While HDR-breaks require a template to assist repair, NHEJ-break end can be ligated with out it.
In biology, what does homology mean?Homology refers to similarity at all levels due to a common origin (organism, population and species). Genealogs classified as homoplasts do not have a common ancestor among species. Homoplasy is resemblance resulting from a shared ancestry at the organism & population levels but not at the species.
What is an example of homology?Homologies are characteristics shared by two or more species and derived from their common ancestor. For instance, our common ancestor who lived more than 300 Mya ago left us with both the humans five-fingered hand and also the lizard's five-toed foot.
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If you want to protect the plants from insect damage, should you encouraged birds to forage on the plants, or put netting over the plants to keep birds out? explain your reasoning.
Birds are a natural predator of many insect species that are dangerous to plant so they should be encouraged to forage on crops to prevent insect damage. So, by allowing birds to forage on the plants, insect numbers will be reduced, thereby reducing damage to the plants.
The most common insect predators are in the beetle, true bug, lacewing, wasp, and dragonfly families, as well as some flies such as flower fly. The species of songbirds are also beneficial during nesting season because they feed on pest insects for their nestlings.
Biological control is another method used to control the pest populations. Natural enemies of insects play an important role in limiting the densities of potential pests.
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In science models can be used to:
Selenium is a trace mineral that is part of the structure of certain proteins. One of these proteins is an antioxidant enzyme that neutralizes peroxides before they can form free radicals. What is the name of this protein?.
Selenium is a trace mineral that is part of the structure of certain proteins. One of these proteins is an antioxidant enzyme that neutralizes peroxides before they can form free radicals. Glutathione peroxidase, is the name of the protein.
What is protein?Proteins are found throughout the body, including muscles, bones, skin, hair, and almost every other body part or tissue.They make enzymes that facilitate many chemical reactions and hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood. . At least 10,000 proteins keep you on your toes. Proteins can be informally classified into three main classes that correlate with their typical tertiary structures.Globular proteins, fibrous proteins, membrane proteins. All cells in the human body contain some or other type of proteins. The basic structure of proteins is a chain of amino acids. Protein is also important for the growth and development of children, adolescents, and pregnant women.To learn more about protein from the given link :
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during mrna , a cap and poly-a tail are added, introns are removed, and the exons are then joined together.
The spliceosome removes introns, which are interstitial sequences within a pre-mRNA molecule that do not code for proteins, during RNA processing before the mRNA is released to the cytoplasm.
Does RNA splicing give the mRNA a poly-A tail?A eukaryotic cell immediately modifies the newly created RNA molecule, known as RNA processing, after a gene is translated. The initial RNA transcript undergoes these alterations at both ends, resulting in the maturation of the mRNA molecule.
Which step is the removal of introns?Both introns and exons are present in the pre-mRNA transcript. Splicing involves the removal of the introns. The pre-mRNA in this instance had two exons and one intron.
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through which can evolution be measured? observing changes in a single individual over its lifetime. observing long term morphological changes in the fossil record reflecting underlying genetic change. observing the spread of new genetic variants through a population. observing changes the effects of genetic change on the form and function of organisms.
Observing changes in a single individual over its lifetime is process evolution be measured.
In general ,the Rate of evolution is measured in Darwin's. Process of Natural selection through which species adapt to their environments. It is the key mechanism that drives evolution.
Five key mechanisms that cause a population, is a group of interacting organisms in single species, that exhibit change in the allele frequency from one generation to the next. The change in allele frequency is caused by Mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection.
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During mrna transcription, a dna strand has the bases ctaggt. What is the complementary strand of mrna?.
GAUCAA is the complementary strand of mRNA during mRNA transcription
The DNA serves as a template for the production of mRNA. Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G), in a process known as complementary base pairing (G). Consequently, CTAGGT's complementary sequence is GATCCA.
For DNA, this would be true. But uracil replaces the thymines in the sequence of RNA, which uses thymine instead (U). The mRNA's complementary strand is therefore GAUCCA.
Gene expression begins with transcription.
To create an RNA molecule, the DNA sequence of a gene must be copied.
RNA polymerases, which join nucleotides to create an RNA strand, carry out transcription (using a DNA strand as a template).
Initiation, elongation, and termination are the three phases of transcription.
