Competitive advantage refers to the strategic position and strengths that allow a company to outperform its competitors and achieve superior performance.
It encompasses various factors that contribute to the long-term well-being and strength of the enterprise relative to competitors. This includes being an early adopter, having the lowest costs, and being a first mover. The combination of these factors creates a competitive edge that enables a company to differentiate itself, attract customers, and achieve sustainable success in the marketplace.
One aspect of competitive advantage is being an early adopter. This means being among the first to embrace and leverage new technologies, innovations, or market trends. By being an early adopter, a company gains access to new opportunities, can shape market preferences, and potentially establish a leadership position.
Another aspect is having the lowest costs. Cost advantage occurs when a company can produce goods or services at a lower cost compared to its competitors, allowing it to offer lower prices or achieve higher profit margins. This can be achieved through efficient operations, economies of scale, or unique cost-saving strategies.
Being a first mover is also a form of competitive advantage. It involves being the first company to enter a market or introduce a new product or service. By being the pioneer, a company can capture significant market share, establish brand recognition, and set industry standards, creating barriers for competitors to enter.
Competitive advantage encompasses a range of factors that contribute to the long-term well-being and strength of a company relative to its competitors. These factors include being an early adopter, having the lowest costs, and being a first mover. By leveraging these advantages, companies can differentiate themselves, attract customers, and achieve sustainable success in the highly competitive business environment.
Learn more about industry here ;
brainly.com/question/16680576
#SPJ11
Please write a 1-3 page reaction paper (MLA or APA) to to answer the following questions with well-organized thoughts and supporting arguments: Part 1: What are some issues faced by workers in the U.S. in the past and today?
Workers in the U.S. have faced issues such as low wages, long working hours, lack of job security, and workplace discrimination. The issues faced by workers in the U.S. in the past and present highlight the need for ongoing advocacy and reforms to ensure fair treatment and better working conditions
In the past, workers in the U.S. were often subjected to low wages, especially in industries such as manufacturing and agriculture. They also had to work long hours without proper compensation or breaks. Job security was a concern, as many workers didn't have stable employment and were vulnerable to layoffs. Additionally, workers faced discrimination based on factors such as race, gender, and age, which limited their opportunities for career advancement.
Today, some of these issues persist. Many workers still struggle with low wages, especially in sectors like retail and service industries. Long working hours and lack of work-life balance are common challenges. Job security has become even more precarious due to factors like automation and the gig economy. Discrimination in the workplace continues to be a problem, although efforts have been made to address it through legislation and diversity initiatives.
To know more about job security refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/29339822
#SPJ11
Problem 1: Mergers Inverse demand is P(Q)=50− 2 1 Q. There are N symmetric Cournot oligopilists selling the same exact product in a market. Each seller has a marginal cost of $5. (a) Let's say N equals 4 . What is the equlibrium price (P) and the total industry output (Q)? (b)What is Consumer Surplus and Dead Weight Loss? (c) Two of the sellers want to merge - the sellers simply combine all of their operations into a single seller, so then N=3. What are profits for the old sellers, and the new merged seller? What is old and new HHI? (d) Fill out the following table.
Overall, the equilibrium price and total industry output can be found by solving the Cournot equilibrium equations. Consumer Surplus and Dead Weight Loss can be calculated using economic concepts. The profits for the old and new merged sellers can be determined by substituting quantities into the inverse demand function. The HHI measures market concentration and can be calculated using the market shares of the firms.
(a) To find the equilibrium price and total industry output, we need to solve for the Cournot equilibrium.
In a Cournot oligopoly, each firm assumes that its competitors' outputs remain constant.
The total industry output (Q) is the sum of the outputs of all firms.
Given that N=4, the inverse demand function is P(Q) = 50 - 2Q.
The marginal cost for each firm is $5.
To find the equilibrium output (Q), we can equate the marginal
cost
with the market price by setting MC = P'(Q).
Thus, 5 = 50 - 4Q. Solving for Q, we get Q = 11.25.
Substituting Q back into the inverse demand function, we find P = 50 - 2(11.25) = 27.5.
Therefore, the equilibrium price (P) is $27.5 and the total industry output (Q) is 11.25.
(b) Consumer Surplus is the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a good and what they actually pay.
In this case, it can be calculated as the area between the demand curve and the equilibrium price, multiplied by the equilibrium quantity.
Dead Weight Loss represents the loss of social welfare that occurs when the market is not in perfect competition.
It is the difference between the maximum total surplus achievable and the total surplus in the Cournot equilibrium.
(c) When two sellers merge, N becomes 3. To find the profits of the old sellers and the new merged seller, we need to calculate the quantity produced by the merged firm and the individual firms.
We can then substitute these quantities into the inverse demand function to find the corresponding prices.
The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) measures market concentration.
The old HHI is calculated by squaring the market share of each firm and summing them.
The new HHI can be found by subtracting the market share of the merged firm from the old HHI and adding the squared market share of the merged firm.
(d) To fill out the table, we need more information on what specific values or variables need to be included in the table.
Learn more about: equilibrium
https://brainly.com/question/16199625
#SPJ 11
Describe a situation you experienced in the workplace when a
current or past supervisor used a transformational or
charismatic approach to motivate their employees. Was it
effective?
I'm sorry, but as an AI, I don't have personal experiences to draw from. However, I can provide you with a hypothetical situation that could illustrate the use of a transformational or charismatic approach in the workplace.
Imagine a workplace where the supervisor, let's call her Sarah, uses a transformational leadership style to motivate her employees. Sarah believes in inspiring her team members to achieve their full potential and encourages them to take ownership of their work. She sets high standards and provides continuous feedback and support to help her employees grow.
Sarah organizes regular team meetings to discuss the company's vision and goals, emphasizing how each individual contributes to the overall success. During these meetings, she shares stories of past accomplishments and highlights employees' achievements, boosting morale and creating a sense of purpose.
In addition, Sarah uses her charismatic personality to build strong relationships with her team members. She takes the time to listen to their concerns and provides guidance and support. She creates an inclusive and collaborative environment, where employees feel valued and empowered.
The effectiveness of Sarah's approach can be seen in several ways. Firstly, her team members feel motivated and engaged, leading to increased productivity and higher quality work. Secondly, turnover rates are low as employees feel satisfied and appreciated in their roles. Finally, Sarah's team consistently exceeds targets and achieves outstanding results.
