The most commonly used antimicrobial prophylaxis given before surgery to prevent wound infections is a first-generation cephalosporin, such as cefazolin.
This is typically administered intravenously within 60 minutes of the start of the surgical procedure. In certain cases, such as for patients with a history of MRSA colonization or allergy to cephalosporins, alternative antibiotics may be used.
It is important to note that antimicrobial prophylaxis should only be used when indicated, as overuse can contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance and other adverse effects. The duration of prophylaxis depends on the type of surgery and other patient-specific factors.
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What happens if you give atropine 0.5 mg IV?
Atropine is a medication that is commonly used to treat various medical conditions, including heart rhythm problems and nerve agent poisoning. When administered intravenously in a dose of 0.5 mg, atropine works by blocking the action of a chemical called acetylcholine in the body.
The effects of atropine can vary depending on the individual, but some common side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, increased heart rate, and decreased gastrointestinal motility. Additionally, atropine can cause dilation of the pupils, making it easier for doctors to examine the eyes. In some cases, higher doses of atropine can be used to treat more severe medical conditions, such as bradycardia (slow heart rate) or organophosphate poisoning. However, these doses should only be administered by trained medical professionals under careful monitoring, as they can cause more serious side effects such as confusion, agitation, and hallucinations.
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during an annual physical examination the client reports feeling a lack of muscle energy when walking and doing simple chores around the house. when reviewing the client's diet, deficiencies in which vitamin would be associated with the symptoms reported? select all that apply.
The symptoms reported by the client, such as lack of muscle energy, may be associated with deficiencies in vitamins such as vitamin B12, vitamin D, and vitamin E. Vitamin B12 is essential for maintaining healthy nerves and muscle cells, while vitamin D plays a crucial role in maintaining muscle strength and function.
Vitamin E is an antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage and may also help improve muscle strength. Therefore, it is important to review the client's diet and assess for deficiencies in these vitamins to determine the underlying cause of the reported symptoms.
Based on the client's reported symptoms of lack of muscle energy during walking and simple chores, deficiencies in the following vitamins could be associated:
1. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): This vitamin helps convert carbohydrates into energy, and a deficiency can lead to muscle weakness and fatigue.
2. Vitamin B12: Essential for red blood cell production, neurological function, and energy metabolism. A deficiency can result in muscle weakness and low energy levels.
3. Vitamin D: It supports muscle function and bone health. A deficiency can cause muscle weakness and fatigue.
To summarize, deficiencies in vitamins B1, B12, and D could be associated with the client's reported lack of muscle energy. A healthcare professional may recommend dietary changes or supplementation to address these deficiencies.
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Family members of those with familial polyposis syndrome should be evaluated. T/F?
True. Family members of those with Familial Polyposis Syndrome should be evaluated. Familial Polyposis Syndrome, also known as Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP), is a hereditary condition characterized by the development of numerous polyps in the colon and rectum, which can lead to colorectal cancer if left untreated. FAP is caused by a mutation in the APC gene, which is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
Since FAP has a genetic basis, it is crucial for family members, particularly first-degree relatives (parents, siblings, and children), to undergo screening and evaluation for the condition. This may include genetic testing to identify the presence of the APC gene mutation, as well as regular colonoscopies to detect polyps and prevent their progression to cancer. Early detection and intervention can significantly reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer and improve the quality of life for affected individuals.
In conclusion, the evaluation of family members of those with Familial Polyposis Syndrome is essential to identify at-risk individuals, implement appropriate screening measures, and provide timely treatment, ultimately reducing the risk of colorectal cancer associated with this condition.
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cinchocaine is a long-acting local anesthetic used in spinal anesthesia. identify the most basic nitrogen atom in cinchocaine and explain your choice.
The most basic nitrogen atom in cinchocaine is the tertiary nitrogen (N) atom located in the middle of the molecule's structure.
