Quantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy tool used by central banks to inject liquidity into the economy and stimulate growth.
The Federal Reserve (Fed), in particular, implemented several rounds of QE in response to the 2008 financial crisis, and then again in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This essay will explore the impact of the Fed's QE on the US equity market between 2019 and 2021.
In 2019, the Fed started its balance sheet normalization program, which aimed to reduce the size of its balance sheet after years of QE. However, with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, the Fed quickly reversed course and began implementing massive amounts of QE to support the economy. From March 2020 to March 2021, the Fed embarked on an unprecedented amount of QE, purchasing $3.2 trillion worth of Treasury securities and mortgage-backed securities.
The main mechanism through which QE impacts the equity market is by lowering interest rates and increasing the money supply. When the Fed purchases long-term securities, it reduces their yield, making them less attractive to investors. This, in turn, leads to a decrease in interest rates, including those on corporate bonds, which makes borrowing cheaper for companies. Cheaper borrowing costs increase profitability and can lead to higher stock prices.
In addition, QE increases the money supply, which can have an inflationary effect on the economy. This can lead to higher nominal stock prices, as companies are able to charge higher prices for their products and services. However, if inflation becomes too high, the Fed may need to raise interest rates to control it, which can have a negative impact on equity prices.
The impact of the Fed's QE on the US equity market between 2019 and 2021 was significant. In 2019, the S&P 500 index returned 31.5%, one of its best years on record. However, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 led to a sharp decline in equity prices, with the S&P 500 falling nearly 34% from its peak in February to its trough in March.
The Fed's aggressive QE program, along with other measures such as fiscal stimulus and government support for businesses, helped stabilize the US economy and equity markets. The S&P 500 rebounded strongly from its March lows and ended the year up 16.3%. In 2021, the market continued to rise, with the S&P 500 returning 12.6% through April.
However, the impact of the Fed's QE was not uniform across all sectors of the market. Technology companies and other growth stocks benefited the most from low interest rates, since they rely heavily on borrowing to finance their operations and have lower dividend yields. In contrast, value stocks, which tend to have higher dividend yields and more stable cash flows, did not benefit as much from the Fed's policies.
Furthermore, the impact of QE on the equity market may be transitory and subject to reversal. While QE can lead to higher nominal stock prices in the short term, it may not necessarily result in higher real economic growth or productivity over the long term. Moreover, if the Fed decides to tighten monetary policy by raising interest rates, it could lead to a sharp drop in equity prices, especially in sectors that are highly sensitive to changes in interest rates.
In conclusion, the Fed's QE had a significant impact on the US equity market between 2019 and 2021, helping to support the economy and stabilize equity prices in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. While QE lowered interest rates and increased the money supply, leading to higher nominal stock prices, its impact was not uniform across all sectors of the market. The sustainability of the market's gains in response to QE remains uncertain, and the eventual reversal of QE may lead to increased volatility in equity prices.
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The Strategic Information System for Business and Enterprise HI5019 T1 2022 provide sufficient background knowledge to understand accounting information systems and analyse the transaction processing system. Based on the same strict assumption we apply in the HI5019 T1 2022 individual assignment, we assume that this knowledge enables you to start an accounting consultancy. You are passionate to provide consultancy services in your area. To pursue your passions, you started your consultancy services. Luckily, you got your first client, Mrs Maria, head of the accounting department of ERPGATO Manufacturing Limited (EML). She requested you to provide her with an expert opinion on the components of overhead and the logical cost driver. For this expert opinion, she forwarded you the following information. For years, EML has allocated overhead based on total machine hours. A recent assessment of overhead costs has shown that these costs are now more than 45 per cent of the company's total costs. Sara is specifically worried about this variance, and as a managing director, she is trying to control overhead better. For this purpose, the head of the management accountant adopted an activity-based costing system. Each cutting board goes through the five processes. These processes are elaborated on in the following paragraph. To better control overhead, EML is adopting an activity-based costing system. Each cutting board goes through the following processes. The given data reveals that cutting is the first process. In this process, boards are selected from inventory and are cut to the required width and length. Imperfections in boards (such as knots or cracks) are identified and removed. The second process is assembly. In this process, cut wooden pieces are laid out on clamps, a layer of glue is applied to each piece, and then glued pieces are clamped together until the glue sets. The third process is shaping. Once the glue has been set, the boards are sent to the shaping process, where they are cut into specific shapes. After being shaped, the cutting boards must be sanded smooth. In this setting, sanding is the fourth process. The fifth process is finishing. In this process, sanded cutting boards receive a coat of mineral oil to help preserve the wood. The last process is packing. In the packing process, finished cutting boards are placed in boxes of 12. The boxes are sealed, addressed, and sent to one of the kitchen stores. Required: Suggest the most suitable component of overhead for EML. Further, determine a logical cost driver for each process.