Overall, the transformational and charismatic approach employed by Sarah has a positive impact on both the employees and the organization as a whole.
Learn more about transformational: https://brainly.com/question/17054876
#SPJ11
Louis Vuitton is a luxury brand that offers its customers an engraving service: Customers can engrave their initials and/or name in any leather accessory which they purchase. The latter is an example of which Value Perception strategy:
A.
Uniqueness and shared values
B.
Goodness of Product Fit
C.
Memorable Experiences
D.
Packaging
The example of Louis Vuitton offering an engraving service for customers' initials and/or names on their leather accessories aligns with the following Value Perception strategy:
A. Uniqueness and shared values.
By providing the option to personalize their products through engraving, Louis Vuitton offers customers a unique and customized experience. This strategy allows customers to create a one-of-a-kind item that reflects their individuality and personal style. It enhances the perception of exclusivity and uniqueness associated with the brand, as customers can have a personalized item that resonates with their values and preferences. The engraving service not only adds a personal touch to the product but also fosters a sense of connection and shared values between the brand and the customer.
Learn more about Louis Vuitton here:
brainly.com/question/17577891
#SPJ11
Consider a 10% convertible bond that has $1000 face value, 6 years to maturity, CR = 20, and pays interest annually. The market perceives that 6 years from now the shares of the firm are equally likely to be worth $43.1 and $56.5. The term structure is assumed to be flat at 9.4%. Assume that investors delay conversion until after they receive their last coupon.
What is the fair price for this bond?
Round your answer to 2 decimal places. For example, if your answer is 25.689, please write down 25.69.
The fair price for this bond is approximately $1918.24.
Straight Value Calculation:
The straight value of the bond is the present value of its future cash flows, which include annual coupon payments and the face value payment at maturity. The coupon payment is 10% of the face value, which is $100 per year. The bond has a maturity of 6 years, and the interest rate is assumed to be flat at 9.4%. We'll use the formula for present value of a bond to calculate the straight value.
Using the formula:
Straight Value = (Coupon Payment / (1 + Interest Rate)^1) + (Coupon Payment / (1 + Interest Rate)^2) + ... + (Coupon Payment / (1 + Interest Rate)^n) + (Face Value / (1 + Interest Rate)^n)
Where n is the number of years to maturity.
We plug in the values:
Straight Value = ($100 / (1 + 0.094)^1) + ($100 / (1 + 0.094)^2) + ($100 / (1 + 0.094)^3) + ($100 / (1 + 0.094)^4) + ($100 / (1 + 0.094)^5) + ($100 / (1 + 0.094)^6) + ($1000 / (1 + 0.094)^6)
Now we calculate the present value for each year and sum them up:
Straight Value = $75.14 + $68.84 + $63.03 + $57.61 + $52.54 + $47.79 + $556.30
The straight value of the bond is $921.24.
Conversion Value Calculation:
The conversion value of the bond depends on the future value of the firm's shares. In this case, the market perceives two possible values for the shares: $43.1 and $56.5. To calculate the conversion value, we need to find the average value between these two possible outcomes. The conversion value is calculated as:
Conversion Value = (Average Share Value * Conversion Ratio)
The average share value is ((43.1 + 56.5) / 2) = $49.8.
Conversion Value = $49.8 * 20
The conversion value is $997.
Fair Price Calculation:
The fair price of the convertible bond is the sum of its straight value and conversion value:
Fair Price = Straight Value + Conversion Value
Fair Price = $921.24 + $997
The fair price for this bond is approximately $1918.24.
Therefore, the fair price for this bond is approximately $1918.24.
To know more about fair price, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/31851163
#SPJ11
Prince, Inc., a successful east coast firm, is considering opening a branch office on the west coast in British Columbia. Under normal economic conditions, with a 45%
probability of occurring. Prince can expect to earn a net income of $50,000 per year. In a mini recession, at 25% probability, Prince will earn $20,000, In a severe recession, at a 20% probability. Prince will lose $10,000. There is also a slight probability (10%) that Prince will lose $200,000 if the expansion fails and the branch office must be closed. Based strictly on quantitative analysis, should Prince open a
branch office in British Columbia?
The expected value of the net income is $5,500. Since the expected value is positive, it suggests that opening a branch office in British Columbia could be a profitable decision for Prince, Inc.
To determine whether Prince, Inc. should open a branch office in British Columbia, we can analyze the expected value of its net income under different economic conditions. The expected value is calculated by multiplying each outcome by its respective probability and summing them up.
Under normal economic conditions, Prince expects a net income of $50,000 with a probability of 45%. In a mini-recession, the net income is $20,000 with a probability of 25%. In a severe recession, the net income is -$10,000 (a loss) with a probability of 20%. Finally, there is a 10% probability of a significant loss of -$200,000 if the expansion fails.
Using these values, we can calculate the expected value as follows:
Expected Value = ($50,000 * 0.45) + ($20,000 * 0.25) + (-$10,000 * 0.20) + (-$200,000 * 0.10)
Expected Value = $22,500 + $5,000 - $2,000 - $20,000
Expected Value = $5,500
However, it's important to note that quantitative analysis alone does not consider other qualitative factors such as market conditions, competition, and potential risks, which should also be taken into account before making a final decision.
To know more about net income, visit
https://brainly.com/question/32614743
#SPJ11
which of the following is a good place to look for inadequate disclosures?
a. board of directors minutes
b. correspondence and invoices from attorneys
c. confirmations with banks and others
d. loan agreements
e. all of the above are good places to look for inadequate disclosure
All of the above options (Option e) are good places to look for inadequate disclosures.
When assessing the adequacy of disclosures, it is important to review various sources of information to ensure transparency and compliance. Inadequate disclosures can occur in different areas and can be revealed through different documents and sources.
Board of directors minutes (option a) provide insights into discussions and decisions made by the board regarding disclosures. Correspondence and invoices from attorneys (option b) can shed light on legal advice provided and any potential issues with disclosures. Confirmations with banks and others (option c) can reveal additional financial information that might not have been adequately disclosed. Loan agreements (option d) often contain specific disclosure requirements that need to be assessed for adequacy.
Considering the above, it is evident that all of the mentioned options (a, b, c, and d) are good places to look for inadequate disclosures. Each source provides unique information that can help identify any deficiencies or gaps in the disclosed information, ensuring a comprehensive evaluation of disclosure adequacy. Therefore, option e, "all of the above," is the correct answer.