This is because it has the highest degree of electron deficiency and is most likely to accept a proton (H+) to form a positively charged ammonium ion (+NH3). The other two nitrogen atoms in the molecule are quaternary, meaning they are already positively charged and cannot accept another proton.
The basic nitrogen atom in cinchocaine is essential for its anesthetic properties, as it can bind to and block sodium channels in nerve membranes, preventing nerve impulses from being transmitted and leading to numbness and pain relief.
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What are some fine costs for those security risks or breaches that may occur for having electronic format?
The fines for a security risks or breaches which may occur for having electronic format can vary depending on the type of breach and the jurisdiction.
In the United States, for example, fines can range from $100 to $50,000 or more for each violation of the data privacy laws, such as HIPAA or the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
The fines can also vary based on the size and the type of organization, as well as the type and amount of data that was exposed. In addition to fines, organizations may also face legal action, loss of customer trust, and damage to their reputation.
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with a vitamin a deficiency, certain epithelial cells stop producing mucus, which results in cells that .
With a vitamin a deficiency, certain epithelial cells stop producing mucus, which results in cells that are unable to effectively protect and lubricate the body's surfaces.
This can lead to dryness and irritation of the eyes, mouth, throat, and other mucous membranes. Additionally, vitamin A deficiency can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections. In severe cases, it can lead to blindness and other serious health problems.
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In middle age adult - superficial unilateral hip pain that is exacerbated by external pressure to the upper lateral thigh (as when lying on the affected side in bed) suggests what?
In middle-aged adults, superficial unilateral hip pain that is exacerbated by external pressure to the upper lateral thigh, such as when lying on the affected side in bed, may suggest the presence of trochanteric bursitis.
Trochanteric bursitis is a common cause of hip pain that results from inflammation of the bursa, a small fluid-filled sac that cushions the hip joint. It can be caused by repetitive overuse, trauma, or degenerative changes.
Treatment options for trochanteric bursitis may include rest, ice, physical therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and corticosteroid injections. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary if conservative management fails to alleviate symptoms.
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ecg results from a patient in the emergency room are in and you notice they are currently experiencing atrial fibrillation (afib), irregular atrial depolarizations. where would you expect to see changes on the ecg?
In a patient experiencing atrial fibrillation, you would expect to see an irregularly irregular heart rhythm on the ECG, with absent P waves and an irregular ventricular response.
Absence of P waves: Normally, P waves reflect atrial depolarization on an ECG. In AFib, the chaotic atrial depolarizations result in the absence of distinct and consistent P waves.
Irregular R-R interval: The R-R interval reflects the time between ventricular depolarizations. In AFib, the ventricular rate is irregular due to the erratic atrial depolarizations.
Narrow QRS complex: The QRS complex reflects ventricular depolarization, which is typically unaffected in AFib.
Possible fibrillatory waves: Instead of consistent P waves, fibrillatory or "f" waves may be visible on the ECG tracing, representing the chaotic atrial activity seen in AFib.
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the client being seen in the employee wellness clinic reports difficulty sleeping for the past several months. the most important assessment the nurse could make is:
The most important assessment that the nurse could make in this situation is to conduct a thorough sleep assessment.
Difficulty sleeping can have a significant impact on a person's overall health and well-being, and it is important to identify the underlying cause(s) of the problem. The nurse can start by asking the client about their sleep patterns, including how long it takes them to fall asleep, how often they wake up during the night, and how they feel when they wake up in the morning. The nurse can also ask about any factors that may be contributing to the problem, such as stress, anxiety, or medication use. Other important assessments to make include the client's overall health status, any history of sleep disorders, and any underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to the problem. By conducting a comprehensive sleep assessment, the nurse can develop a plan of care that addresses the underlying cause(s) of the client's difficulty sleeping and helps them to achieve better overall health and well-being.
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A man was being treated for drug addiction. He was exposed repeatedly to drug paraphernalia, the people, money--all of things that he had learned to associate with the drug use and resulting drug high--without actually using the drug. This process, called desensitization, makes use of ___________ to treat addiction.
