The distance at which the lowest potential energy is reached and the distance at which positive charges are least repellent are used to calculate bond length.
What do you mean by bond length?The distance between the centers of two covalently bonded atoms is referred to as the bond length. The quantity of bound electrons determines how long the bond will be (the bond order).
The attraction between the two atoms is stronger and the bond length is shorter the higher the bond order. The covalent radii of the two atoms are typically added together to determine the length of the connection between them.
Picometers are used to measure bond length. Consequently, bond length grows in the following order: Triple bonds are made up of two bonds and one bond.
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If the total mass of reactants in a chemical reaction is 20g, what can we say about the total mass of products?.
If the total mass of reactants in a chemical reaction is 20 g, we can say that the total mass of the products formed in a reaction is 20g.
The law of conservation of mass states that mass cannot be created, nor to be destroyed. It can be converted from one form to the another form. In other words, we can say that the mass of the reactant is equal to the mass of the product. For example, the reaction between 12 g of H₂ and 8 g of O₂ forms 20 g of H₂O. Its balanced reaction is given as
2H₂(8g)+O₂(12g)→2H₂O(20g)
In the above reaction, 8g of hydrogen when reacts with 12 g of oxygen forms 20 g of water as a product. No loss in the mass is observed in the reaction when it is completed.
Therefore, if the total mass of reactants in a chemical reaction is 20 g, we can say that the total mass of the products formed in a reaction is 20g.
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Draw the product for the following reaction between an alkyne and one equivalent of hcl.
To solve such this we must know the concept of addition reaction. The reaction between alkyne and HCl gives addition product. The reaction can be written as
CH[tex]\equiv[/tex]CH +HCl[tex]\rightarrow[/tex]CH[tex]_2[/tex]=CHCl
What is chemical reaction?Chemical reaction is a process in which two or more than two molecules collide in right orientation and energy to form a new chemical compound. The mass of the overall reaction should be conserved. There are so many types of chemical reaction reaction like combination reaction, double displacement reaction.
Alkyne is electron rich species. The reaction between alkyne and HCl gives addition product. The reaction can be written as
CH[tex]\equiv[/tex]CH +HCl[tex]\rightarrow[/tex]CH[tex]_2[/tex]=CHCl
Therefore, the reaction can be written as
CH[tex]\equiv[/tex]CH +HCl[tex]\rightarrow[/tex]CH[tex]_2[/tex]=CHCl
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Chemical reactions and nuclear reactions cause matter to change in different ways. Which two statements describe how matter changes only in a nuclear reaction?.
Chemical reactions are those that take place between different elements to create bonds through the transfer, sharing, loss, or gain of electrons. While inside the atom's nucleus, nuclear processes take place.
It does not depend on the number of electrons because protons and neutrons are involved. The smallest division into which a chemical reaction can be divided, the elementary reaction has no intermediate products. The majority of reactions that are detected in experiments are built up from several simpler reactions that take place simultaneously or sequentially. chemical reactions mechanism is the term used to describe the real order of the several elementary reactions.
A membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells is the cell nucleus (plural nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nucleus, meaning kernel or seed). Typically, one nucleus can be found in eukaryotic cells.
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Convert the cientific notation to decimal number. Type the correct anwer to the box. 4 x10-power over 5 cm =cm
The Scientific notation to decimal number , 4 × 10⁻⁵ cm = 0.00004 cm
given data as follows :
scientific notation number = 4 × 10⁻⁵ cm
to convert it in decimal for as :
4 × 10⁻⁵ cm = 4 × 1 / 10⁵ cm
4 × 10⁻⁵ cm = 4 × 1 / 100000 cm
4 × 10⁻⁵ cm = 4 × 0.00001 cm
4 × 10⁻⁵ cm = 0.00004 cm
so, the conversion of scientific notation to decimal form is given as : 4 × 10⁻⁵ cm = 0.00004 cm. scientific notation is the way of expressing long form to short form and decimal is long form.
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400. ml of no at stp is reacted with 500. ml of o2 at stp. calculate the volume of the reaction mixture at stp after the reaction goes to completion.