Learn more about disclosures here:
https://brainly.com/question/29999059
#SPJ11
#1. When the present financial ratios of a firm are compared with similar ratios for another firm in the same industry it is called _____________analysis.
A) trend analysis
B) diagonal analysis
C) cross sectional analysis
D) vertical analysis
===============================
#2. Which of the following is the least liquid current asset?
A) prepaid rent
B) accounts receivable
C) inventory
D) cash
===============================
#3. Goods Available for Sale is equal to
A) ending inventory minus beginning inventory
B) beginning inventory minus purchases
C) ending inventory plus purchases
D) beginning inventory plus purchases
===============================
#4. The ___________ is the head of the finance group doing accounting functions.
A) auditor
B) financial analyst
C) tax accountant
D) controller
C) cross-sectional analysis
Cross-sectional analysis refers to the comparison of financial ratios of a firm with similar ratios of other firms in the same industry.
industry. It helps in evaluating a company's performance relative to its industry peers, highlighting areas of strength or weakness.
D) cash
Cash is the least liquid current asset as it can be readily used to meet short-term obligations. Prepaid rent, accounts receivable, and inventory are relatively more liquid than cash.
#3. C) ending inventory plus purchase .
Goods Available for Sale represents the total inventory available to a company for selling purposes. It is calculated by adding the ending inventory (the value of unsold inventory at the end of the accounting period) to the value of purchases made during the same period.
#4. B) financial analyst
The head of the finance group responsible for performing accounting functions is typically referred to as a financial analyst. They analyze financial data, prepare reports, and provide insights to support decision-making within the organization. Auditors focus on verifying the accuracy of financial records, while tax accountants specialize in tax-related matters.1. Cross-sectional analysis involves comparing the financial ratios of one firm with similar ratios of other firms in the same industry. This analysis helps in benchmarking the performance of a company against its competitors or industry peers. By examining how a firm's financial ratios stack up against industry averages or top performers, insights can be gained into the company's relative strengths and weaknesses in various areas such as profitability, liquidity, solvency, and efficiency.
2. Cash is considered the least liquid current asset because it represents actual currency or funds readily available for immediate use. Prepaid rent, although not as liquid as cash, still holds value and can be utilized in the future. Accounts receivable refers to amounts owed by customers, which can be converted into cash through the collection process. Inventory represents goods held for sale, and while it can be converted into cash, it may take more time and effort to sell inventory compared to other current assets.
3. Goods Available for Sale is calculated by adding the ending inventory (the value of unsold inventory at the end of the accounting period) to the value of purchases made during the same period. This total represents the value of all goods that were available for sale during the given period, regardless of whether they were sold or not. It is an important figure in inventory management and cost of goods sold calculations.
4. The head of the finance group responsible for accounting functions is typically known as a financial controller or chief financial officer (CFO). They oversee the financial operations of the company, including accounting, financial reporting, budgeting, and financial analysis. The role of an auditor is to independently review and verify the accuracy and integrity of financial statements. A tax accountant specializes in tax planning, compliance, and advising on tax-related matters. While all these roles are related to finance and accounting, the specific responsibilities and focus areas differ.
Learn more about purchase here:
https://brainly.com/question/31035675
#SPJ11
by being aware of their own personal style, managers improve their decision making and problem solving abilities while reducing the negative effects of ______.
By being aware of their own personal style, managers improve their decision making and problem-solving abilities while reducing the negative effects of blind spots.
What are personal styles?A personal style is a way of doing things that are genuine to us. Our personal style encompasses our distinctive choices in life, work, and play. Personal style is the method we approach tasks, connect with people, and our approach to problems. To be successful as a manager, you must be aware of your personal style because it can impact your work. Personal style has the power to impact your decision-making abilities, your relationships, and the effectiveness of your work. It can affect how you respond to your team, work under pressure, and deal with conflicts.
The negative effects of blind spots:
Blind spots are areas of personal weakness or biases that we may not be aware of. Blind spots are caused by cognitive biases and can cause negative consequences. Managers can have blind spots that impact their work and decision-making abilities, causing them to miss essential information, neglect a problem, or misinterpret a situation. Blind spots can cause managers to make bad decisions, which can cause a negative impact on their work and their team. The bottom line is that being aware of our personal style can help us reduce the negative effects of blind spots and improve our work as managers.
To learn more about Personal Style: https://brainly.com/question/18397334
#SPJ11
Cooperton Mining just announced it will cut its dividend from $3.98 to $2.47 per share and use the extra funds to expand. Prior to the announcment, Cooperton dividends were expected to grow at a 3.2% rate, and its share was $48.15. With the planned expansion, Cooperton's dividends are expected to grow at a 4.7% rate. what share price would you expect after the announcement?(Assume that the new expansion does not change Coopertons risk.) Is the expansion a good investment?
(Round to nearest cent)
Using the original dividend growth rate, the share price would be $4.11 / Required Rate of Return.
Using the new dividend growth rate, the share price would be $2.58 / Required Rate of Return.
Based on the information provided, we can calculate the expected share price after the dividend cut announcement.
First, let's calculate the original dividend growth rate. We know that the previous dividend was $3.98 and it was expected to grow at a rate of 3.2%. So, the expected dividend for the next year would have been $3.98 + ($3.98 * 3.2%) = $4.11.
Now, let's calculate the new dividend growth rate. With the planned expansion, the dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 4.7%. Therefore, the expected dividend for the next year would be $2.47 + ($2.47 * 4.7%) = $2.58.
To calculate the expected share price after the announcement, we can use the dividend discount model. This model suggests that the share price is equal to the expected dividend divided by the required rate of return.
Assuming the required rate of return remains the same, let's use the formula:
Share Price = Dividend / Required Rate of Return
As we do not have the required rate of return, we cannot calculate the precise share price.
Regarding whether the expansion is a good investment, we need more information to make a definitive judgment. The expansion could be beneficial if it leads to increased profits and growth opportunities for the company. However, other factors such as market conditions and competition should also be considered.
In summary, we cannot determine the exact share price without the required rate of return. As for the expansion being a good investment, it depends on various factors that need to be analyzed further.
Learn more about dividend growth rate: https://brainly.com/question/18650705
#SPJ11
a typical athlete endorsement contract contains which of the following?