The process of desensitization makes use of classical conditioning to treat addiction.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a response is elicited by a stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that naturally produces the response. In the case of addiction, drug use becomes associated with certain cues, such as drug people, or environments, that trigger the craving for the drug.
Through desensitization, the individual is repeatedly exposed to these cues without actually using the drug, which weakens the association between the cues and drug use. Over time, the cravings for the desensitization diminish, and the individual becomes less likely to relapse.
Desensitization is an effective treatment for addiction because it targets the underlying psychological mechanisms that drive drug use. By breaking the association between cues and drug use, individuals can overcome their cravings and successfully achieve long-term sobriety.
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Patients taking MAO-I like ____ should avoid foods high in _______ as combination can cause __________
Patients taking MAO-Is (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) like phenelzine, tranylcypromine, and isocarboxazid should avoid foods high in tyramine, as the combination can cause a hypertensive crisis.
Tyramine is found in many foods, including aged cheeses, cured meats, fermented foods, and certain fruits and vegetables. When consumed in excess, tyramine can cause a sudden release of norepinephrine, leading to dangerous increases in blood pressure.
Patients taking MAO-Is should follow a strict tyramine-restricted diet to avoid this complication. It is important for patients to discuss their diet and medications with their healthcare provider to prevent any potential interactions.
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Clinical Clues to Renovascular Disease
Clinical clues to renovascular disease include hypertension that is resistant to treatment, onset of hypertension at a young age, and unexplained renal insufficiency.
Some of the clinical clues that may suggest the presence of renovascular disease include:
Hypertension: Renovascular disease is a common cause of secondary hypertension, especially in patients with resistant hypertension.
Abnormal kidney function: Renovascular disease can cause kidney damage, leading to elevated creatinine levels and decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Bruits: The presence of a bruit (a whooshing sound) over the abdomen or flank may suggest renal artery stenosis.
Unequal blood pressure: Unequal blood pressure between the arms can indicate renal artery stenosis.
Recurrent flash pulmonary edema: Renal artery stenosis can cause recurrent episodes of flash pulmonary edema, a condition in which the lungs fill with fluid suddenly.
Age: Renovascular disease is more common in older patients.
Risk factors: A history of smoking, diabetes, or high cholesterol can increase the risk of renovascular disease.
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Clinical Clues for Common Etiologies of Cirrhosis
Common etiologies of cirrhosis include alcohol abuse, chronic hepatitis B and C, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and autoimmune liver diseases.
Cirrhosis is a late-stage liver disease characterized by scarring and impaired liver function.
The most common etiologies are alcohol abuse, chronic viral hepatitis (particularly hepatitis B and C), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and autoimmune liver diseases, such as primary biliary cholangitis and autoimmune hepatitis.
Clinical clues for these etiologies include a history of alcohol consumption, presence of viral hepatitis markers, obesity and insulin resistance, or elevated immunoglobulins and autoantibodies.
Other less common causes include metabolic and genetic disorders, such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease, and chronic biliary obstruction.
Early diagnosis and treatment can slow or prevent cirrhosis progression.
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The probable question may be:
What are the common etiologies of cirrhosis?
The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac contraction is known as...
The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac contraction is known as stroke volume (SV).
It is determined by the preload (the degree of stretch of the myocardium), contractility (the force generated by the myocardium), and afterload (the resistance to ventricular ejection).
SV can be calculated using the formula: SV = end-diastolic volume (EDV) - end-systolic volume (ESV). EDV is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, while ESV is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of systole. SV multiplied by the heart rate gives the cardiac output, which is the total amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute.
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the drugs recommended by the american academy of pediatrics for use in children with diabetes (depending upon type of diabetes) are
The drugs recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics for use in children with diabetes depend on the type of diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes: Insulin is the primary treatment for type 1 diabetes in children. There are various types of insulin, including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting. Insulin can be injected with a syringe or an insulin pen, or delivered through an insulin pump.