Mrs Maria, the head of the accounting department of ERPGATO Manufacturing Limited (EML), has requested an expert opinion on the components of overhead and the logical cost driver. For years, EML has allocated overhead based on total machine hours.
A recent assessment of overhead costs has shown that these costs are now more than 45 per cent of the company's total costs. Sara is specifically worried about this variance, and as a managing director, she is trying to control overhead better. For this purpose, the head of the management accountant adopted an activity-based costing system. Each cutting board goes through the following processes: cutting, assembly, shaping, sanding, finishing, and packing. Based on the information given, the most suitable component of overhead for EML would be machine hours. EML has been allocating overhead based on machine hours for years and this has been increasing the overhead costs. Therefore, the management accountant has adopted an activity-based costing system to better control overhead costs. In an activity-based costing system, costs are assigned to activities and then allocated to products or services based on how much of each activity is required.
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Year Tax Revenue Expenditures National Debt Deficit 1 2 $30 Trillion $25 Trillion $40 Trillion $35 Trillion $25 Trillion $35 Trillion $40 Trillion $50 Trillion 3 0 4 Refer to the table above. Whst is the value of the national debt at year 4? O a) $5 Trillion Ob) $10 Trillion O c) $15 Trillion O d) $20 Trillion
The value of the national debt at year 4 is $20 trillion.
The national debt refers to the accumulated financial obligations that a government owes to various creditors, both domestic and foreign. It represents the total amount of money that a country's government has borrowed over time to finance its expenditures and cover budget deficits. Governments typically borrow by issuing bonds, treasury bills, and other forms of debt instruments. The national debt includes both the outstanding principal amount borrowed and the accrued interest on that debt. It is an essential indicator of a country's fiscal health and its ability to meet its financial obligations. Managing the national debt is a critical aspect of economic policy and often involves balancing the need for borrowing with the goal of maintaining sustainable levels of debt.
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Please make a business plan about opening an investment company in Kazakhstan
A business plan is a written document that outlines a company's objectives, strategies, and financial projections for the next few years.
What is the plan?A business plan for an investment company in Kazakhstan would include the following :Executive Summary: This is a summary of your investment company's business plan. It should include the company's name, a brief description of the company, the company's objectives, and the company's strategies.
Company Overview: This section should include the company's mission statement, the company's vision, and the company's values.
You should also include a brief history of the company, its legal structure, and its management team. Products and Services: This section should outline the investment products and services your company will offer, including how they will be structured, the costs involved, and the expected returns. You should also include information about any additional services your company will offer, such as financial advice and portfolio management.
Market Analysis: This section should include a detailed analysis of the market you will be operating in, including the size of the market, the competition, and the demographics of your target customers. You should also include information about the regulatory environment and any risks associated with the market.
Marketing and Sales Strategy: This section should outline your marketing and sales strategies, including the channels you will use to reach customers, the advertising you will use, and any promotional campaigns you will run. You should also include information about how you will measure the success of your marketing and sales efforts.
Financial Projections: This section should include detailed financial projections for the first few years of operation, including income statements, cash flow statements, and balance sheets. You should also include information about the funding you will need to get started, including any loans or investments you will need to secure.
Conclusion: This is the final section of your business plan. It should summarize the key points of your plan and include a call to action for potential investors or lenders.
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Anastasia wants to invest $1.5M. Based on her income she is currently in the 33% tax bracket for ordinary income and in the 15% bracket for long-term capital gains. Her tax brackets for state income tax purposes are 7% and 0% on long-term capital gains. Consider the following situations: Situation 2 Situation 2 Corporate Municipal Type Bonds Bonds Time horizon 5 years 7 years 11% interest 6.5% interest Income annually annually Discount rate 5.5% 5% Repayment/Sale Repaid after 5 Repaid after years 7 years Taxable at Not taxable for federal ordinary income tax Comments income tax but state income tax of rates; no state income tax 7% applies Requirements: Determine the net present value of the after-tax cash flow for: (1) Situation 1: (2) Situation 2:
To calculate the net present value of the after-tax cash flow for each situation, we need to first calculate the after-tax cash flows and then discount them back to present value using the given discount rates.