A typical athlete endorsement contract contains components such as compensation, duration, scope of endorsement, exclusivity, performance obligations, and termination provisions
An athlete endorsement contract is a legal agreement between a company and an athlete, where the athlete agrees to promote or endorse the company's products or services. It is important for both parties to clearly define the terms and conditions of the endorsement to ensure a mutually beneficial relationship.
A typical athlete endorsement contract contains several key components:
These components provide a framework for the athlete endorsement contract and help ensure that both parties understand their rights and obligations. However, it's important to note that the specific terms and conditions can vary depending on the parties involved and the nature of the endorsement.
Learn more:About athlete endorsement contract here:
https://brainly.com/question/4628139
#SPJ11
"
Take me to the text At the beginning of 2020 , Crystal Corp. had inventory of $318,000. During the year, it purchased $221,000 worth of raw materials and sold $495,000 worth of inventory. Determine the inventory turnover ratio and the days " sales in inventory. Do not enter dollar signs or commas in the input boxes. For the days' sales in inventory, round your answer to the nearest whole number. Days' Sales in Inventory = days For the inventory turnover ratio, round your answer to 2 decimal places. Inventory Turnover =
To calculate the inventory turnover ratio and the days' sales in inventory, we can use the following formulas:
Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory
Days' Sales in Inventory = 365 days / Inventory Turnover Ratio
First, let's calculate the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS):
COGS = Beginning Inventory + Purchases - Ending Inventory
COGS = $318,000 + $221,000 - $495,000
COGS = $44,000
Next, we can calculate the Average Inventory:
Average Inventory = (Beginning Inventory + Ending Inventory) / 2
Average Inventory = ($318,000 + $495,000) / 2
Average Inventory = $406,500
Now, we can calculate the Inventory Turnover Ratio:
Inventory Turnover Ratio = COGS / Average Inventory
Inventory Turnover Ratio = $44,000 / $406,500
Inventory Turnover Ratio ≈ 0.1080 (rounded to 2 decimal places)
Lastly, we can calculate the Days' Sales in Inventory:
Days' Sales in Inventory = 365 days / Inventory Turnover Ratio
Days' Sales in Inventory = 365 days / 0.1080
Days' Sales in Inventory ≈ 3388 days (rounded to the nearest whole number)
Therefore, the inventory turnover ratio is approximately 0.11, and the days' sales in inventory is approximately 3388 days.
To know more about inventory turnover click this link -
brainly.com/question/12942515
#SPJ11
Economics Subject: econometrics
question:
Task is to perform Engle-granger method and the johansen method to prove PPP isn't there in trade between Turkey and Germany in last 10 years.
Explanation in Details (where mathematical data/equation need put also).
To determine if PPP exists between Turkey and Germany, Engle-Granger and Johansen cointegration tests can be performed using exchange rate and price level data over the past 10 years.
Performing the Engle-Granger and Johansen cointegration tests to analyze the presence of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) between Turkey and Germany requires access to specific data and statistical software.
Engle-Granger Cointegration Test:
1. Data Collection: Gather time series data on exchange rates and price levels for Turkey and Germany over the last 10 years. The data should be in a suitable format, typically in a panel or vector form.
2. Unit Root Testing: Conduct Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) or Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests on the individual time series data to determine if they are stationary or non-stationary. Stationarity is a crucial assumption for cointegration analysis.
3. Cointegration Test: If the individual series are found to be non-stationary, proceed to perform the Engle-Granger cointegration test. This involves estimating a regression equation between the two series and examining the stationarity of the residuals using unit root tests.
4. Residual Analysis: Calculate the residuals from the regression and conduct unit root tests (ADF or PP) on these residuals. If the residuals are found to be stationary, it suggests the presence of cointegration between the two series.
5. Hypothesis Testing: Formulate the null hypothesis that there is no cointegration (no long-run relationship) between the two series. Use appropriate statistical tests, such as the t-test or F-test, to assess the significance of the cointegrating relationship.
Johansen Cointegration Test:
1. Data Collection: Collect the same time series data on exchange rates and price levels for Turkey and Germany as mentioned above.
2. Unit Root Testing: Conduct ADF or PP unit root tests on the individual time series data to determine stationarity.
3. Determine Optimal Lag Order: Estimate the optimal lag order for the vector autoregressive (VAR) model using information criteria, such as Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) or Schwarz Bayesian Criterion (SBC).
4. Johansen Cointegration Test: Apply the Johansen procedure to estimate the cointegrating vectors and test for the number of cointegrating relationships between the variables.
5. Hypothesis Testing: Formulate the null hypothesis that there is no cointegration between the variables. Use likelihood ratio tests, such as the trace test or maximum eigenvalue test, to assess the presence of cointegration.
6. Interpretation: Based on the results of the Johansen test, determine the number of cointegrating relationships and their significance. If no cointegration is found, it suggests the absence of long-run PPP between the two countries.
Learn more about Purchasing Power Parity here:
https://brainly.com/question/28199500
#SPJ11
Find a job description that needs updating or find a job that doesn't have a job description, conduct a job analysis and job evaluation for the job, and then rewrite the job description using the theories, methods, and processes in the textbook in chapters 4 and 5.
Conduct a job analysis, evaluate the job, and rewrite the job description using appropriate theories and methods for accuracy and alignment.
Step 1: Identify a Job for Analysis:
Choose a job for which a job description either needs updating or doesn't exist. For this example, let's consider the role of a Social Media Manager in a marketing agency.
Step 2: Conduct Job Analysis:
Conduct a job analysis to gather information about the duties, responsibilities, skills, and qualifications required for the role. Methods for job analysis can include interviews, observations, questionnaires, and reviewing existing documentation. Here are some steps in the job analysis process:
a) Interviews: Interview current Social Media Managers to gather information about their daily tasks, goals, challenges, and required skills.
b) Observation: Observe Social Media Managers as they perform their duties to gain insights into the tasks, interactions, and work environment.
c) Questionnaires: Distribute questionnaires to Social Media Managers to collect data about their responsibilities, knowledge areas, and necessary qualifications.
d) Documentation Review: Examine existing documents such as performance evaluations, reports, and company policies related to social media management to gather additional information.
Step 3: Job Evaluation:
Evaluate the job using job evaluation methods to determine its relative worth and placement within the organization's job structure. Methods such as the point factor method or ranking method can be used. Consider factors like skill requirements, decision-making authority, complexity, and impact on organizational goals.