The volume of the reaction mixture at stp after the reaction goes to completion is 700 ml.
What is limiting reagent?
Reagents that are fully consumed during the course of a chemical reaction are known as limiting reagents. They might also be referred to as limiting reactants or agents. The stoichiometry of chemical processes states that a specific number of reactants must be present for the reaction to be completed.
2NO(g) + O2(g) gives 2NO2 (g)
presently, 400 ml of NO = 2 mol of NO2 + 2 mol of NO equals 400 ml of NO2
500 ml of O2 + 2 mol of NO2 + 1 mol of O2
= 1,000 ml NO2
Here, the limiting reagent is NO
as of right now, 400 ml of NO2 = 1 mol of O2 + 2 mol of NO
= 200 ml
500 ml total is divided by that by 200 ml, for a total of 300 ml.
The reaction mixture's total volume is 1000 ml, which is reduced by 300 ml to give 700 ml.
Hence, the volume of the reaction mixture at stp after the reaction goes to completion is 700 ml.
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How do you find the molar mass of ammonia?.
The molar mass of ammonia can be find by adding the atomic mass of hydrogen and nitrogen. Molar mass is twice of the atomicity of the compound.
The molar mass is defined as an average of many instances of the compound, which often vary in terms of mass due to the presence of isotopes
We know that ammonia is compound which is made up of nitrogen and hydrogen.
It contains single atom of nitrogen and 3 atoms of hydrogen.
Molecular formula of ammonia is NH₃
So, molar mass of nitrogen =atomic mass of nitrogen +atomic mass of hydrogen
We know that atomic mass of nitrogen is 14 a.m.u where atomic mass of hydrogen is 1 a.m.u
So, molar mass of nitrogen is =14+3×1=17 a.m.u
Therefore, molar mass of nitrogen is 17 a.m.u
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nitrogen has an electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p3. which electron configuration has a higher electronegativity than nitrogen?
Answer:
O: 1s2 2s2 2p4
Explanation:
when the pressure of a gas phase reaction at equilibrium decreases, in which direction does the equilibrium shift?
As pressure rises, the equilibrium will move to the side of the reaction where there are less moles of gas. When the pressure drops, the equilibrium will move to the side of the process where there are more gas molecules.
Which way does the equilibrium move when the reaction pressure at the equilibrium decreases?According to Le Chatelier's principle, a pressure change will cause an equilibrium to shift to the reaction's side that has the fewest moles of gas, while a pressure change will cause it to shift to the reaction's side that has the most moles of gas.
Pressure reduction shifts the equilibrium to the side with the majority of molecules. This lessens the effects of the change because as the number of molecules increases, so does the pressure.
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we use differences in electronegativity to account for certain properties of bonds. what if all atoms had the same electronega- tivity values? how would bonding between atoms be affected? what are some differences we would notice?
If all atoms had the same electronegativity values. Th electrons are equally shared between the two atom. they combine and form covalent bond.
If the electronegativity of atom are different the electrons are unequally shared. the more electronegative atom attract the electron pair through ionic bond . they form ionic compound . if the electronegativity of atoms are same than the electron equally share between the atom through the covalent bond . the compound are called as covalent compound.
Thus, If all atoms had the same electronegativity values. Th electrons are equally shared between the two atom. they combine and form covalent bond.
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Explain why cheese curds form when lemon juice is added to milk. Consider the mechanism that keeps colloid particles suspended and how that mechanism could be interrupted.
The cheese curds are formed due to the coagulation of the protein by acidic lemon juice.
Why does the cheese curds form?We need to review the fundamental nature of the milk and the lemon juice. In this case, it must occur to us again that milk is made up of a protein and since it is a protein, we know that there is an optimum pH where a protein is able to function quite well. Outside that pH, the protein may not be able to function well.
Again the lemon juice is largely composed of acid since it is of the citrus family hence it contains the citric acid and this would cause the pH of the system to ow tilt towards the acid range.
Having laid these foundations, we can now see that when we do add the lemon juice to the milk the pH of the system is now outside the optimal and the protein in the milk would coagulate thus the cheese curds are formed.
