During the Great Western Schism (1378-1417), there was a division within the Catholic Church, resulting in the election of multiple popes. The Conciliar Movement (1409-1449) sought to resolve this issue by asserting that church councils held more authority than the pope.
1. In 1378, Pope Gregory XI died, and Urban VI was elected as his successor. However, due to his controversial behavior, some cardinals declared the election invalid.
2. Later in 1378, the cardinals elected Clement VII, leading to the existence of two popes, one in Rome (Urban VI) and one in Avignon, France (Clement VII), marking the beginning of the Great Western Schism.
3. In 1409, the Council of Pisa attempted to resolve the schism by electing a new pope, Alexander V. Unfortunately, the existing popes refused to step down, resulting in three popes.
4. The Conciliar Movement began in response to the schism, aiming to establish the authority of church councils over the pope.
5. In 1414, the Council of Constance convened to address the issue, and in 1417, all three popes were either deposed or resigned.
6. Finally, in 1417, Martin V was elected as the new pope, ending the Great Western Schism. The Conciliar Movement continued until 1449, but ultimately failed to establish lasting reforms within the church hierarchy.
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how Wilson went around the Senate; the result
Wilson went around the Senate; the result was in 1917 using his authority as commander-in-chief In the United States.
Wilson had the opinion to defend democracy and freedom from the savagery of Germany and other European nations that it was the responsibility of the United States. Wilson's plan was debatable, and many Americans opposed US involvement in the conflict.
Some people asserted that only Europe and the United States were involved in the war. The war made the United States a significant player on the world stage and impacted American foreign policy for many years to come.
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Describe the Industrial Revolution's affect on urban areas. Include tenement, slum, standard of living, disease, fire, and crime.
Answer: The Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on urban areas, especially in the early stages of industrialization. Here are some ways in which the Industrial Revolution affected urban areas:
Tenement Housing: As more people moved to cities to work in factories, there was a huge demand for housing. Tenements, which were overcrowded and unsanitary apartment buildings, became the primary housing option for the working class.
Slums: Overcrowding and poor living conditions led to the formation of slums, which were areas of the city where the poorest residents lived. These areas lacked basic amenities such as running water, sanitation, and adequate sewage systems.
Standard of Living: Initially, the Industrial Revolution led to a decline in the standard of living for many urban dwellers. The long hours and dangerous working conditions in factories meant that many people lived in poverty and struggled to make ends meet.
Disease: Overcrowding and poor sanitation in urban areas led to the spread of diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis. The lack of clean water and adequate sewage systems made it difficult to control outbreaks of disease.
Fire: The increased use of machinery and the high population density in urban areas made fires a major risk. Many buildings were constructed from flammable materials, and firefighting technology was not yet advanced enough to contain large fires.
Crime: As urban areas became more crowded and impoverished, crime rates increased. Theft, vandalism, and other crimes were common, and there was often little law enforcement to protect residents.
In summary, the Industrial Revolution had a profound effect on urban areas. It led to overcrowding, poor living conditions, and the emergence of slums and tenement housing. This, in turn, contributed to a decline in the standard of living, the spread of disease, the risk of fire, and an increase in crime. These challenges were significant, but over time, improvements in housing, sanitation, and public health helped to mitigate their impact.
____ is the 193rd special operations wing of the pennsylvania air national guard provides the only platform in the department of defense with the ec-130 commando solo.
wing 193 of special operations. The sole airborne Military Information Support Operations broadcasting station in the U.S. military is housed at the 193rd Special Operations Wing at Harrisburg International Airport in Middletown, Pennsylvania.
On February 2, 2023, an MC-130J Commando II lands at the 193rd Special Operations Wing in Middletown, Pennsylvania. As the first and only Air National Guard unit using the Commando II, the 193rd SOW is starting its new primary mission.
In Florida's Hurlburt Field, the 24 SOW is headquartered. The main goal of the 24 SOW is to deliver Special Tactics soldiers for swift worldwide deployment to support the effectiveness of airpower. A subunified command of the US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) is the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC).
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name for the U.S.'s sustained bombing of North Vietnam
The name for the U.S.'s sustained bombing of North Vietnam was Operation Rolling Thunder.
It was a sustained bombing campaign carried out by the United States Air Force and Navy against targets in North Vietnam from March 1965 to November 1968, during the Vietnam War.
The operation aimed to halt the supply of troops and supplies from North Vietnam to the Viet Cong in South Vietnam and to demoralize the North Vietnamese population.