Step 4: Rewrite the Job Description:
Based on the job analysis and evaluation, rewrite the job description using the theories, methods, and processes discussed in chapters 4 and 5 of the textbook. Ensure the job description includes clear and concise information about the position, including job title, department, reporting relationships, duties, responsibilities, qualifications, and any specific performance expectations. Tailor the description to accurately reflect the updated or newly analyzed job.
Step 5: Review and Finalize:
Review the rewritten job description for accuracy, completeness, and alignment with organizational policies and practices. Make necessary revisions, if needed, and seek input from relevant stakeholders such as HR professionals or department managers. Once finalized, the updated job description can be used for recruitment, selection, performance evaluation, and employee development purposes.
In summary, conducting a job analysis, evaluating the job, and rewriting the job description using appropriate theories and methods are key steps to ensure accurate and effective job descriptions that align with organizational needs and requirements.
To learn more about job analysis click here: brainly.com/question/33070776
#SPJ11
In reference to quality cost classifications, training and equipment design would fall in the ____ category.
Prevention
In the context of quality cost classifications, training and equipment design would fall under the "Prevention" category.
Quality cost classifications are used to categorize the various costs associated with ensuring and maintaining product or service quality. These classifications typically include Prevention costs, Appraisal costs, Internal failure costs, and External failure costs.
Prevention costs are incurred to prevent defects and errors from occurring in the first place. They encompass activities aimed at avoiding quality issues and ensuring that products or services meet the desired standards. Training and equipment design are considered Prevention costs because they focus on preventing potential problems or errors during the manufacturing or service delivery process.
Training plays a crucial role in equipping employees with the necessary knowledge and skills to carry out their tasks effectively. By investing in training programs, organizations aim to prevent mistakes, reduce defects, and enhance overall quality. Properly trained employees are more likely to perform their duties accurately and in line with established quality standards.
Similarly, equipment design is a preventive measure that involves designing and engineering equipment and machinery to meet specific quality requirements. By investing in well-designed equipment, organizations can reduce the likelihood of equipment failures, malfunctions, or substandard output.
In summary, training and equipment design are categorized as Prevention costs in the context of quality cost classifications. These activities focus on proactively preventing quality issues, defects, and errors, thus ensuring the delivery of high-quality products or services.
Learn more about quality cost here:
https://brainly.com/question/29696631
#SPJ11
Forsythe Inc. is evaluating a new project. This project represents a near mirror image of the firm’s current business ventures; therefore, management has determined WACC is an appropriate measure for the discount rate. Compute the firm’s WACC assuming the following information (all values listed are in USD and current market values have been assessed) (7 points)
• 4 million in bonds, YTM of 5%.
• 3 million in bank debt, YTM of 4%.
• 8 million in preferred stock, required return of 11%
• 25 million in common stock, required return of 14.5%
• Tax rate of 21%
To compute the firm's weighted average cost of capital (WACC), we need to calculate the cost of each component of capital and their respective weights.
Cost of Bonds:
The cost of bonds is determined by the yield to maturity (YTM), which is given as 5%. However, since the YTM is pre-tax, we need to adjust it for taxes. Given a tax rate of 21%, the after-tax cost of debt is calculated as follows:
After-tax cost of debt = YTM * (1 - Tax rate)
After-tax cost of debt = 5% * (1 - 0.21) = 3.95%
Cost of Bank Debt:
Similar to bonds, we need to adjust the yield to maturity (YTM) of bank debt for taxes. The YTM of bank debt is 4%, and after adjusting for taxes, the after-tax cost of bank debt is:
After-tax cost of bank debt = YTM * (1 - Tax rate)
After-tax cost of bank debt = 4% * (1 - 0.21) = 3.16%
Cost of Preferred Stock:
The required return on preferred stock is given as 11%. Since preferred stock dividends are not tax-deductible, there is no adjustment needed for taxes.
Cost of Common Stock:
The required return on common stock is given as 14.5%. Since common stock represents equity, there is no adjustment needed for taxes.
Total market value = Bonds + Bank Debt + Preferred Stock + Common Stock
Total market value = 4 million + 3 million + 8 million + 25 million = 40 million
Weight of Bonds = Market value of bonds / Total market value
Weight of Bonds = 4 million / 40 million = 0.1
WACC = (Weight of Bonds * Cost of Bonds) + (Weight of Bank Debt * Cost of Bank Debt) + (Weight of Preferred Stock * Cost of Preferred Stock) + (Weight of Common Stock * Cost of Common Stock)
WACC = (0.1 * 3.95%) + (0.075 * 3.16%) + (0.2 * 11%) + (0.625 * 14.5%)
WACC = 0.395% + 0.237% + 2.2% + 9.0625%
WACC ≈ 11.8945%
Therefore, the firm's weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is approximately 11.8945%.
Learn more about average cost here : brainly.com/question/26413746
#SPJ11
. Implied MAD with Uniform Distribution Underlying price
currently at 400, and follows a uniform distribution with a mean of
400. You observed 640 strike CALL priced at $10.00. What is the
implied MAD
The implied MAD for the given scenario is 240.
The implied MAD (Mean Absolute Deviation) can be calculated by determining the difference between the strike price of the option and the expected value of the underlying price, which follows a uniform distribution.
In this case, the underlying price has a mean of 400 and a uniform distribution. The strike price of the option is 640, and its price is $10.00.
To calculate the implied MAD, we can use the formula:
Implied MAD = |Strike price - Expected value|
The expected value of a uniform distribution is the average of the minimum and maximum values.
Since the underlying price follows a uniform distribution with a mean of 400, the minimum value would be 400 - 400 = 0,
and the maximum value would be 400 + 400 = 800.
Therefore, the expected value is (0 + 800) / 2 = 400.
Substituting the values into the formula, we get:
Implied MAD = |640 - 400| = 240.
So, the implied MAD is 240.
Learn more about price -
brainly.com/question/27815322
#SPJ11
Teri borrows $10,000 from USA National Bank to remodel a room in her home. This transaction is subject to
A. the Consumer Product Safety Act
B. the Consumer Leasing Act
C. no federal law
D. the Truth-in-Lending Act
The transaction in which Teri borrows $10,000 from USA National Bank to remodel a room in her home is subject to the (D)Truth-in-Lending Act.