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please help! thanks :)
Given DNA stand TAC GAC CTA CGA ACT
mRNA stand AUG CUG GAU GCU UGA
amino acids: methionine - leucine - aspartic acid - alanine -selenocysteine
What is amino acid?Proteins are made up of amino acid molecules. The components of life are proteins and amino acids. Amino acids remain after proteins have been digested or broken down. The human body creates proteins from amino acids to support the body: Organize food.
Rules for mRNA
A and U pair
G and C pair.
T and A pair.
using a codon chart, determine the amino acids next.
Because UGA is a stop codon, it cannot be translated into an amino acid.
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If 2 purple radihe are cro pollinated,what are the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the F generation
To estimate the genotypic and phenotypic ratio, calculate the wide variety of Punnett squares with every allele combination.
So, in this situation, one Punnett square for both RR and RR and Punnett rectangular boxes for Rr. Calculating Punnett rectangular ratios as 1:2:1 will deliver the genotypic ratio.
The genotypic ratio suggests the variety of instances that genes for certain tendencies are crossed, a characteristic of an organism can be visible in the offspring. 1:2:1 is the genotypic ratio for this go. every gene has 2 alleles or variations, one from each figure, in animals and flowers.
Within the offspring of monohybrid crosses or F2 technology, Mendel, again and again, discovered a phenotype ratio of three vegetation with the dominant phenotype to at least one plant with the recessive phenotype (3:1 phenotype ratio) inside the F2 generation.
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1. name the parts of the adult respiratory system and their function. which parts conduct air and which parts do gas exchange?
Alveoli, sinuses, pharynx and and so forth are the components of the breathing/respiratory device and their function. alveoli and mouth and nostril element behavior air and lungs components do gas exchange.
Tiny air sacs withinside the lungs in which the alternate of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. Bronchioles: Small branches of the bronchial tubes that result in the alveoli. Capillaries: Blood vessels withinside the alveoli partitions that circulate oxygen and carbon dioxide. ALVEOLI are the very small air sacs in which the alternate of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. CAPILLARIES are blood vessels withinside the partitions of the alveoli. Your airlines supply air for your lungs. Your airlines are a complex device that consists of your: Mouth and nostril: Openings that pull air from outdoor your frame into your breathing device. Sinuses: Hollow regions among the bones on your head that assist alter the temperature and humidity of the air you inhale. Pharynx (throat): Tube that supplies air out of your mouth and nostril to the trachea (windpipe). Trachea: Passage connecting your throat and lungs. Bronchial tubes: Tubes at the lowest of your windpipe that join into every lung. Lungs: Two organs that put off oxygen from the air and byskip it into your blood. From your lungs, your bloodstream supplies oxygen to all of your organs and different tissues.
Muscles and bones assist circulate the air you inhale into and from your lungs. Some of the bones and muscular tissues withinside the breathing device encompass your: Diaphragm: Muscle that facilitates your lungs pull in air and push it out. Ribs: Bones that surround and defend your lungs and heart. When you breathe out, your blood consists of carbon dioxide and different waste out of the frame. Other additives that paintings with the lungs and blood vessels encompass: Alveoli: Tiny air sacs withinside the lungs in which the alternate of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. Bronchioles: Small branches of the bronchial tubes that result in the alveoli. Capillaries: Blood vessels withinside the alveoli partitions that circulate oxygen and carbon dioxide. Lung lobes: Sections of the lungs — 3 lobes withinside the proper lung and withinside the left lung. Pleura: Thin sacs that surround every lung lobe and separate your lungs from the chest wall.
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Which name best describes an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction involving the reduction of hydrogen peroxide with the oxidation of a second molecule of hydrogen peroxide?.
Catalase Heme Fe3+ best describes an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction involving the reduction of hydrogen peroxide with the oxidation of a second molecule of hydrogen peroxide.
The catalytic mechanism of catalases is a -step technique wherein catalase heme Fe3+ reduces one hydrogen peroxide molecule to water and generates a porphyrin cation radical called compound I, which is then oxidized by means of a second hydrogen peroxide to offer molecular oxygen and water.
A catalyst is a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction, or lowers the temperature or pressure needed to begin one, with out itself being consumed in the course of the response. Catalysis is the method of including a catalyst to facilitate a reaction.
A catalyst is a substance that can be added to a reaction to increase the response charge without getting consumed in the manner. Catalysts typically speed up a reaction by means of lowering the activation electricity or changing the reaction mechanism. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.