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calculate the number of grams of aluminum required to prepare 297.0 g of chromium metal by the first reaction.
To prepare 297.0g of chromium we need 154.21g of aluminum.
The preparation of chromium using aluminum powder is an exothermic process. It is the reaction where heat is released during the formation of product.
Therefore, the chemical reaction for the formation of chromium is:
Cr2O3(s) + 2Al(s) -> 2CrO(s) + Al2O3(s)
Here, we can see that 2 moles of aluminum produces 2 moles of chromium.
Hence,
Molar mass of aluminum = 27g
as 2 moles of aluminum is required then 2 x 27 = 54g.
Molar mass of chromium = 54g
As, 2 moles of chromium is obtained then 2 x 54 = 104g.
Therefore, by cross multiplying we get the amount of aluminum required,
mass of aluminum produced = 54 x 297.9/ 104
= 16038/104 = 154,21g.
Therefore, the required amount of aluminum is 154.21g
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Consider the first order reaction a → products where 25% of a disappears in 24 seconds. What is the half life of this reaction?.
The first order reaction A→products, where 25% of A disappears in 24 seconds. The half-life of a reaction is 58 second.
In the given problem, first find out the rate constant for first order reaction. It is calculated as
k=(2.303/t)×log(a/a-x)
Assume that we started with 100% of A. Therefore, a=100
a-x=100-25=75
t=24 seconds
Plug all values in the formula
k=(2.303 second⁻¹/24)×log(100/75)
k=0.09596 second⁻¹×log(1.33)
k=0.09596 second⁻¹×0.12385
k=0.011885 second⁻¹
The half-life for first-order reaction is calculated as
t(1/2)=0.693/k
Plug value of k in the above formula
t(1/2)=0.693 second/0.011885
t(1/2)=58.3088 second
t(1/2)=58 second
Therefore, the half-life of the given reaction in which 25% of A disappears in 24 second is 58 second.
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how does the diagram illustrate the relationship between respiration and photosynthesis
During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and exhale oxygen. Then, during breathing, animals take this oxygen in and exhale carbon dioxide.
What is the carbon cycle explain?The carbon cycle is the best way that civilization has found to recycle carbon atoms, which continually flow from the atmosphere into living organisms on Earth and back again. While the ocean, the air, and living things all contain some carbon, rocks and sediments are where the majority of it is preserved.
Why is the carbon cycle important?The carbon cycle is essential to life on Earth. Because nature tends to keep carbon levels in balance, the carbon content that is naturally produced by reservoirs is similar to the amount that is typically absorbed by reservoirs. By maintaining this carbon balance, the planet can sustain life indefinitely.
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A chemit crytallize 17. 5g of a olid and iolate 10. 2g a the firt crop and 3. 2g a the econd crop. (a) What i the percent recovery in the firt crop? (b) What i the total percent recovery?
i. Percentage Recovery in the first crop is: -
We know that,
Percent recovery = (amount of substance isolated at the first crop ÷ amount of substance originally taken) × 100
Thus,
Percent Recovery in the first crop = (10.2/17.5) * 100 = 58.28%
ii. Total Percentage Recovery is given by: -
Percent recovery = (amount of substance isolated at the first and second crop ÷ amount of substance originally taken) × 100
Thus,
Total Percent Recovery = {(10.2+3.2)/17.5} * 100 = 76.57%
What is Percent Recovery?
The percentage of an original substance that remains after a chemical reaction is finished is calculated using the term "percent recovery." These primarily consist of purifying processes. It also determines how effective they are.
Percent recovery calculation is usually applicable to those reactions in which the identification of the substance to be purified remains the same before and after the reaction.
In organic chemistry, certain elements are purified by conducting the process of recrystallization. A specific element or chemical that needs to be purified is combined with a heated solvent in this method. Later, after cooling the solution, the element or compound precipitates.