The Truth-in-Lending Act is a federal law in the United States that requires lenders to disclose certain information to borrowers before they enter into a credit transaction. This law is designed to protect consumers by providing transparency and ensuring they have access to important information about the terms and costs of credit.
When Teri borrows $10,000 from USA National Bank, it is considered a credit transaction, as she is obtaining funds from the bank with the obligation to repay the borrowed amount over time. As a result, the Truth-in-Lending Act applies to this transaction, requiring the bank to provide Teri with specific disclosures, such as the annual percentage rate (APR), finance charges, and repayment terms. Hence, the transaction is subject to the Truth-in-Lending Act (D).
Learn more about Truth-in-Lending Act here:
https://brainly.com/question/30386250
#SPJ11
1. Use the following information to complete the Adjustments and Adjusted Trial Balance columns of the work sheet. a. Depreciation on equipment, $10 b. Accrued salaries, $13 c. The $19 of unearned revenue has been earned d. Supplies avallable at December 31, $50 e. Expired insurance, $22 Extend the balances in the Adjusted Trial Balance columns of the work sheet to the proper financial statement columns. Compute tals for those columns, including net income.
The adjustments include recording depreciation on equipment of $10, accruing salaries of $13, recognizing $19 of unearned revenue as earned, accounting for supplies available at December 31 of $50, and recognizing expired insurance of $22.
The adjustment for depreciation on equipment of $10 is recorded by debiting Depreciation Expense and crediting Accumulated Depreciation. This adjustment reflects the decrease in the value of the equipment over time.
The adjustment for accrued salaries of $13 is recorded by debiting Salaries Expense and crediting Salaries Payable. This adjustment reflects the recognition of salaries earned by employees but not yet paid.
The adjustment for unearned revenue of $19 being earned is recorded by debiting Unearned Revenue and crediting Revenue. This adjustment reflects the recognition of revenue for services or products that have been delivered or completed.
The adjustment for supplies available at December 31 of $50 is recorded by debiting Supplies Expense and crediting Supplies. This adjustment reflects the decrease in the supplies available on hand
The adjustment for expired insurance of $22 is recorded by debiting Insurance Expense and crediting Prepaid Insurance. This adjustment reflects the recognition of insurance expense for the portion of the insurance coverage that has been used or expired.
Once these adjustments are made, the balances are extended to the proper financial statement columns of the work sheet, such as the Income Statement and Balance Sheet columns, to compute the totals, including net income. The net income is calculated by subtracting total expenses from total revenues.
By completing these adjustments and extending the balances to the appropriate columns, the work sheet provides a comprehensive overview of the financial position and performance of the company.
Learn more about income here : https://brainly.com/question/31552040
#SPJ11
when organizations prepare strategic plans, what are determinants of an appropriate time horizon?
An appropriate time horizon in strategic planning refers to the duration for which the strategic plan remains relevant and viable. It is essential to select a suitable time horizon as it directly impacts the depth and scope of the strategic planning process.
The time horizon influences strategic planning in several ways. Firstly, it determines the degree of uncertainty that planners must contend with while formulating the strategic plan. Shorter time horizons generally involve less uncertainty, while longer time horizons involve more uncertainty. Organizations need to consider the level of uncertainty they are likely to face when determining the time horizon.
The determinants of an appropriate time horizon include internal organizational factors, external environmental factors, and past performance and history. Internal factors involve assessing the organization's current state, including strengths and weaknesses, and determining the time required to achieve desired outcomes. External factors encompass evaluating the overall environmental context in which the organization operates, considering factors such as market conditions, competition, and the impact of political, economic, social, technological, and legal aspects on the strategy. Past performance and history provide insights into what has worked previously, what hasn't, and aid in predicting future performance, thus influencing the determination of an appropriate time horizon.
In conclusion, the appropriate time horizon in strategic planning is influenced by internal organizational factors, external environmental factors, and past performance and history. By considering these determinants, organizations can select a time frame that aligns with their objectives and accommodates the level of uncertainty they may encounter.
To Learn more about appropriate Click this!
brainly.com/question/31937227
#SPJ11
Instacart Inc. needs 30,000 square feet of usable office space. There’s an office building in prime location in Inland Empire that has exactly the square footage it needs located on its top floor. The top floor has 100,000 square feet of rentable space, of which 50,000 square feet is currently used by other tenants. The rent that the landlord is charging is $8 per square foot per year.
(a) If Instacart is UNAWARE of any areas that are shared (a.k.a. common) by the tenants on the top floor (such as hallways, restrooms, lounge areas), it would expect to pay rent on ____ square feet of space which would result in ____ in total annual rent due.
(b) Now, assume that Istacart IS AWARE of common areas on the top floor. It is also aware that in this case the landlord would be charging all the tenants on the floor their prorated share of rent for those areas. In this case, Instacart would expect to pay rent on ____ square feet of space which would result in ____ in total annual rent due.
(a) If Instacart is unaware of any shared common areas, it would pay rent on 30,000 square feet, resulting in a total annual rent of $400,000. (b) If Instacart is aware of shared common areas, it would pay rent on 20,000 square feet, resulting in a total annual rent of $160,000.
(a) If Instacart is unaware of any shared common areas on the top floor, it would expect to pay rent on the full 30,000 square feet of usable office space. The total annual rent due would be calculated as follows:
Rentable space on the top floor = 100,000 square feet
Currently used by other tenants = 50,000 square feet
Usable space available for rent = Rentable space - Currently used space
Usable space available for rent = 100,000 square feet - 50,000 square feet
Usable space available for rent = 50,000 square feet
Total annual rent due = Rent per square foot * Usable space
Total annual rent due = $8 * 50,000 square feet
Total annual rent due = $400,000
(b) If Instacart is aware of shared common areas and the landlord charges all tenants their prorated share of rent for those areas, the calculation would be different. The exact square footage of the shared common areas is not provided, so let's assume it is 10,000 square feet.
Usable space available for rent with consideration of shared common areas = Usable space - Shared common areas
Usable space available for rent with consideration of shared common areas = 30,000 square feet - 10,000 square feet
Usable space available for rent with consideration of shared common areas = 20,000 square feet
Total annual rent due = Rent per square foot * Usable space with consideration of shared common areas
Total annual rent due = $8 * 20,000 square feet
Total annual rent due = $160,000
Therefore, if Instacart is aware of shared common areas, it would expect to pay rent on 20,000 square feet, resulting in a total annual rent of $160,000.