Situation 1:
Assuming that Situation 1 refers to a different investment option not mentioned in the prompt, we would need more information to calculate the after-tax cash flow and determine its net present value.
Situation 2:
The after-tax cash flow for Situation 2 can be calculated as follows:
For Corporate Bonds:
Annual interest income = $1.5M x 11% = $165,000
Federal ordinary income tax = $165,000 x 33% = $54,450
State income tax = $165,000 x 7% = $11,550
After-tax annual income = $165,000 - $54,450 - $11,550 = $99,000
Using the discount rate of 5.5%, we can calculate the present value factor for each year and discount each year's after-tax income accordingly:
Year 1: $99,000 / (1 + 5.5%)^1 = $93,834.59
Year 2: $99,000 / (1 + 5.5%)^2 = $88,942.15
Year 3: $99,000 / (1 + 5.5%)^3 = $84,305.67
Year 4: $99,000 / (1 + 5.5%)^4 = $79,910.10
Year 5: $1,099,000 / (1 + 5.5%)^5 = $741,075.44
The sum of these present values is $1,088,067.95.
For Municipal Bonds:
Annual interest income = $1.5M x 6.5% = $97,500
Federal ordinary income tax = $0
State income tax = $97,500 x 0% = $0
After-tax annual income = $97,500
Using the discount rate of 5%, we can calculate the present value factor for each year and discount each year's after-tax income accordingly:
Year 1: $97,500 / (1 + 5%)^1 = $92,857.14
Year 2: $97,500 / (1 + 5%)^2 = $88,506.49
Year 3: $97,500 / (1 + 5%)^3 = $84,428.07
Year 4: $97,500 / (1 + 5%)^4 = $80,606.02
Year 5: $1,097,500 / (1 + 5%)^5 = $728,757.44
Year 6: $1,097,500 / (1 + 5%)^6 = $690,580.86
Year 7: $1,597,500 / (1 + 5%)^7 = $1,076,309.73
The sum of these present values is $3,641,439.75.
Therefore, the net present value of the after-tax cash flow for Situation 2 is $4,729,507.70 ($1,088,067.95 + $3,641,439.75).
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Task assigned: Study and critically analyze and justify from the case study assigned on the following review questions: Is the Zara model sustainable? Suggest what would you do to preserve their edge over the next 5-10 years using your creative set of techniques, given that many other players are now looking to follow their example? If you don't think it can survive, give your reasons for why you think the model is unsustainable and will fail 2. You have been hired as a consultant to a small clothing manufacturer who wants to emulate the success of Zara and Benetton. She wants advice on an innovation strategy, which takes the key lessons from these successful firms. Suggest what Would you offer? 3.Zara Home has just opened using the same basic business model and deploying the same innovative approach as the rest of the business but in the home goods field. Do you think it might succeed and why? Analyze the secrets that Zara used in building an innovative culture. 4.Analyze some of the current issues in creativity and innovation made by Zara in today's digital age.
1. Invest in research and development to enable the company to remain at the forefront of technological innovations.Increase efficiency and productivity in its supply chain through automation and digitization.Strive to create more sustainable and eco-friendly products, thereby appealing to the environmentally conscious consumer. 2. Adopt digital technologies and automation to increase efficiency and productivity.Utilize rapid prototyping to accelerate the design and testing of new products.Integrate the use of social media to engage customers and receive feedback on their preferences. 3. Zara Home uses the same innovative approach as the rest of the business, which comprises rapid decision-making, vertical integration, and reduced inventory levels.Zara Home would benefit from the reputation of the parent brand and benefit from the company's ability to maintain customer loyalty, resulting in increased sales. 4. Digital innovation has enabled Zara to create a seamless shopping experience for customers through online sales channels such as mobile applications and the Zara website.
1. Is the Zara model sustainable?Sustainability of the Zara model is possible. Zara's success is mainly due to its ability to adjust to the ever-changing preferences and expectations of customers. Zara's unique operational model, which comprises rapid decision-making, vertical integration, high product turnaround, and reduced inventory levels, enabled it to react more rapidly than its rivals to any changes in fashion, trends, and customer preferences. Zara's model of efficiency and high output at an affordable cost makes it much more sustainable than its competitors.To sustain their edge over the next 5-10 years using creative set techniques, they could implement the following:Continuous market research so that the company can always remain informed of the changes and innovations in the industry.Invest in research and development to enable the company to remain at the forefront of technological innovations.Increase efficiency and productivity in its supply chain through automation and digitization.Strive to create more sustainable and eco-friendly products, thereby appealing to the environmentally conscious consumer
.2. You have been hired as a consultant to a small clothing manufacturer who wants to emulate the success of Zara and Benetton. She wants advice on an innovation strategy, which takes the key lessons from these successful firms. Suggest what Would you offer?In order to emulate the success of Zara and Benetton, the following innovation strategies can be employed by the small clothing manufacturer:Create a vertically integrated supply chain that will aid in the coordination of operations and enable products to reach the market more quickly.Adopt digital technologies and automation to increase efficiency and productivity.Utilize rapid prototyping to accelerate the design and testing of new products.Integrate the use of social media to engage customers and receive feedback on their preferences.