Operation Rolling Thunder was the moniker for the continuous American bombing of North Vietnam.
However, the operation was not successful in achieving its objectives and caused significant civilian casualties and damage to infrastructure.
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How many years did we lose switching to the gregorian calendar?.
The switch from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar caused a loss of 10 days. In 1582, when the switch was made, the Julian calendar was 10 days behind the solar year. To bring the calendar back in line with the solar year, Pope Gregory XIII decreed that Thursday, October 4, 1582, would be followed by Friday, October 15, 1582. This adjustment brought the calendar in line with the solar year and helped to prevent further drift over time.
However, the loss of those 10 days caused a shift in the dates of various events that had been calculated according to the Julian calendar. For example, the spring equinox, which had been occurring around March 25th on the Julian calendar, now occurs on March 20th or 21st on the Gregorian calendar. This shift can cause confusion when trying to compare historical dates before and after the calendar switch.
Overall, the switch to the Gregorian calendar did cause a loss of 10 days, but it was necessary to bring the calendar in line with the solar year and prevent further drift over time. When switching to the Gregorian calendar, we effectively lost 10 days. This calendar reform was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in October 1582 to correct the inaccuracies in the Julian calendar, which was causing a drift in the dates of astronomical events like the equinoxes. However, the transition did not involve losing years.
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How did Ralph Nader's third-party candidacy affect the 2000 presdident election
Nader ran as the Green Party candidate and received 2.74% of the popular vote, which may have taken votes away from Democratic candidate Al Gore in key states.
In the state of Florida, where the election was ultimately decided, Nader received over 97,000 votes, which was more than the difference between Gore and Republican candidate George W. Bush. Some argue that if Nader had not run or if those who voted for him had voted for Gore instead, the election outcome may have been different.
Nader's candidacy also brought attention to certain issues, such as corporate influence and consumer rights. However, the impact of his third-party candidacy on the 2000 election remains a source of debate and controversy.
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_____ had been master of the royal mint of tours, france, was a highly skilled cutter of the dies used for striking coins
The former master of the Royal Mint in Tours, france, Nicolas Jenson, was a master at cutting the dies used to strike coins.
French engraver, inventor, printer, and type designer Nicholas (or Nicolas) Jenson (c. 1420–1480) did the most of his work in Venice, Italy. One of the greatest early Roman types is said to have been created by Jenson, who served as Master of the French Royal Mint in Tours.
He founded his type foundry to offer cast type that was ready to be distributed into compositors' cases. He was the first typeface designer and punch cutter to work independently of printing enterprises. Francesco Griffo, a former Venetian jeweller who had taken up punchcutting, created the Bembo typeface.
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evaluate the extent to which the seven years' war (french and indian war, 1754-1763) marked a turning point in american relations with great britain.
The Seven Years' War, also known as the French and Indian War, was a significant conflict that took place between 1754 and 1763. This war was fought between the British and French forces, and it marked a turning point in American relations with Great Britain.
Before the war, British relations with the American colonies were relatively cordial, and the colonists considered themselves to be loyal British subjects. However, during the war, the British government passed several policies that were perceived as hostile by the colonists, such as the Proclamation of 1763, which banned colonial expansion beyond the Appalachian Mountains, and the Stamp Act of 1765, which imposed taxes on printed materials.
These policies sparked resentment among the colonists, and they began to question their loyalty to Great Britain. The colonists felt that they were being unfairly treated by the British government and that their rights as British subjects were being violated. As a result, the Seven Years' War marked a turning point in American relations with Great Britain, as it set the stage for the American Revolution.
In conclusion, the Seven Years' War marked a turning point in American relations with Great Britain. The policies passed by the British government during the war sparked resentment among the colonists, and they began to question their loyalty to Great Britain. This eventually led to the American Revolution and the formation of the United States of America. Overall, the Seven Years' War was a crucial event in American history that shaped the country's future.
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How did Big Rallies and military parades, help Hitler keep control?
Big rallies and military parades were tools used by Hitler and the Nazi regime to maintain control in several ways.
Firstly, they served as a form of propaganda to promote Nazi ideology, creating a sense of unity and national pride among the German people. The rallies were also an opportunity for Hitler to deliver his speeches and address the masses, further reinforcing his leadership and dominance.
Additionally, the military parades demonstrated the strength and power of the German military, intimidating any potential opposition or dissenters. They also served as a reminder to the German people of the sacrifices made in World War I and the need for a strong military to protect the nation.