Learn more about annual rent
https://brainly.com/question/21968376
#SPJ11
Which of the following refers to the main factor that differs
S-corporations from C-corporations?
S-corporation dissolves when one of the shareholders sells
his/her shares.
S-corporation exercises equ
The main factor that differentiates S-corporations from C-corporations is that S-corporations have certain restrictions on ownership, while C-corporations do not.
S-corporations are subject to the "S-corp election" made with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). This election allows the corporation to pass its income, losses, deductions, and credits through to its shareholders, who then report these items on their individual tax returns.
One of the requirements for S-corporations is that they can have a maximum of 100 shareholders, and these shareholders must be U.S. citizens or residents, individuals, certain types of trusts, or estates.
If an S-corporation no longer meets these requirements, such as when a shareholder sells their shares to a non-qualifying shareholder, the corporation will lose its S-corporation status.
C-corporations, on the other hand, have no restrictions on the type or number of shareholders they can have. They are separate tax entities, meaning the corporation files its own tax return and pays taxes at the corporate level.
The shareholders of a C-corporation are not directly responsible for the corporation's taxes. The shares of a C-corporation can be freely bought and sold without affecting the corporation's tax status or existence.
To learn more about shareholders here
brainly.com/question/33096799
#SPJ11
which of the following foundations of trust is determined mainly by the other party's predictability?
The foundation of trust that is determined mainly by the other party's predictability is calculus-based trust.
Calculus-based trust refers to trust that is based on the rational calculation of costs and benefits in a transactional relationship. It is primarily determined by the predictability of the other party's behavior and their adherence to contractual agreements.
In calculus-based trust, trust is established and maintained based on the expectation that the other party will act in their own self-interest and fulfill their obligations as agreed upon.
The predictability of the other party's behavior plays a crucial role in calculus-based trust. If the other party consistently demonstrates predictability in their actions and follows through on their commitments, trust is strengthened. Conversely, if the other party's behavior becomes unpredictable or inconsistent, trust may be eroded.
While identification-based, knowledge-based, and relational-based trust also play important roles in building trust, they are primarily influenced by factors other than predictability.
Identification-based trust is based on a sense of shared values and common identity, knowledge-based trust is built on expertise and competence, and relational-based trust is developed through ongoing relationships and interactions.
Learn more about Calculus-based trust here:
https://brainly.com/question/17081423
#SPJ11
The complete question is:
Which of the following foundations of trust is determined mainly by the other party's predictability?
calculus-basedidentification-basedknowledge-basedrelational-basedunlike a manufacturing company, a service company does not report
Unlike a manufacturing company, a service company does not report inventory or cost of goods sold. Instead, the focus is on reporting revenue and expenses related to the services provided.
In a service company, the reporting requirements differ from those of a manufacturing company. Unlike a manufacturing company, a service company does not report inventory or cost of goods sold. Instead, the focus is on reporting revenue and expenses related to the services provided.
Service companies primarily generate revenue through the delivery of intangible services, such as consulting, healthcare, or financial services. Therefore, their financial statements reflect this focus. The key components of a service company's financial statements include:
Service Revenue: This represents the income generated from providing services to customers. It is reported as the primary source of revenue for a service company.Expenses: Service companies report various expenses related to the delivery of services. These may include salaries and wages of employees, overhead costs, marketing expenses, and any other costs directly associated with providing services.Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): Service companies may also report on industry-specific KPIs to measure their performance. These could include customer satisfaction ratings, service response times, or other metrics relevant to the service industry.Overall, the reporting focus of a service company is on revenue and expenses related to the services provided, rather than inventory or cost of goods sold.
Learn more:About service company here:
https://brainly.com/question/14571185
#SPJ11
When a manager hears that inaccurate information that may be harmful to the company is being spre should a. ignore the rumors and hope they die out on their own. b. immediately take action to correct the inaccurate grapevine information to minimize damage. c. start rumors of his or her own. d. start a company newsletter.
When a manager hears inaccurate information that may be harmful to the company being spread, it is advisable to immediately take action to correct the inaccurate grapevine information to minimize damage (Option B).
Option B, which suggests taking immediate action to correct the inaccurate information, is the most appropriate response when a manager becomes aware of harmful rumors or inaccurate information circulating within the organization. Ignoring the rumors (Option A) can allow them to persist and potentially cause more harm. Starting rumors of their own (Option C) would be unethical and counterproductive to maintaining a transparent and trustworthy work environment. While starting a company newsletter (Option D) can be a useful communication tool, it may not be the most effective immediate response to address harmful rumors. Instead, directly addressing the misinformation, clarifying the facts, and providing accurate information to employees is crucial.
Taking prompt action to correct inaccurate information helps mitigate potential damage to the company's reputation, employee morale, and overall organizational effectiveness. By promptly addressing the misinformation, the manager can provide clarity, correct any misunderstandings, and ensure that accurate information is disseminated throughout the organization. This proactive approach demonstrates transparency, fosters trust, and helps maintain a positive work environment.
Learn more about organization here:
https://brainly.com/question/28097781
#SPJ11
an indorsement that contains some sort of instruction from the indorser is called a(n) ________ indorsement
An indorsement that contains some sort of instruction from the indorser is called a restrictive indorsement.
A restrictive indorsement is an indorsement on a negotiable instrument that includes specific instructions or limitations from the indorser regarding the further negotiation or transfer of the instrument. It restricts the rights of subsequent holders and specifies the purpose for which the instrument can be used. For example, an indorser may include instructions such as "For deposit only" or "Pay to John Doe only."
These instructions limit the negotiability of the instrument and provide guidance on how it should be handled. The purpose of a restrictive indorsement is often to ensure that the instrument is used for a specific purpose or to protect the rights and interests of the indorser. It helps prevent unauthorized transfers and provides additional security for the indorser's intended use of the instrument.
Learn more about indorsement here:
https://brainly.com/question/31752892
#SPJ11
"Critically discuss that statement that increasing debt will
replace some of the more expensive equity with the cheaper debt.
Since WACC is a weighted average between cost of equity and cost of
debt.
Increasing debt can potentially lower the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) by replacing expensive equity with cheaper debt. However, this depends on several factors such as financial risk, capital structure considerations, market perception, and the impact on the cost of equity. Balancing these factors is crucial to ensure the benefits of cheaper debt outweigh any drawbacks and result in a reduced overall cost of capital.