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Exercise 10.7 An American newscast states that the barometer reads 29.6 in. Hg. Express the atmospheric pressure in each of the following units. kPa Express your answer with the appropriate units. TINA RO ? P= Value Units Submit Request Answer Part B torr Express your answer with the appropriate units. Value Units
Hg = 101 kPa. A "dropping" barometer, according to meteorologists, signals an impending storm. Considering a 27.5 inch barometric pressure
Two things concerning a barometer:Barometer, a tool for calculating atmospheric pressure. Due to the fact that air pressure changes with elevation above or below sea level, a barometer can also be used to measure height.
Who and when made the barometer?Even though Torricelli is credited with creating the first device to measure atmospheric pressure (the barometer), his discovery was somewhat accidental. In order to create a vacuum, his main goal was to fill a 4-foot-long, narrow glass tube with mercury and invert it into a dish in 1643.
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which extinguishment method involves foam creating a barrier between the fuel gases and any possible ignition sources?
The extinguishment method is Smothering
What is smothering?The technique of smothering involves denying the fire the oxygen it needs to continue burning. Applying fire extinguishing products that block the chemical chain reaction at the molecular level is called interference. Restricting oxygen by keeping air from reaching the fire's center so that the combustion process can lower the amount of oxygen in the enclosed space until the fire extinguishes itself. The foam smothers the flames by covering the fuel surface. The foam covering keeps the fuel surface and the flames/ignition source apart. Foam cools the fuel as well as any nearby metal surfaces. The foam blanket prevents combustible vapors from escaping and mixing with the air. Foam (Class A and B) extinguishes fires in solids and liquids, but not in gases.
The extinguishment method involves foam creating a barrier between the fuel gases and any possible ignition sources is smothering.
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which option is an insoluble substance? responses the substance takes a long time to dissolve in the solvent. the substance takes a long time to dissolve in the solvent. all of the substance will dissolve in the solvent. all of the substance will dissolve in the sol, vent. about 100 g of the substance will dissolve in 100 ml of solvent. about 100 g of the substance will dissolve in 100 ml of solvent. little or none of the substance will dissolve in the solvent.
The option for insoluble substances is : little or none of the substance will dissolve in the solvent.
The insoluble substance is a substance which do not dissolve in the solvent. The insoluble substance will settle down and float in water. the substance which dissolve in the water is called as soluble substance. some examples are : sand in water , oil in water , chalk powder in water , soil in water, plastic in water. these are insoluble in water even after if we will try to mix it.
Thus, The option for insoluble substances is : little or none of the substance will dissolve in the solvent.
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Which variable will you
measure? How will you do this?
Measuring Variables
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a food has a ph that is higher than the ph of pure water but lower than the ph of an oven cleaning solution. based on this information, the food is a
A food has a pH that is higher than the pH of pure water but lower than the pH of an oven cleaning solution. Based on this information, the food is an egg white.
A degree of how acidic or simple a substance or solution. pH is measured on a scale of 0 to 14. on this scale, a pH cost of 7 is impartial, which means that it's miles neither acidic nor primary. A pH fee of much less than 7 method it is greater acidic, and a pH price of extra than 7 way it's far extra fundamental.
Excessive pH in a waterbody is considered to have a high pH if pH exceeds nine for extended intervals or with high frequency. Excessive pH is less not unusual than low pH as a candidate cause, due to the fact anthropogenic sources are acidic greater frequently than primary.
There are techniques for measuring pH: colorimetric techniques the use of indicator solutions or papers, and the extra accurate electrochemical methods the usage of electrodes and a millivoltmeter.
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Calculate the mass of:
a. 0.05 mole of aluminium nitrate
b . 3 moles of carbon tetrachloride
Aluminum nitrate weighs 106.49811 grams per mole, while carbon tetrachloride weighs 456 grams .1 mole is equal to 1 moles,212.9962388÷ 0.05 = 106.4981g,3 moles carbon tetrachlorid=461.4681g
Why is aluminum employed in explosives?Aluminum is frequently used because it is easy to produce, compatible with explosives, and creates a very high enthalpy of oxidation. Aluminum is the ideal material for increased explosion applications because of these reactions, which result in a "thermobaric" effect when aluminum reacts with air late in the process.3 moles Carbon Tetrachloride to grams = 461.4681 grams
Why does aluminum make people sick?Al's toxicity causes oxidative stress, immunologic modifications, genotoxicity, pro-inflammatory effects, peptide denaturation and transformation, enzymatic dysfunction, metabolic dysregulation, amyloidogenesis, transmembrane disruption, metal dyshomeostasis, apoptosis, necro, dysplasia.