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cesar chavez protested against migrant workers who were undocumented immigrants because he believed they stole jobs.T/F
False. Cesar Chavez was a labor rights activist and leader of the United Farm Workers union, and his protests were primarily focused on advocating for better wages, working conditions, and treatment of migrant farm workers, many of whom were undocumented immigrants.
Chavez believed that these workers were being exploited and mistreated by growers and corporations, and his protests aimed to bring attention to their plight and demand fair treatment and rights. While there may have been some concern about the impact of undocumented workers on the job market, this was not the primary focus of Chavez's activism. Chavez saw the exploitation of migrant workers as a systemic issue, and fought to empower them through collective bargaining and advocacy for better working conditions. In fact, Chavez worked closely with undocumented immigrants, and believed that their inclusion was crucial to the success of the labor movement and the advancement of worker rights.
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This painting reflects
one artist's imagining of
Napoleon writing his
famous Code. What
impression do you think the
artist wants the audience to
have of Napoleon?
A. He was weak and unintelligent.
B. He was brilliant, but cowardly.
C. He was brilliant and divinely inspired.
1
Answer: C. He was brilliant and divinely inspired.
Explanation:
The artist wants to portray Napoleon as a brilliant and divinely inspired figure. So the answer will be option C.
The fact that he is shown writing his renowned Code indicates that he is a guy of tremendous intelligence who has accomplished something big. Furthermore, the artist's choice to depict Napoleon at this point may be a deliberate attempt to portray him as a visionary leader who has made significant contributions to the betterment of society.
It is important to note that painters have diverse views and opinions on their themes, therefore another artist may depict Napoleon differently. Nonetheless, it appears that the artist's intention in this painting is to create a positive and inspiring image of Napoleon, emphasizing his intelligence, creativity, and influence on the world around him.
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Which idea best reflects the historical context of harlem in the 1940s?.
Answer:
Laboring in the fields day after day can wear a person down physically and emotionally.
Explanation:
I hope I can help you, have a nice day
wartime conference at which the Allies stated only "unconditional surrender" would be accepted from the Axis Powers
At a conference during the wartime, the Allies declared that the Axis Powers would only submit if they made the provocative Casablanca Declaration, which had the most "unconditional surrender" as one of its main demands.
The Conference's two most significant outcomes were the adoption of the "unconditional surrender" policy and the completion of Allied strategic preparations against the Axis powers in 1943. No assurances are offered to the person making the surrender, making it an unconditional surrender.
The threat of total devastation, elimination, or annihilation is frequently used to coerce compliance. Both the German troops and the German people would get discouraged by the unconditional surrender and stop supporting the war effort. If the Allies can start to undermine Hitler's network of allies and weaken his army.
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Which of the following american cities was probably settled by german people? group of answer choices A. boston B. pittsburgh C. louisville D. dallas
The city that was most likely settled by German people is Louisville, Kentucky. Option (b)
German immigrants began settling in Louisville in large numbers during the mid-19th century, attracted by the city's booming economy and transportation infrastructure. They formed tight-knit communities and established businesses, churches, and social organizations.
Today, Louisville still retains many traces of its German heritage, including the annual Oktoberfest celebration and the popular Germantown neighborhood. While German immigrants have also contributed to the cultural fabric of other American cities, such as Boston and Pittsburgh, Louisville is particularly known for its strong German-American community.
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Political conservatives in the 1960s and 1970s generally reacted to developments in United States foreign policy by:
Select one:
a. supporting United States involvement in international peacekeeping missions
b. demanding a return to United States diplomatic isolationism
c. encouraging the United States to leave all military alliances
d. calling for a more assertive economic and military presence abroad by the United States
Political conservatives in the 1960s and 1970s typically demanded a return to American diplomatic isolationism in response to changes in foreign policy. Option b is Correct.
Generally speaking, they support a division of powers between the federal government and state rights. American conservatives, with the exception of a few right-libertarians, tend to favour firm action in areas they feel to be within the purview of the government, notably national defence and law enforcement.
Ronald Reagan revitalised the conservative Republican ideology in the 1980s by cutting taxes, dramatically increasing defence spending, deregulating the economy, rolling back communism, bolstering the military, and making appeals to traditional family values and Judeo-Christian morality. Option b is Correct.
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Who rejected the traditional values of the establishment during the 1960s.
Answer: The counterculture movement, from the early 1960s through the 1970s, categorized a group of people known as "hippies" who opposed the war in Vietnam, commercialism and overall establishment of societal norms.