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How would cellular homeostasis be immediately affected if the cell did not have golgi bodies?.
The products of protein synthesis would not be able to be digested or broken down by the cell.
The majority of eukaryotic cells contain the Golgi apparatus, commonly referred to as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi. It packs proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. It is a component of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm. It is located where the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways converge.
In a cell, there wouldn't be any lysosomes if the Golgi apparatus didn't exist. The result would be that the cell would be unable to digest or degrade the byproducts of protein synthesis. This would fill the cell with a ton of extra trash. The cell wouldn't be able to survive for very long if this occurred.
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Dimpled cheeks are dominant to un-dimpled cheeks. If two people with dimpled cheeks have a child without dimples, what is the genotypes of the two people? What is the probability that their next child will have dimples?
We are given that dimpled cheeks are dominant over un-dimpled cheeks , and two people with dimpled cheeks have a child without dimples .
For child to be born without dimples both of the parents should have one recessive allele.
So the genotype of both the parents will be Dd ( D = gene responsible for dimpled cheeks ; d = gene responsible for un dimpled cheeks)For cross between both the parents refer to the attachment.
From the cross 3 offsprings out of 4 will have dimpled cheeks. Hence ;[tex]\longrightarrow P(child\ with \ dimpled \ cheeks \ = \ \dfrac{3}{4} =\boxed{ 0.75}[/tex]
What are five 5 reasons why premarital sex is strongly discouraged?.
Premarital sex is Selfish Premarital sex is not romantic, Out of Curiosity, No parental guidance, Canine Love.
Premarital sex is always about the individual, never about the other. If it were, we wouldn't be putting our future marriage, the other person's health, their ability to become pregnant, the spread of illness, their emotional welfare, and their spiritual wellbeing at danger. When pre-marital sex occurs, it is always about me and only me.Love can be summed up in the term "gift" since it is "choosing what is best for the other, notwithstanding the cost to myself." Being a selfless gift for others is how we are called to love them. Therefore, it is not love when we make decisions that are selfish and bad for the other. By definition, premarital sex is ALWAYS an unloving act.Young people frequently begin having premarital sex out of curiosity. Without considering the potential results, they just want to have fun and fall in love at the same time. The majority of teenagers are naturally interested, especially during the adolescent years.Premarital sex is always a possibility for teenagers who are not as closely watched by their parents. Teenagers would have plenty of time to experiment with and practice premarital sex if both parents were employed full-time and there was no one else at home. When they get into marriage phase they will be guided by parents.Teenagers in general have a tendency to think and mature quickly. Teenagers believe they have developed and met their true love throughout adolescence because it is the period between childhood and adulthood then marriage. the person they want to spend their entire lives with. However, the issue typically starts at this point because the majority of teenagers don't engage in safe sex and have a propensity to become pregnant at a young age.To know more about premarital sex check the below link:
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What species of fungus is used in produced of acid wash jeans to give them their distinct faded look?.
For one-third the cost of the enzymes, the fungus Myceliopthora thermophila might give jeans the appearance of being stone-washed.
Which type of fungus is employed in the production of acid wash jeans?Trichoderma has potential as a biocontrol agent and is used to create stone washed jeans. Deuteromycetes have the potential to damage people. Some of these fungus, such as Verticillium, which can cause vascular wilt in trees, can infect plants and cause plant diseases.
What kind of mold is utilized in jeans?Pumice stones were once used to create the stone wash look of the jeans. The use of stones has a number of downsides, including a risk of fabric damage and expenses for the apparatus required. The current method is biostoning using the fungus Trichoderma reesei.
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Calculate the efficiency of aerobic respiration if
a cell generates 32 ATP molecules per molecule
of glucose.
A cell generates 32 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose is 56%.
32 x 12kcal/686kcal x 1005% = 56%
ATP molecules are produced intracellularly. The number will vary depending on the cell type being studied. Cellular respiration is the process by which biofuels are oxidized in the presence of inorganic electron acceptors, such as oxygen, to generate large amounts of energy and facilitate the mass production of ATP.