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1. A neutral atom has a mass number of 128 and an atomic number of 52. Use this information to fill in the table below.
Question Answer
How many protons are in this atom? How do you know?
How many electrons does the atom have? How do you know?
Calculate the number of neutrons – show your work.
If this atom becomes an ion with a +4 charge, how many electrons would the ion have?
This atom has an isotope with one extra neutron – what is its mass number?
1) p=52
2)p=e=52
52-4=48
128
the free energy for the oxidation of glucose to co2 and water is -686 kcal/mol and the free energy for the reduction of nad to nadh is 53 kcal/mol. why are only two molecules of nadh formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? the free energy for the oxidation of glucose to co2 and water is -686 kcal/mol and the free energy for the reduction of nad to nadh is 53 kcal/mol. why are only two molecules of nadh formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? there is no co2 or water produced as products of glycolysis. most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of atp in glycolysis. glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat. most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis.
There are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis Since most of the free energy generated during glucose oxidation remains in pyruvate, only two NADH molecules are formed.
The overall reaction process of glycolysis is:
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi ⇒ 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP
From the above glycolytic process, oxidation of glucose produces 2 NADH and 2 molecules of ATP. increase. Since most of the energy stays in 2 molecules of pyruvate, only 2 molecules of NADH are formed during the entire process of glycolysis. The free energy generated during oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate.
Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis. Glycolysis refers to the breakdown of the glucose molecules during the complex process of cellular respiration. The process takes place in ten enzymes catalyzed reactions that form the 2 molecules of pyruvate.
The glycolysis process releases a lot of energy which is measured as -686 kcal/mol. The energy is not released into the reaction directly but is conserved in pyruvate form and less is released into driving the reduction of NAD to NADH.
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what property is different between the atomic orbitals in a 3p subshell? group of answer choices shape size orientation in space
The size, energy, and number of nodes of the 2p and 3p orbitals are different from one another. In an atomic orbital, a nodal surface is one where there is no chance of encountering an electron.
The 3d orbital in a multi-electron atom has a higher energy than the 3p orbital. 8 A 3p orbital has a radial node, while a 3d orbital has two. A 3p orbital can hold six electrons, but a 3d orbital can hold ten. Greater than 3p orbitals are 3d orbitals. The highest level of probability for an electron to occur is in an atomic orbital. The route that electrons travel while navigating the restrictions of the shell is referred to as a subshell.
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heat in the amount of 100 kj is transferred directly from a hot reservoir at 1200 k (th) to a cold reservoir at 600 k. calculate the entropy change of the two reservoirs.
The net entropy change in two reservoirs is 1/12 kj/K
The second law of thermodynamics states that an increase or decrease in the system's entropy depends on whether heat is accepted into or rejected out of it.
Here, Temperature of source, T- 1200K;
Temperature of sink, T000K; heat rejected by source-heat accepted by the sink=Q=100kJ;
Decrease in entropy of the source,
ΔS source = Q / T source = 100/ 1200 = 1/12 kj/K.
Increase in entropy of the sink,
Δ S sink = Q/ T sink = 100/ 600 = 1/6 kj/K.
As it can be seen that Δ S sink > Δ S source, hence the increasing entropy is dominating
So net increase in entropy of the system is given by Δ S system = Δ S sink - Δ S source = 1/12 kj/K.
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5. A company is designing a whistle for lifeguards to use. They need to make the frequency between 1,000 and 5,000 Hz. Using the equation f-1/T, determine the
frequency where T-0.00075 seconds.
A. 37.50 Hz
B. 3,750.00 Hz
C. 13,333.33 Hz
D. 1,333.33 Hz
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Please help AGAIN!