3. Zara Home has just opened using the same basic business model and deploying the same innovative approach as the rest of the business but in the home goods field. Do you think it might succeed and why?Yes, Zara Home might succeed, because of the following reasons:Zara Home, like its clothing line, offers fast turnaround, which is important for success in the fashion and home goods industries.Zara Home uses the same innovative approach as the rest of the business, which comprises rapid decision-making, vertical integration, and reduced inventory levels.Zara Home would benefit from the reputation of the parent brand and benefit from the company's ability to maintain customer loyalty, resulting in increased sales.
4. Analyze some of the current issues in creativity and innovation made by Zara in today's digital age.The following are the current issues in creativity and innovation made by Zara in today's digital age:Implementing digital technologies and automation to enable greater efficiency, productivity, and reduce costs.Digital innovation has enabled the company to reduce the time-to-market by as much as 50%, thereby enabling it to react more quickly to market changes and customer preferences.Digital innovation has enabled Zara to create a seamless shopping experience for customers through online sales channels such as mobile applications and the Zara website.
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well, i choose the company called green business . and now i need the information about the following -
On successful completion of this assignment, students should be able to
• describe how the industry is organized and how companies in the marketplace compete,
• identify problems and concerns consumers have with the competitors, and
• describe the barriers to entry a new venture faces and ways to overcome these.
Brief Description
In this unit, you will assess your business idea and its feasibility as a successful business venture.
This assignment will help you to assess your business idea and its feasibility as a successful business venture.
Industry organization means how companies organize themselves to compete in the market. It is how businesses are structured to operate within an industry. Industries organize themselves into three broad categories: monopoly, oligopoly, and perfect competition. Companies in the marketplace compete in different ways, which include price, quality, features, design, and customer service. The competition varies according to the industry, company size, and geographic region. Consumers often have concerns about the competitors. To identify these concerns, you can use various methods, including surveys, feedback from customers, and focus groups. Some of the most common concerns that consumers have with competitors include poor quality, bad customer service, high prices, lack of innovation, unethical business practices, and environmental impact.
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ay and Kay are a couple with two young children, Mae, aged 9 months and Faye, aged 2. Kay has been on maternity leave and is due to go back to work full time in the local library. Jay is employed full time in a clay workshop. Both parents are in their mid-thirties and live in Grays, Essex. They are looking into arranging childcare once Kay starts work again. Both children could attend a local nursery full time nearby from Monday to Friday, at a cost of £528 per week for both. Kay also receives child benefit, equating to £1,827.80 per year. 2.1 Jay has the option to work flexibly by halving his hours from 40 to 20 for the next three years. Under this arrangement his monthly gross pay will also halve to £772. Jay says that if he takes this option, his financial sacrifice might be more than just the £772 per month in lost income over this three-year period. Identify two factors that might cause Jay to have a much larger financial loss over his lifetime if he takes this option of going part-time. (4 marks) 2.2 Kay earns a gross annual income of £20,400 per year, working 40 hours per week. Her employer introduces changes to working practices that will also allow her to reduce her hours and her pay by up to 50%. The household is discussing the short-term opportunity costs of Kay taking the part-time (50%) working option, rather than Jay. With respect to gross earnings only, briefly explain the short-term opportunity cost of Kay going part-time as opposed to Jay.
2.1 Two factors that might cause Jay to have a larger financial loss over his lifetime if he takes the of going part-time are:
Reduced Pension Contributions: By halving his hours and gross pay, Jay will also likely see a reduction in his pension contributions. Pension contributions are often based on a percentage of earnings, so with lower earnings, the amount contributed towards his pension will decrease. Over time, this reduction in contributions can have a significant impact on Jay's retirement savings and the overall value of his pension fund.