Type 2 diabetes: Metformin is the first-line medication for treating type 2 diabetes in children. Other medications, such as sulfonylureas and insulin, may be used in combination with metformin if needed.
Other types of diabetes: Treatment for other types of diabetes, such as maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, may vary based on the individual case and require specialized care.
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___is defined as a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship.
Attachment is defined as a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship.
The term that is defined as a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship is known as attachment. The attachment relationship forms a fundamental aspect of human development and has been extensively studied in the field of psychology. Attachment theory posits that infants are biologically predisposed to form attachments with their primary caregiver, and that the quality of this attachment has a profound impact on their emotional and social development. The caregiver's sensitivity, responsiveness, and consistency in meeting the infant's needs are critical factors in establishing a secure attachment, which is associated with a range of positive outcomes in later life.
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according to current florida laws, aprns can: a. prescribe schedule iii or iv but not schedule i or ii controlled substances b. prescribe psychotropic controlled substances to minors if they are a certified psychiatric nurse c. prescribe a 10-day supply for a schedule ii drug if treating acute pain d. prescribe controlled substances without registering with the dea
According to current Florida laws, APRNs can (a) prescribe schedule III or IV but not schedule I or II controlled substances.
More specifically, according to current Florida laws, APRNs (Advanced Practice Registered Nurses) can prescribe schedule III, IV, and V controlled substances, but they cannot prescribe schedule I and II controlled substances.
They can prescribe psychotropic controlled substances to minors if they are certified as a psychiatric nurse, and they can prescribe a 3-day supply of a schedule II controlled substance for acute pain.
They are required to register with the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) to prescribe controlled substances.
Therefore, option (a) is correct.
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ephedra is the source for the drug called _____ which is used for treatment of respiratory disorders
Ephedra is the source for the drug called ephedrine, which is used for the treatment of respiratory disorders.
Ephedra is the source for the drug called ephedrine, which is commonly used for the treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma, bronchitis, and nasal congestion. Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug, meaning that it stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for regulating the body's response to stress. Ephedrine works by relaxing the smooth muscles in the airways, thereby increasing airflow and improving breathing. It is also a potent vasoconstrictor, which means that it can narrow blood vessels, reducing swelling and inflammation in the nasal passages. However, due to its potential side effects, such as high blood pressure and heart palpitations, ephedrine use is closely monitored and regulated by healthcare professionals.
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Define Torus fracture (aka buckle fracture); How do you treat it?
Torus fracture, also known as a buckle fracture, is an incomplete fracture of a long bone where the bone is compressed or buckled but not completely broken.
The treatment for torus fracture typically involves immobilizing the affected area with a splint or cast for a few weeks to allow the bone to heal properly. Pain relief medications may also be recommended. Most torus fractures heal within 3-4 weeks, but it may take longer for more severe cases.
Torus fracture is a common injury in children, particularly those who are active in sports. It is often caused by a fall or direct blow to the bone. The condition is usually diagnosed through an X-ray, which will show a characteristic bump or buckle in the bone. The injury is generally considered stable, meaning that the bone fragments are not displaced or separated, and the risk of complications is low. With proper treatment and monitoring, most children with a torus fracture can expect a full recovery within a few weeks.
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what section of a paper in the health sciences should spell out the core question that the paper will explore and answer
The section of a paper in the health sciences that should spell out the core question that the paper will explore and answer is the main answer or the introduction section.
This section provides an explanation of the research problem and clearly states the purpose of the study. It should also provide a concise summary of the key findings and conclusions that will be presented in the paper.
The main answer section is crucial in setting the tone and guiding the reader throughout the paper.
The section of a health sciences paper that should spell out the core question is the "Introduction" section.