The primary fuel for cellular respiration is the glucose molecule which is used as energy. In the cellular world, energy is a charged molecule with three phosphate groups called adenosine triphosphate ATP. Cellular respiration produces a total of 36 ATP per molecule of glucose in three stages. Describe each stage of ATP production. The first step, glycolysis, occurs in the cytosol and binds two ATPs when the six-carbon glucose is split into two three-carbon fragments.
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cholesterol has importance in the body because it ? helps provide essential nutrients to brain and lungs helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation is a stabilizing component of the plasma membrane enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered
Cholesterol has importance, it helps your body make cell membranes, many hormones, and vitamin D and it is the parent molecule of steroid hormones and a stabilizing element of plasma membranes.
What are the 5 functions of cholesterol?
Functions of Cholesterol
1.Contributes in the structure of cell walls.
2.Makes digestive bile acids in the intestine.
3.Facilitates body to produce vitamin D.
4.Enable the body to make few hormones.
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Why are abiotic organisms important part of an ecosystem?
Answer:
Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of the environment that have a major influence on living organisms. They can help determine things like how tall trees grow, where animals and plants are found, and why birds migrate. The most important abiotic factors include water, sunlight, oxygen, soil and temperature.
Explanation:
hope this helped
acid deposition is formed when and , released from combustion of fossil fuels, reacts with oxygen and water in the atmosphere.
Acid deposition is formed when Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide released from combustion of fossil fuels, reacts with oxygen and water in the atmosphere.
Acid deposition results when Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas emissions from manmade and natural sources and react in the atmosphere to form nitric (HNO3) and sulfuric (H2SO4) acids.
Acid deposition is Associated to the combustion of fossil fuels, such as gasoline, oil, and coal, which releases sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) into the atmosphere. These air pollutants then react with water, oxygen, and other substances to form airborne sulfuric and nitric acid.
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The ability of an enzyme to change shape and apply strain when it binds to a substrate is called.
Answer: The correct answer to that should be induced fit.
Explanation: I hope this helps!!! : D
What is the original source of all energy for animals?
the sun
plants
sugars
other animals
Answer:
Explanation:
the sun, as all plants require the sun which inturn is eaten by animals, sun also provides vitamin d and etc to animals
Answer:
The correct answer would be C. Sugars.
which three enzymes are involved in nucleotide excision repair? a dna polymerase a nuclease a dna telomerase a dna ligase
The nuclease, DNA polymerase, and ligase are the enzymes involved in nucleotide excision repair.
Nucleotide excision repair serves what purpose?Mammals primarily use nucleotide excision repair (NER) to remove large DNA lesions from DNA, such as those caused by UV light, environmental mutagens, and some cancer chemotherapeutic adducts.
In nucleotide incision repair (NIR), an endonuclease nicks DNA that has been oxidatively damaged in a way that is independent of DNA glycosylase while also repairing the remaining 5'-dangling modified nucleotide.
The base excision repair system recognises small, non-distorting damages in the DNA helix, whereas the nucleotide excision repair system recognises large, DNA helix distorting damages.
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what is the role of the nitrate in the broth in the metabolism of the organism giving a positive test for nitrate reduction
An organism's capacity to use the enzyme nitrate reductase to convert nitrate (NO3) to nitrite (NO2) is assessed using nitrate broth.
Additionally, it assesses how well organisms can convert nitrate and nitrite into molecular nitrogen through the process of nitrification.In tryptic soy broth medium, nitrate is the preferred terminal electron acceptor for the anaerobic growth of K27. Nitrite functions as a terminal electron acceptor and a toxic reagent: low levels of nitrite promote K27's anaerobic growth, while high levels of nitrite prevent it.Because it is a component of all the various amino acids used to make proteins, the chemical element nitrogen is essential to all living things. Nitrates disperse in water before being ingested by plants. Animals must consume plants or other animals to obtain the amino acids needed for protein synthesis.
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To repair a thymine dimmer by nucleotide excision repair, in which order do the necessary enzymes act?.
Endonuclease, DNA polymerase I, and DNA ligase are the required enzymes in the process of nucleotide excision repair for thymine dimers.
Which enzyme is necessary for thymine dimer excision repair?To remove or repair T-T dimers from DNA, a variety of processes are available depending on the conditions within the cell. Photolyase, a photo reactivating enzyme found in some organisms, comprises chromophores that may absorb blue light photons.