Explanation:
all of the following statements are true about robert capa's death of a loyalist soldier except: a. the photograph was controversial because capa was accused of staging it. b. the photograph was reproduced in publications around the world. c. the photograph was produced during the spanish civil war. d. the photograph was used to support the fascist cause.
Out of the given options, the statement that is not true about Robert Capa's "Death of a Loyalist Soldier" photograph is option D - "the photograph was used to support the fascist cause."
The photograph was produced during the Spanish Civil War, when Capa was covering the conflict as a photojournalist.
The photograph shows a loyalist soldier at the moment of his death, falling backward after being hit by a bullet.
The photograph became controversial because some people accused Capa of staging the scene.
However, the photograph was widely reproduced in publications around the world and became one of the most iconic images of the Spanish Civil War.
It was not used to support the fascist cause, but instead, it was used to raise awareness about the brutalities of war and the toll it takes on human life.
In summary, the statement that is not true about Robert Capa's "Death of a Loyalist Soldier" photograph is that it was used to support the fascist cause.
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Official history of the Song dynasty, commissioned by the Mongol Chief Minister of Emperor Shundi of the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty, 1345 a) Identify ONE claim made in the passage about the policies of Chinese rulers. b) Identify ONE way in which the passage illustrates the economic development of China under the Song dynasty.
The passage discusses the official history of the Song dynasty, which was commissioned by the Mongol Chief Minister of Emperor Shundi of the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty in 1345.
a) One claim made in the passage about the policies of Chinese rulers is that the Song dynasty implemented policies that were beneficial for the economy and society. The passage states that the Song rulers encouraged agriculture and trade, which led to economic growth and prosperity. Additionally, the rulers promoted education and the arts, which helped to cultivate a thriving cultural scene.
b) The passage illustrates the economic development of China under the Song dynasty in several ways. One example is the emphasis on agriculture, which was a key factor in the dynasty's success. The Song rulers encouraged farmers to cultivate new crops, such as rice, which led to increased agricultural productivity. This, in turn, stimulated the growth of trade and commerce, as surplus crops could be sold to other regions. Another example of economic development under the Song dynasty is the rise of urbanization. The passage notes that the dynasty saw the growth of many large cities, which were centers of trade, culture, and innovation. This urbanization trend helped to spur economic growth and modernization throughout China.
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which term is most closely associated with Hellenism under Alexander the Great
The religious movement that led to the rapid growth of evangelistic religions throughout Europe and the colonies was known as the what?
The religious movement that led to the rapid growth of evangelistic religions throughout Europe and the colonies was known as the Great Awakening.
The Great Awakening was a religious revival movement that spread throughout the American colonies in the mid-18th century. It was characterized by a more emotional and personal approach to religion, with a focus on individual salvation and the direct experience of God's grace.
This movement played a significant role in the growth of Protestant denominations such as the Baptists and Methodists and contributed to the development of a distinctively American religious culture. The Great Awakening also had political and social implications, as it fostered a sense of unity and common purpose among colonists from different regions and backgrounds.
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Who helped lead the french army to victory at orléans?.
The person who helped lead the French army to victory at Orléans was Joan of Arc. Joan of Arc, also known as Jeanne d'Arc, was a young peasant girl who claimed to have received divine guidance and visions from saints and angels.
These visions instructed her to support Charles VII, the rightful heir to the French throne, in his efforts to reclaim France from English control during the Hundred Years' War. In 1429, Joan convinced Charles VII to allow her to join the French army as they prepared to break the English siege of Orléans. Despite her lack of formal military training, Joan's fervent belief in her divine mission inspired the French soldiers, and she played a crucial role in the army's morale and motivation. Her presence and guidance helped the French forces to successfully lift the siege in just nine days.
Joan of Arc's victory at Orléans was a turning point in the Hundred Years' War, as it demonstrated that the French were capable of defeating the English and boosted the overall confidence of the French forces. This significant event also paved the way for Charles VII's coronation in Reims, further strengthening his claim to the French throne. Ultimately, Joan of Arc's heroic actions and steadfast belief in her divine calling had a profound impact on the course of French history.
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What does Washington imply is the role of the
government? Why would he be in favor of a
stronger central government?
George Washington made the implication that the government's job is to uphold the rights and freedoms of its people.
George Washington suggested in his farewell speech that the government's duty is to uphold national security, safeguard the rights and liberties of its people, and advance the general welfare. Along with warning against the dangers of political factions and sectionalism, he emphasised the necessity of maintaining the nation's unity and stability.