In a health sciences paper, the Introduction section serves to present the research question or problem, provide context, and set the stage for the rest of the paper. It typically includes the background, the purpose of the study, and the main research question or hypothesis.
To clearly convey the core question that a health sciences paper will explore and answer, make sure to articulate it within the Introduction section of the paper.
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Some patients who have taken the drugs, have reported participating in behaviors similar to sleepwalking, but far more complex - such as driving, all with no memory of the events.T/F
Some patients who have taken the drugs have reported participating in behaviors similar to sleepwalking, but far more complex - such as driving, all with no memory of the events True.
Some medications such as zolpidem (Ambien) and other similar drugs that are used for the treatment of insomnia have been associated with complex sleep-related behaviors, including sleepwalking, sleep driving, and sleep eating. These behaviors can be quite complex and may involve activities that the person is not normally inclined to do, such as driving long distances or engaging in risky behaviors.
Importantly, the person may have no memory of the events afterward. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of these potential side effects and to counsel patients accordingly.
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Diagnosis: Potential for infection related to rupture of membranes.Provide: 6th intervention
The rupture of membranes during pregnancy can increase the risk of infection for both the mother and the fetus. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to implement interventions that can reduce the risk of infection. A potential 6th intervention could be:
Monitor fetal heart rate and maternal vital signs: Regular monitoring of fetal heart rate and maternal vital signs can provide early indications of fetal distress or maternal infection, allowing for timely intervention.
Monitoring can also help detect signs of chorioamnionitis, an infection of the fetal membranes, which can occur after prolonged rupture of membranes. Close monitoring can ensure prompt identification and treatment of any complications that may arise.
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What bone is most commonly fractured carpal bone?
The scaphoid bone is the most commonly fractured carpal bone. It is located on the thumb side of the wrist and is one of the small bones that make up the wrist joint.
Scaphoid fractures are often the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand, and they can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms may be similar to a wrist sprain. It is important to get a proper diagnosis and treatment for a scaphoid fracture, as untreated fractures can lead to long-term complications such as arthritis and chronic pain.
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the nurse is teaching a patient with gerd about substances to avoid. which items should the nurse include in the teaching
The nurse should instruct the patient with GERD to avoid the following substances: caffeine, chocolate, alcohol, fatty foods, spicy foods, and acidic foods (such as tomatoes and citrus fruits).
GERD, or gastroesophageal reflux disease, occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and discomfort. Certain substances can worsen GERD symptoms by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) or increasing stomach acid production.
- Caffeine and chocolate can both relax the LES, making it easier for stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus.
- Alcohol can also relax the LES and irritate the esophageal lining.
- Fatty foods can slow down stomach emptying, increasing the risk of acid reflux.
- Spicy foods can irritate the esophageal lining and contribute to GERD symptoms.
- Acidic foods, like tomatoes and citrus fruits, can increase the acidity of stomach contents and exacerbate GERD symptoms.
By avoiding these substances, a patient with GERD can reduce the risk of triggering or worsening their symptoms. The nurse should emphasize the importance of lifestyle modifications in managing GERD, alongside any prescribed medications.
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76 y/o pt w/cough + low grade fever. Treated for pneumonia x2 in last year. For past 6 months, had swallowing difficulty + regurgitation undigested food. Temp fo 101, fould smelling breath, fluctuant mass neck, CXR show cavitation in Right lower Lung field. Dx?
The patient's symptoms suggest aspiration pneumonia, which occurs when food or other material enters the lungs instead of the stomach.
The history of repeated pneumonia episodes and the presence of a fluctuant mass in the neck raises concern for an underlying abscess, which may be causing the patient's swallowing difficulty and regurgitation. The foul-smelling breath is a common sign of anaerobic bacterial infection, which is often the cause of aspiration pneumonia.
The cavitation seen on the CXR is consistent with a lung abscess. Therefore, the likely diagnosis for this patient is aspiration pneumonia with underlying abscess formation.