What enzyme is in charge of mending thymine dimers with light energy?Photoreactivation can be used to fix pyrimidine dimers. A thymine dimer is split into two thymine monomers during photoreactivation, an enzyme reaction triggered by light (between 300 and 600 nm). The enzyme photolyase, which acts on the dimers present in single- and double-stranded.
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help me thank you 1010101
Answer:
Plant Cell
Explanation:
I got it right
What is the easiest way to determine whether a molecular structure is polar or non-polar?.
Polar molecules have a uniform distribution of electron density. A nonpolar molecule have unequal distribution of electron density.
All covalent bonds which are polar in nature should be represented by pointing arrows toward a more electronegative atom. Polar molecules have a net dipole.
On the other hand Non-polar molecules do not have a net dipole. Polar molecules have a high boiling point and a high melting point. while Non-polar molecules have a low boiling point and a low melting point.
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We can use a punnett square to predict the outcome of self-fertilization for the f1 hybrids of a monohybrid cross. In this case, the punnett square should be set up as a blank______ square.
2x2 Punnett squares represent crosses between monohybrid individuals and are composed of two rows and two columns. We can use a punnett square to predict the outcome of self-fertilization for the f1 hybrids of a monohybrid cross. In this case, the Punnett square should be set up as a 2x2 square.
What is a Punnett square?The Punnett square is a representation of crosses between different individuals, in which the probabilities of getting offspring with different genotypes and phenotypes are expressed.
During these crosses, different gamete combinations occur according to the alleles involved in a cross. Let us remember that each gamete carries an allele of one of the involved genes.
In Punnett squares, rows represent one of the parental gametes, and columns represent the other parental gametes. Gamete combinations occur when raws and columns intercross.
When talking about monohybrid crosses, we assume we are referring to a single diallelic gene coding for a single trait. Since two alleles are involved, the Punnett squares that represent this cross will be composed of two rows and two columns. It is a 2x2 Punnett square.
We can use a punnett square to predict the outcome of self-fertilization for the f1 hybrids of a monohybrid cross. In this case, the punnett square should be set up as a 2x2 square.
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The amino acid serine is coded by the mrna codon agu. What is the base sequence of the dna gene that originally produced this mrna codon?(1 point).
The amino acid serine is coded by the mRNA codon AGU. TCA is the base sequence of the DNA gene that originally produced this mRNA codon.
The PURINES and PYRIMIDINES sequence in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also known as a nucleotide sequence. Each codon in mRNA is made up of three bases, and each codon specifies a specific amino acid (hence, it is a triplet code). The mRNA sequence is thus used as a template to assemble the chain of amino acids that make up a protein in the correct order.
TCAs, which are structurally and chemically related to phenothiazines, were originally developed as potential neuroleptic drugs. A codon is a three-nucleotide (DNA or RNA) sequence that forms a unit of genomic information encoding a specific amino acid or signaling the end of protein synthesis.
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At least 4-5 steps showing how miticide resistance developed in the twospotted spider mite population
The miticide resistance developed in the two-spotted spider mite population emerges due to variation, differential survival, differential reproduction and natural selection.
What is the process of natural selection?The process of natural selection refers to the differential survival and subsequent reproduction of those organisms that are more adapted to live under certain environmental conditions.
In this case, the mite organisms that are able to resist the insecticide have more chances to survive and therefore they also have more chances to pass their genes to the next generation which will be able to resist this chemical compound.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the process of natural selection is based on the differential survival and reproduction of organisms in a population, and this phenomenon has the potential to increase the resistance to a chemical product in the target population.
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What is the best evidence that all life evolved from prokaryotic rather than eukaryotic ancestors?.
The best evidence that all life evolved from prokaryotic ancestors rather than eukaryotes is that the oldest fossils found are prokaryotes.
The oldest bacterial fossils (a prokaryote) date to about 3.5 billion years ago. The oldest eukaryotes discovered are about 2.1 billion years old. Which means eukaryotic fossils are almost 1.5 billion years younger than the oldest fossils of prokaryotes. Also abiotic experiments are performed in the laboratory and liposomes are constructed. Which look like prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are the simple creatures and earliest life forms.
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The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell is.
The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell is passive transport.
Passive transport happens while materials move the plasma membrane with none enter of electricity from the cell. No electricity is wanted due to the fact the materials are shifting from a place wherein they have got a better attention to a place wherein they have got a decrease attention. Water answers are very vital in biology.
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