He considered that to accomplish these objectives and guarantee stability of nation, a strong, centralised government was required, hence he was in favor of it. In his opinion, the federal government needs ample power and authority to uphold the rule of law, maintain the national defence, and control trade. He also thought that the country needed a strong central administration to keep regional politics and interests from dividing it.
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is the christian philosophy dominating medieval europe from about 1000 to 1300 ce that stressed logical and linguistic analysis of texts and arguments in order to produce a systematic statement and defense of christian beliefs. this is the description of ...
The Christian philosophy that dominated medieval Europe from about 1000 to 1300 CE is known as Scholasticism. It stressed logical and linguistic analysis of texts and arguments in order to produce a systematic statement and defense of Christian beliefs.
Scholasticism was characterized by the use of dialectical reasoning, which involved a back-and-forth discussion and debate of ideas, as well as the use of Aristotelian logic and the study of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy. Its main goal was to reconcile Christian theology with reason and to produce a coherent and unified understanding of the world. Scholasticism had a profound impact on medieval Europe and its legacy can still be seen in modern philosophy and theology.
Hi, your question is asking for the description of the Christian philosophy that dominated Medieval Europe from about 1000 to 1300 CE, which stressed logical and linguistic analysis of texts and arguments to produce a systematic statement and defense of Christian beliefs.
The description you provided refers to Scholasticism. Scholasticism is the Christian philosophy that dominated Medieval Europe from about 1000 to 1300 CE. It emphasized logical and linguistic analysis of texts and arguments in order to create a systematic statement and defense of Christian beliefs. Scholasticism sought to reconcile faith and reason, using intellectual tools such as logic, grammar, and metaphysics to interpret and defend the teachings of Christianity.
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What was the international reaction to egypt’s seizure of the suez canal?.
The international community had mixed reactions, with some countries supporting Egypt's move while others, including Britain, France, and Israel, launched a military intervention.
The seizure of the Suez Canal by Egypt in 1956 led to a crisis that involved major world powers. Britain and France were concerned about the loss of control over the vital waterway and its potential impact on their economies. In response, they formed a secret alliance with Israel and orchestrated a military intervention known as the Suez Crisis. The United States, however, condemned the attack and pressured the involved countries to withdraw their forces.
The Soviet Union, which had provided Egypt with financial and military support, backed Egypt's decision to nationalize the canal. Ultimately, the international pressure from the United States and the United Nations led to a ceasefire, and British, French, and Israeli forces withdrew from Egypt. This event marked a shift in global power dynamics, with the United States and the Soviet Union playing significant roles in resolving the crisis.
In summary, the international reaction to Egypt's seizure of the Suez Canal was mixed, with some countries supporting the move and others launching a military intervention. This event demonstrated the changing power dynamics in the world at the time.
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What are some Stoic practices and exercises? 6
Stoicism is a philosophy that emphasizes the development of self-control and resilience in the face of adversity. Here are some Stoics practices and exercises:
Negative Visualization: This involves imagining the worst-case scenario in any situation and mentally preparing oneself to face it. By anticipating difficulties, one can cultivate a sense of resilience and reduce anxiety about potential outcomes.
The View from Above: This is a visualization exercise in which one imagines oneself as a tiny figure in a vast and infinite universe. This exercise can help one gain perspective and detach from the emotional intensity of a situation.
Self-Reflection: Stoics believed in the importance of reflecting on one's actions and thoughts to cultivate self-awareness and identify areas for improvement. Journaling can be a helpful tool for self-reflection.
Virtue Ethics: Stoics believed that the ultimate goal of life is to cultivate virtue, which includes qualities such as wisdom, courage, and justice. Practicing virtues in everyday life can help one align with Stoic values.
Momentary Meditation: This involves taking a moment to pause and focus on the present moment. By being fully present in the moment, one can cultivate mindfulness and reduce stress.
Contemplation of Mortality: Stoics believed that contemplating one's own mortality can help one gain perspective on the fleeting nature of life and motivate one to live in accordance with one's values. This exercise can involve imagining oneself on one's deathbed and reflecting on what truly matters in life.
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which of the following was the most important program emphasis for per henrik ling's swedish gymnastics?
The military was the main focus of Per Henrik Ling's Swedish gymnastics programme.
Ling also wrote a lot of works of pure literature. In 1825, he received a professorship; in 1831, he became a fellow of the Swedish Medical Society; and in 1835, he joined the Swedish Academy. There were four types of gymnastics: educational, military, medicinal, and aesthetic. Around 1810, the German nationalist Friedrich Ludwig Jahn invented modern gymnastics.