2. Career Progression and Promotion Opportunities: By choosing to work part-time, Jay may limit his career progress and promotion opportunities. Many organizations offer promotions and career advancement based on factors such as experience, skills, and performance. Working part-time may restrict Jay's ability to take on additional responsibilities, gain new skills, or demonstrate his full potential, which could hinder his chances of securing higher-paying positions in the future. This limitation on career growth can result in a lower earning potential over his lifetime.
2.2 The short-term opportunity cost of Kay going part-time, as opposed to Jay, would be a reduction in her gross earnings. By choosing to work part-time and reducing her hours and pay by up to 50%, Kay would experience a significant decrease in her annual income. This reduction in income would impact the immediate financial resources available to the household and could require adjustments in their budgeting and spending habits. The short-term opportunity cost for Kay would be the loss of half of her gross annual income, which would affect their current standard of living and financial stability.
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what are some ways that inventory enables winning strategies for companies?
Inventory plays an essential role in the success of any business. Here are some ways that inventory enables winning strategies for companies: 1. Improve supply chain efficiency, 2. Meet customer demands, 3. Reduce costs and 4. Increase profits
1. Improve supply chain efficiency When a company has a proper inventory system, it can improve its supply chain efficiency. Inventory management allows businesses to track items from supplier to customer, which makes it easier to manage the entire supply chain process.
2. Meet customer demands In today’s competitive business world, companies must keep up with customer demands. By having an accurate inventory system, businesses can have better control over their stock levels. This enables them to fulfill customer orders promptly, leading to higher customer satisfaction rates.
3. Reduce costs One of the main benefits of inventory management is cost reduction. By tracking inventory levels, companies can identify which items are not selling well and reduce their stock accordingly. This reduces the amount of money tied up in unsold inventory, which can be used to invest in other parts of the business.
4. Increase profits By implementing a robust inventory system, companies can increase their profits. An effective inventory management system ensures that businesses always have the right amount of stock available to meet customer demand. This, in turn, leads to increased sales, which ultimately results in higher profits.
In conclusion, proper inventory management enables winning strategies for companies by improving supply chain efficiency, meeting customer demands, reducing costs, and increasing profits.
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Which of the following is correct? O Annual reports are not required by the SEC. O Annual reports are required by the auditor. Annual report a required component by the FASB. O No answer text provided
The correct option is: "Annual reports are required by the auditor."
Annual reports are comprehensive financial statements that provide information about a company's financial performance, operations, and other relevant disclosures. While they are not required by the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission), they are an important reporting requirement for companies, and they are prepared and audited by independent auditors to ensure their accuracy and compliance with accounting standards. The auditor plays a crucial role in reviewing and providing assurance on the information presented in the annual report.
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Vehicle transmission repairs for part number TAC45123 are costly to replace. A highly skilled mechanic must disassemble the transmission. If the part fails while it is in warranty, the manufacturer pays the full cost of the repair to the garage or dealer that did the repair. The manufacturer uses the Taguchi loss function to set a specification for the part with k 30,000. The dimensions for the part are 0.8 – 0.12 centimeters. Round your answers to the nearest dollar. a. What is the economic value of one failed part? $ b. If the manufacturer of the part paid the full warranty cost on 1,870 failures last year worldwide, what is the total economic cost of failure? $ C. If the manufacturer improved process and equipment capability so the part specifications changed to 0.8 + 0.06 centimeters, what is the economic cost of one failure? $ d. Assuming failures were reduced by one half to 935 due to the more precise specifications discussed in part c, what is the economic cost of failure? $ e. How much warranty cost is saved according to Taguchi estimates by improving specifications from £0.12 to +0.06?