Increasing debt can potentially replace expensive equity with cheaper debt, leading to a lower weighted average cost of capital (WACC). However, this statement requires critical analysis. While debt generally carries a lower cost, it introduces financial risk and may impact the cost of equity. Optimal capital structure, market perception, and the potential impact on the cost of equity must be considered. A balanced approach is necessary to ensure the benefits of cheaper debt do not outweigh the drawbacks and result in an increased overall cost of capital.
Learn more about weighted average cost of capital (WACC) here:
https://brainly.com/question/30746642
#SPJ11
There are several advantages of building brand equity; one of them is playing a role in the marketing strategies for a strong brand.
A- Mention two advantages.
B- Support your answers with examples for each advantage.
C- Briefly explain how they are applied in local or international markets in one point.
A. Advantages of building brand equity: increased customer loyalty and ability to charge premium prices.
B. Examples: Apple's loyal customer base, luxury brands commanding premium prices.
C. Application: Local markets benefit from customer loyalty, while international markets rely on trust and recognition.
A. Two advantages of building brand equity are increased customer loyalty and the ability to charge premium prices.
B. 1. Increased Customer Loyalty: Building brand equity helps create a strong bond between customers and the brand, resulting in increased loyalty. Customers who have a positive perception of a brand are more likely to become repeat buyers and advocates for the brand. They develop trust in the brand's products or services and are less likely to switch to competitors. For example, Apple has built a strong brand equity over the years, and its loyal customer base eagerly anticipates and purchases new iPhone models, even at premium prices.
2. Ability to Charge Premium Prices: Strong brand equity allows companies to charge higher prices for their products or services compared to competitors. Customers are willing to pay a premium for brands they perceive as offering higher quality, reliability, or prestige. For instance, luxury fashion brands like Louis Vuitton or Rolex can command premium prices due to their strong brand equity and association with luxury and exclusivity.
C. In both local and international markets, the advantages of increased customer loyalty and the ability to charge premium prices can be applied.
In local markets, companies can leverage brand equity to establish a loyal customer base by consistently delivering quality products or services and building strong relationships with customers. For example, a local restaurant with a strong brand equity can attract repeat customers through positive experiences, word-of-mouth referrals, and personalized customer service.
In international markets, brand equity becomes even more crucial as companies need to establish trust and recognition in new markets. Building a strong brand reputation and creating positive associations with the brand can help overcome cultural barriers and gain acceptance among international customers. For instance, multinational companies like Coca-Cola or McDonald's have successfully built brand equity globally, allowing them to maintain customer loyalty and charge premium prices across different countries.
In summary, building brand equity offers advantages such as increased customer loyalty and the ability to charge premium prices. These advantages can be seen in the success of brands like Apple and luxury fashion brands. Both local and international markets benefit from brand equity by fostering customer loyalty and creating opportunities for premium pricing.
For more such information on: brand equity
https://brainly.com/question/14293418
#SPJ8
Bob borrowed $10,000 from the bank. He will make monthly payments for each of the next 36 months at an APR OF 8%. All else equal (APR, LOAN SIZE, Loan term) . the bank stsrts requiring quarterly payments instead of monthly. what will happen to the size if each payment and the effective annual rate (EAR) on the loan?
Switching from monthly to quarterly payments will increase the size of each payment, but the Effective Annual Rate (EAR) on the loan will remain the same.
If the bank switches from monthly to quarterly payments, the size of each payment will increase while the number of payments decreases. To determine the new payment size, we need to calculate the quarterly interest rate. The APR of 8% can be converted to a quarterly rate by dividing it by 4, resulting in a quarterly rate of 2%.
For the original monthly payment plan, Bob will make 36 payments. Each payment can be calculated using the formula for a fixed-payment loan:
Payment = Loan Amount / Present Value Factor
The present value factor can be calculated using the formula:
Present Value Factor = (1 - (1 + r)^-n) / r
Where r is the monthly interest rate and n is the number of payments.
Using these formulas, we can find the size of each monthly payment.
To determine the new payment size for the quarterly payment plan, we need to calculate the quarterly payment using the same formulas but with the quarterly interest rate and number of payments.
As for the Effective Annual Rate (EAR), it is a measure of the total annual cost of borrowing, including compounding effects. Since the loan terms remain the same (APR, loan size, and loan term), the EAR will not change regardless of the payment frequency.
In summary, the size of each payment will increase when switching to quarterly payments, but the Effective Annual Rate (EAR) will remain the same.
Learn more about EAR
https://brainly.com/question/31329457
#SPJ11
The type of strike that involves workers deciding not to honor the terms of a collective bargaining agreement and walking out in violation of their obligations to their employer under the agreement is called a(n):
a. wildcat strike.
b. right to work strike.
c. unfair labor practice strike.
d. economic strike
A wildcat strike occurs when workers go on strike without the approval or authorization of their union or in violation of their obligations under a collective bargaining agreement. So, the answer is A) wildcat strike.
A wildcat strike is a type of strike where workers decide to take industrial action without the approval or authorization of their union or in violation of their obligations under a collective bargaining agreement. This means that they walk out and stop working without following the proper procedures or protocols established by their union and the terms of their agreement with the employer.
Wildcat strikes are often spontaneous and unauthorized by the union leadership. They typically occur when workers feel that their grievances are not adequately addressed through official channels or when they believe that immediate action is necessary to protest against specific issues or injustices in the workplace.
Unlike other types of strikes, such as unfair labor practice strikes or economic strikes, wildcat strikes do not have formal legal protections and may be considered a breach of the collective bargaining agreement. The unauthorized nature of these strikes can create complications for both the workers and the union, as they may face potential legal consequences or strained relationships with the employer.
Wildcat strikes can pose challenges for both the workers and the employer. For the workers, they may face disciplinary actions, termination, or loss of union support if their strike is deemed unauthorized or in violation of the collective bargaining agreement. For the employer, managing the disruption caused by an unauthorized strike can be difficult, as it may require finding temporary replacements or negotiating with workers directly to resolve the conflict.
In summary, a wildcat strike is a type of strike where workers take unauthorized industrial action in violation of their obligations under a collective bargaining agreement. It is a spontaneous and unauthorized form of protest by workers to address workplace grievances outside of the established procedures and protocols of their union.
Learn more about bargaining agreement
https://brainly.com/question/29771082
#SPJ11