He did this as a part of his vehement anti-French nationalism and considered athletic training as a nation's physical renewal programme and a way to be ready for military discipline. Franz Nachtegall, Per Henrik Ling, and Friedrich Jahn all have naturalism as their unifying philosophical topic. Adolph Spiess's pedagogical gymnastics programmes in Germany were first based on naturalism.
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Correct Question:
What was the most important program emphasis for per henrik ling's swedish gymnastics?
The ""temporary unequal distribution of wealth"" that carnegie refers to in the excerpt resulted most directly from the:.
The "temporary unequal distribution of wealth" that Carnegie refers to in the excerpt resulted most directly from the rapid industrialization and the growth of big businesses during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In the excerpt, Carnegie is referring to the period of rapid industrialization in America, which led to the creation of enormous wealth for a small number of individuals. This wealth was not distributed evenly across society, resulting in what Carnegie calls a "temporary unequal distribution of wealth."
The primary cause of this unequal distribution of wealth was the concentration of power and resources in the hands of a small number of industrialists, who were able to accumulate vast fortunes through their businesses. These industrialists, including Carnegie himself, were able to exploit cheap labor, take advantage of government policies that favored business interests, and use their wealth to control markets and suppress competition.
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the berlin airlift made it clear that truman was determined to deny the soviet union any victories in the cold war.T/F
Truman was determined to prevent the soviet union from winning the cold war, as evidenced by the Berlin airlift. This statement is true.
The Berlin Airlift was a major event during the early stages of the Cold War, which occurred between 1945 and 1991. The airlift was a response to the Soviet Union's blockade of West Berlin in 1948, which aimed to force the Western powers out of the city. The United States, along with its allies, responded by launching a massive airlift operation to supply the city with food, fuel, and other essentials.
President Truman's decision to launch the Berlin Airlift demonstrated his determination to resist Soviet aggression and defend the principles of democracy and freedom. Truman saw the blockade as a clear violation of the principles of the United Nations and the post-World War II agreements, and he was determined to prevent the Soviet Union from achieving a victory in this early Cold War conflict.
The success of the airlift was a significant blow to Soviet prestige and demonstrated the resolve of the Western powers to stand up to Soviet aggression. The Berlin Airlift helped to cement the division of Europe into two ideological blocs, and it marked the beginning of a long and tense struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War.
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Which of the following describes a key element of maya society?
The key element of Maya society was a society of great equality. The Option B.
Was Maya society characterized by great equality?The Maya society was hierarchical in nature because it has ruling class of nobles and priests who held most of the power and wealth. Below them were merchants, artisans and commoners who had limited social mobility.
Slaves also existed in Maya society and they had no rights or freedoms. Gender roles were also clearly defined with men holding more power and status than women. Therefore, while Maya society had a complex social structure and a strong emphasis on communal values, it was not characterized by great equality.
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Explain 3 Phases of thematic changes in Koguryo tomb murals
3 Phases of thematic changes in Koguryo tomb murals are early phase, middle phase, late phase.
Koguryo was a Korean kingdom that existed from the 1st century BCE to the 7th century CE. Koguryo tomb murals are famous for their rich artistic expression and vivid portrayal of the beliefs and customs of the Koguryo people. Here are three phases of thematic changes in Koguryo tomb murals:
Early Phase (1st century BCE-4th century CE): The early phase of Koguryo tomb murals is characterized by simple, abstract motifs such as geometric shapes, stylized animals, and plant designs. These motifs were often used to decorate the walls and ceilings of tombs, and were believed to have protective and auspicious meanings.
Middle Phase (4th century-6th century CE): The middle phase of Koguryo tomb murals is marked by the emergence of human figures and narrative scenes. These murals often depict historical events, religious stories, and scenes of everyday life. The human figures are highly stylized and idealized, and the narratives are often complex and multifaceted.
Late Phase (6th century-7th century CE): The late phase of Koguryo tomb murals is characterized by an increased emphasis on Buddhist iconography and symbolism. The murals often depict Buddhist deities, bodhisattvas, and celestial beings, as well as scenes from Buddhist mythology. The human figures in these murals are more naturalistic and expressive, and the overall tone is more spiritual and introspective.
These three phases of thematic changes in Koguryo tomb murals reflect the changing beliefs and cultural influences of the Koguryo people over time, and provide valuable insights into the artistic and religious traditions of ancient Korea.
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