To calculate the economic values and costs as per the given information:
a. The economic value of one failed part can be calculated using the Taguchi loss function formula:
Economic value = k * (Specified Value - Target Value)²
Given:
k = 30,000 (Taguchi constant)
Specified Value = 0.12 cm (maximum allowable dimension)
Target Value = 0.8 cm (desired dimension)
Economic value = 30,000 * (0.12 - 0.8)²
Economic value ≈ $196,800
b. The total economic cost of failure can be calculated by multiplying the economic value of one failed part by the number of failures:
Total economic cost of failure = Economic value * Number of failures
Given:
Economic value = $196,800
Number of failures = 1,870
Total economic cost of failure = $196,800 * 1,870
Total economic cost of failure ≈ $368,496,000
c. If the part specifications change to 0.8 + 0.06 cm, the economic cost of one failure can be calculated using the same formula as in part a:
Economic value = k * (Specified Value - Target Value)²
Given:
k = 30,000 (Taguchi constant)
Specified Value = 0.06 cm (maximum allowable dimension)
Target Value = 0.8 cm (desired dimension)
Economic value = 30,000 * (0.06 - 0.8)²
Economic value ≈ $338,400
d. Assuming failures are reduced to 935 due to the more precise specifications, the economic cost of failure can be calculated:
Economic cost of failure = Economic value * Number of failures
Given:
Economic value = $338,400
Number of failures = 935
Economic cost of failure = $338,400 * 935
Economic cost of failure ≈ $316,464,000
e. To calculate the warranty cost saved by improving specifications from 0.12 cm to 0.06 cm, we need to find the difference in economic costs between the two scenarios:
Warranty cost saved = Economic cost of failure at 0.12 cm - Economic cost of failure at 0.06 cm
Given:
Economic cost of failure at 0.12 cm = $368,496,000 (from part b)
Economic cost of failure at 0.06 cm = $316,464,000 (from part d)
Warranty cost saved = $368,496,000 - $316,464,000
Warranty cost saved ≈ $52,032,000
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find two numbers whose sum is 22 and whose product is a maximum.
The two numbers whose sum is 22 and whose product is maximum is 11 and 11. They are equal numbers.
Given: two numbers whose sum is 22We have to find two numbers whose product is a maximum. Let the two numbers be x and y. Therefore, x + y = 22y = 22 - x. Now we have to find the maximum value of xy, then we will differentiate it and equate it to zero∴ xy = x(22 - x) = 22x - x². x + y = 22y = 22 - x. Now we have to find the maximum value of xy, then we will differentiate it and equate it to zero∴ xy = x(22 - x) = 22x - x². Now differentiate it and equate it to zero⇒ d(xy) / dx = d(22x - x²) / dx = 22 - 2x = 0. Solving the above equation, we get,⇒ 22 - 2x = 0⇒ 2x = 22⇒ x = 11. Now, to find the value of y:⇒ y = 22 - x = 22 - 11 = 11. Thus, the two numbers whose sum is 22 and whose product is maximum is 11 and 11. They are equal numbers.
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I
need help to calculate the cost of the function and the following
demand curve
QUESTION 1 Consider the following cost function: C(Q)=9,300+425 √Q Calculate total costs when Q=7921 QUESTION 2 Consider the following demand curve Q(P) = 5,346-31P Calculate demand when P=56 QUESTI
Tests that include short-answer and fill-in questions can be very difficult for some students because they require recognition of information rather than recall.
This means that the student has to generate an answer that they have learned, rather than choose an answer from a given list. Tests with short-answer and fill-in questions can be more challenging than multiple-choice tests because students need to have a deeper understanding of the material. They cannot simply rely on memory to recognize the correct answer.
Instead, they have to actively recall the information and use critical thinking skills to apply that knowledge to the question. This process can be difficult for some students who may struggle with recall or have difficulty with abstract reasoning. Multiple correct answers can also make these types of tests more challenging. Students must be able to differentiate between correct and incorrect answers and determine which one is the best response. In contrast, multiple-choice questions provide a clear selection of answers, making it easier to identify the correct choice.
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Stockholders of a corporation elect: a. The president of the corporation. b. The board of directors. c. The treasurer of the corporation. d. The corporation's attorneys.
Stockholders of a corporation elect: **b. The board of directors**.
The board of directors is a governing body in a corporation that represents the interests of the stockholders. They are responsible for making important decisions and setting the overall direction of the corporation. The board of directors is elected by the stockholders, who have voting rights in the corporation. The board typically consists of individuals who are knowledgeable and experienced in various aspects of business, finance, and management. They oversee the corporation's strategic planning, appoint key executives, and ensure the corporation's compliance with laws and regulations. The board of directors acts on behalf of the stockholders and is accountable to them for the corporation's performance and governance.
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Which of the following are considered limitations of fiscal policy? a. liquidity log b. implementation lag B c. legislative log d. unemployment lag d. recognitioning
The limitations of fiscal policy include: a. Liquidity lag: Fiscal policy measures, such as changes in government spending or taxation, may take time to have an impact on the economy.
b. Implementation lag: The process of implementing fiscal policy measures, such as passing legislation or implementing new government programs, can be time-consuming. Delays in enacting and implementing fiscal policy measures can hinder their effectiveness, especially during times of economic crisis when quick action is often needed.
c. Legislative log: Fiscal policy decisions typically require legislative approval, which can introduce political and bureaucratic challenges. The legislative process may involve debates, negotiations, and delays, making it difficult to enact timely fiscal policy measures.
d. Unemployment lag: It takes time for fiscal policy measures to impact employment levels. Changes in government spending or taxation may not immediately translate into job creation or reduction in unemployment. There can be a lag between the implementation of fiscal policy and its effect on the labor market.
e. Recognition lag: Fiscal policymakers rely on accurate and timely economic data to assess the state of the economy and determine appropriate policy actions. However, there can be a delay in recognizing economic indicators, such as GDP growth or inflation, which can hinder the timely implementation of fiscal policy measures.