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Joe is playing in an intramural football game when he is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. On the way to the hospital, Joe is having a difficult time breathing. Joe may be suffering from
a. a collapsed trachea b. an obstruction of the bronchi
c. a pneumothorax d. decreased surfactant production
e. a bruised diaphragm
Based on the given scenario, Joe may be suffering from c. a pneumothorax.
A pneumothorax is a condition where the air gets trapped in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse and making it difficult to breathe. Patients with pneumothorax are at susceptible to higher tension which may cause fatal because of pressure in the lung and cardiac system.The treatment involves needle aspiration, surgery, or chest tube insertion.A broken rib can puncture the lung and cause a pneumothorax. The other options, a collapsed trachea, an obstruction of the bronchi, decreased surfactant production, and a bruised diaphragm, are not typically associated with difficulty breathing caused by a broken rib.Know more about pneumothorax here
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How long should patient wait with infectious mononucleosis to play a sport again?
Patients with infectious mononucleosis should avoid sports for at least 4 weeks or until splenomegaly has resolved to avoid the risk of splenic rupture, which is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication.
During this time, they should also avoid heavy lifting or activities that may result in blunt abdominal trauma. It is essential to monitor the patient's symptoms, including fatigue, malaise, and fever, before allowing them to return to sports or other physical activities.
Close follow-up with a healthcare provider is recommended to ensure complete recovery and prevent any potential complications.
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what are the 3 likely possibilities when patient has sx consistent with renal colic but no stones are seen on xray?
The three likely possibilities when a patient has symptoms consistent with renal colic but no stones are seen on x-ray are ureteral stone too small to be detected, ureteral spasm or obstruction, or alternative diagnoses such as pyelonephritis or musculoskeletal pain.
When a patient presents with symptoms consistent with renal colic, but no stones are seen on an X-ray, there are three likely possibilities:
Uric acid stones: Uric acid stones are not visible on X-ray and may not be visible on an ultrasound either. An evaluation of the patient's urine may reveal increased levels of uric acid, which may indicate the presence of uric acid stones.
Small stones: Some stones may be too small to be seen on X-ray. A CT scan or ultrasound may be necessary to detect these stones.
Non-stone causes: Other conditions such as urinary tract infections, ureteral strictures, or tumors can cause symptoms similar to renal colic. A further evaluation may be necessary to determine the underlying cause.
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36 y/o M to ED w/confusion for past 2 days. In Ed had seizure tonic clonic. Temperature of 104.0. PUlse is 105. Fundoscopy is normal. Upgoing plantar reflexes bilaterally. CT head is normal. LP performed with opening pressure normal, protein 85 (normal <40), WBCs of 90 (normal 0-5). Gram stain show no bacteria. What is tx?
The patient presents with symptoms suggestive of meningoencephalitis. The CSF analysis shows elevated protein and WBC count, indicative of inflammation.
Since the Gram stain did not reveal any bacteria, the most likely cause is a viral infection. The high temperature and seizure suggest a more severe form of viral encephalitis. Empiric treatment should be initiated immediately with acyclovir, which is effective against herpes simplex virus, the most common cause of encephalitis.
Other supportive measures, such as antipyretics, anticonvulsants, and close monitoring of the patient, should also be initiated. Further diagnostic tests, such as PCR for viral DNA, can be done to confirm the viral etiology of the encephalitis.
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What is common cause of relapse in patients with schizophrenia?
There are several factors that can contribute to relapse in patients with schizophrenia. One of the most common causes is medication noncompliance.
When patients stop taking their medications or do not take them as prescribed, they can experience a return of symptoms. Stressful life events, such as changes in living situations or relationships, can also trigger relapse. Substance abuse is another major risk factor for relapse in patients with schizophrenia, as it can worsen symptoms and interfere with medication effectiveness.
Poor social support and lack of access to treatment can also contribute to relapse. It is important for patients with schizophrenia to have ongoing support and follow-up care to help prevent relapse.
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