Archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes are the three domains of the three-domain system, a biological taxonomy that classifies cellular life forms. The fundamental difference between this classification and other ones like the two-empire system and the five-kingdom classification is the separation of archaea from bacteria as a completely different organism.
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How did both Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler contribute to our understanding to Earth's motion
Answer:
These two colorful characters made crucial contributions to our understanding of the universe: Tycho's observations were accurate enough for Kepler to discover that the planets moved in elliptic orbits, and his other laws, which gave Newton the clues he needed to establish universal inverse-square gravitation.
The human genetic code, transmitted at the moment of conception and stored in our genes, is composed of specific sequences of ____.A. CellsB. MembranesC. DNAD. Chromosomes
Option C, The human genetic code is a set of instructions encoded in DNA that is transmitted from parents to offspring at the moment of conception.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a double-stranded molecule composed of four nucleotide bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) that are arranged in a specific sequence. This sequence of bases forms the genetic code that determines the characteristics of an individual, including physical traits, susceptibility to diseases, and predisposition to certain behaviors. DNA is organized into chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus of cells. Each human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, or a total of 46 chromosomes. The genetic code is read by the cells and used to synthesize proteins, which are essential for the functioning of the body.
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