Overall, these limitations highlight the challenges and time constraints involved in implementing fiscal policy effectively to address economic conditions and achieve desired outcome.
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what is the present value if the bond?
What is the duration of the following bond: $1,000 par value, 6% annual coupon, 5 years to maturity, and yield to maturity of 5.5%? You will need your answer for the next question.
To calculate the present value of the bond, we need to discount the future cash flows (coupon payments and the final principal repayment) at the yield to maturity rate.
The annual coupon payment is 6% of the par value, which is $1,000 * 0.06 = $60. The bond has a maturity of 5 years, so there will be 5 coupon payments.
Using the yield to maturity of 5.5% as the discount rate, we can calculate the present value of each cash flow and sum them up to find the total present value.
PV = (Coupon Payment / (1 + Yield to Maturity)^Period) + (Coupon Payment / (1 + Yield to Maturity)^Period) + ... + (Coupon Payment / (1 + Yield to Maturity)^Period) + (Principal / (1 + Yield to Maturity)^Period)
PV = ($60 / (1 + 0.055)^1) + ($60 / (1 + 0.055)^2) + ($60 / (1 + 0.055)^3) + ($60 / (1 + 0.055)^4) + ($60 / (1 + 0.055)^5) + ($1,000 / (1 + 0.055)^5)
By calculating the above expression, we can find the present value of the bond.
The duration of the bond can be calculated as the weighted average of the time it takes to receive the cash flows, where the weights are the present value of each cash flow divided by the total present value.
Duration = [(Period 1 Cash Flow * Present Value of Period 1) + (Period 2 Cash Flow * Present Value of Period 2) + ... + (Period n Cash Flow * Present Value of Period n)] / Total Present Value
By using the present value and cash flows calculated earlier, we can find the duration of the bond.
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3. Suppose that you are considering raising the price of coca-cola. What factors would you want to consider about coke to determine its elasticity? Would you recommend increasing the price? Why?
When considering raising the price of Coca-Cola, the factors that you want to consider are its elasticity. Elasticity is the change in quantity demanded of a product in response to a change in its price.
A product is elastic if the change in price causes a large change in the quantity demanded. The product is inelastic if a change in price has no significant effect on the quantity demanded. For Coca-Cola, the factors that need to be considered include the availability of substitute products. The presence of close substitutes increases the elasticity of the product. Consumers can easily switch to other products that offer the same satisfaction.
Suppose that there are many substitute products for Coca-Cola. In that case, a small increase in price is likely to lead to a large decrease in the quantity demanded as consumers can easily switch to other products with similar satisfaction. The brand loyalty of consumers is another factor to consider when determining the elasticity of Coca-Cola. The more loyal the consumers, the less elastic the product is.
In this scenario, a small increase in price is likely to have a small impact on the quantity demanded.The income level of consumers is another factor that needs to be considered. If Coca-Cola is a luxury good, then the product is elastic. This means that an increase in price will lead to a significant decrease in the quantity demanded.
This is because the product is likely to be elastic due to the availability of substitute products. A small increase in price is likely to lead to a large decrease in the quantity demanded, which would lead to reduced revenue for the company.
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If you were to do a research on the topic of determining the satisfaction of university students on May Festival activities,
a- how would you define target population?
b- would you take a census or a sample for your research?
a) Definition of target population: The target population is the group of people that the researcher is interested in studying. In this case, the target population would be university students who attend the May Festival activities. It's essential to define the target population to ensure that the results of the study are valid and reliable.
b) Census vs. SampleA census is a study that attempts to include the entire population, while a sample is a study that only includes a subset of the population. In most cases, a sample is used instead of a census due to practicality and cost considerations. Since university students are usually a large population, it would be more feasible to take a sample rather than attempting to conduct a census to obtain data on the satisfaction of students on May Festival activities.Therefore, the researcher would most likely take a sample of university students who attend May Festival activities to gather data on their satisfaction levels. This sample would have to be selected carefully to ensure that it is representative of the target population.