The data below shows the growth of a population of bacteria that has been injected into a rich culture medium. This type of population growth is sometimes used to model the spread of infectious diseases during an epidemic outbreak. Give one reason why this type of growth IS a good model for an epidemic. Give one reason why this type of growth IS NOT a good model for an epidemic.
The graph shows the continuous growth of bacteria at constant rate.
What is bacteria?Bacteria is defined as a creatures without a proper nucleus and only a few organelles that are prokaryotic unicellular organisms. The bacteria in our systems aid in the breakdown of the food we consume, assist in making nutrients available to us, and remove poisons.
The type of growth is a good model of epidemic because the growth of bacteria is continuous which increase the growth of epidemic as well. The type of growth is a bad model because growth of causes harmful effect to the body.
Thus, the graph shows the continuous growth of bacteria at constant rate.
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How many grams of aluminum oxide are produced in the reaction?
64.6 g of Al2O3 are created from 30.4 g of O2. The highest quantity of aluminium oxide that may be generated in this reaction is 57.4 g, with aluminium acting as the limiting reagent.
What happens when oxygen and al react?Aluminum oxide is created when aluminium and oxygen react.
Sodium aluminate and water are created when aluminium oxide interacts with sodium hydroxide. The temperature where this reaction occurs is between 900 and 1100 °C. In this reaction, aluminium oxide functions as an acid to produce salt and water.
One mole of oxygen gas is equivalent to one gramme of molecules. As a result, one mole of O2 gas is equal to one gramme of oxygen molecules.
This is a synthesis reaction because Al and O2 are the two reactants here, and they combine to produce Al2O3.
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Answer:
119.6 g
Explanation:
I got it wrong so future generations may not.
How does the volume of a real gas compare to the volume of an ideal gas at high pressure?.
According to the Kinetic theory of gases, the volume of ideal gases is negligible compared to the volume of the container. Whereas, the volume of real gases cannot be neglected.
What is kinetic theory of gases?According to the Kinetic theory of gases, matter is made of tiny particles. These particles are not exerting any intermolecular force of attraction or repulsion.
The gaseous particles exerts a pressure by collision to other particle and with the wall of the container. At high pressure, as per Boyle's law for ideal gases, the volume of the gases decreases.
However, Boyle's law cannot be applicable to real gases at all temperature. As the temperature increases, the volume also increases. Moreover, when the volume of particles is reduced, they haven't enough space to move.
Therefore, at lower volume, particles definitely experience an intermolecular force of attraction or repulsion. But this is not considered in the ideal gas theory.
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how many of the identified elements are present in each compound:
option choices are 1,2,3,4,10,12,16 they can be used multiple times
The numbers of the compounds (1 - 9 as shown) and the number of atoms of each element are shown below;
1) One Al atom
2) Three oxygen atoms
3) three hydrogen atoms
4) 1 magnesium atom
5) 2 carbon atoms
6) 2 nitrogen atoms
7) 3 nitrogen atoms
8) 12 hydrogen atoms
9) one phosphorus atom
What is a compound?A compound is composed of elements. The elements that make up the compound must be bonded by means of a chemical bond. The bond could be an ionic bond, a covalent bond or a metallic bond. The ionic bond is more found among metals and non metals. The covalent bond is found among two nonmetals while the metallic bond is found between two metals.
Now we know that there is a given number of the atoms of each element that we can find in a compound and this varies from one element to another. We can know the number of atoms that can be found in each of the elements if we can be able to look at the chemical formula of the compounds.
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the basic food colors you can buy are red, blue, green, and yellow. think about what you know about colors and predict which of these might be a single colored compound and which ones might contain more than one. write down your prediction. if you have the colors listed and want a purple color, what would you do?
The secondary color green may be composed of more than one color while red, blue and yellow are single colors. If you take red and blue and mix those together, the color purple will be formed.
Though, the shade of purple will depend on the ratio and type of red and blue shade. Since purple is a secondary color. The 2 colors that make purple are primary in nature.
Primary colors (or primary colours) are sets of colors that can be combined to make a useful range of colors. The primary colors are those which cannot be created by mixing other colors in a given color space.
A secondary color is a color made by mixing of two primary colors in a given color space.
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