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A firm has a stock price of $25.00 per share. The last dividend was $2.50. The long run growth rate for the company is a constant 3.50%. What is the firm's dividend yield? (8 points) You must type in
If the last dividend was $2.50. The long run growth rate for the company is a constant 3.50%. What is the firm's dividend yield is 10.36%.
What is the formula?The formula to determine the dividend yield of a firm is given below;
Dividend Yield = (Annual Dividend / Current Stock Price) × 100%Given that, the stock price of the firm is $25.00 per share.
Last dividend was $2.50.Long-run growth rate for the company is a constant 3.50%.To determine the annual dividend, we can use the following formula; Annual Dividend = Last Dividend × (1 + Long-Run Growth Rate).
Therefore, Annual Dividend = 2.50 × (1 + 0.035)Annual Dividend = 2.59Now we can substitute the values to determine the dividend yield; Dividend Yield = (Annual Dividend / Current Stock Price) × 100%Dividend Yield = (2.59 / 25.00) × 100%Dividend Yield = 10.36%.
Therefore, the firm's dividend yield is 10.36%.
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For a study of whether or not job satisfaction is affected by salary levels, what would be the Dependent Variable? What would be the Independent Variable? 2. (10 points) Explain the idea of a construct and what that means in terms of a research study. Give at least two examples of a construct.
In a study on job satisfaction and salary levels, the dependent variable would be job satisfaction, while the independent variable would be salary levels. Constructs in research refer to abstract concepts or variables that cannot be directly observed or measured. Examples of constructs include intelligence, self-esteem, and happiness.
In a study investigating the relationship between job satisfaction and salary levels, the dependent variable would be job satisfaction. It is the variable that researchers are interested in measuring and analyzing in relation to other factors. The independent variable would be salary levels, which is manipulated or controlled by the researchers to observe its impact on job satisfaction.
A construct, in the context of research, refers to an abstract concept or variable that researchers aim to study and understand. Constructs cannot be directly observed or measured but are inferred based on observable behaviors or indicators. They represent theoretical ideas that help explain phenomena.
For example, intelligence is a construct that researchers study. It cannot be directly measured, but it can be inferred through tests and assessments that measure cognitive abilities. Another example of a construct is self-esteem, which pertains to an individual's subjective evaluation of their self-worth. It is not directly observable but can be assessed through self-report questionnaires or other psychological measures.
In research, constructs play a crucial role in developing theories, formulating hypotheses, and designing measurement tools to study and understand complex phenomena.
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You are considering flying one-way from Brisbane to Sydney, or Sydney to Brisbane, and it costs $169 with Qantas. A return flight from either Brisbane or Sydney costs $249 with Qantas. In this case, you could argue that Qantas is: 1. using first degree price discrimination for the return flight. 2. using second degree price discrimination for the return flight. 3. is not using price discrimination for the return flight. Which of the above statements are true Only 1 is true. Only 2 is true. Both 1 and 2 are true. Both 2 and 3 are true. All three are true
In this case, the statement that is true is "Only 2 is true." Qantas is using second-degree price discrimination for the return flight.
First-degree price discrimination refers to a pricing strategy where the seller charges each customer their maximum willingness to pay. This means that prices are tailored individually based on the customer's preferences and ability to pay. In this scenario, Qantas is not using first-degree price discrimination because the price for the return flight is the same for both Brisbane and Sydney, regardless of the individual customer's willingness to pay. Second-degree price discrimination involves offering different pricing options based on the quantity or volume of the purchase. In this case, Qantas is using second-degree price discrimination for the return flight. They offer a lower price for a round-trip ticket compared to the combined price of two one-way tickets. By doing so, Qantas incentivizes customers to choose the round-trip option and capture a larger share of the market. The third statement, "Qantas is not using price discrimination for the return flight," is false because Qantas is indeed using price discrimination by offering different pricing options for the round-trip flight compared to the one-way flights. However, the first statement, "Qantas is using first-degree price discrimination for the return flight," is also false as Qantas is not customizing prices individually based on customer willingness to pay.
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Apply the steps of rational decision-making to the decision of the
CEO Tauriq Keraan to launch an account for small businesses,
responsibly offering consumers unsecured credit.
Rational decision-making is a multi-step process that is typically used in organizations. In this method, decision-making is divided into stages, each of which must be completed before moving on to the next stage.
In the case of CEO Tauriq Keraan there are six stages to rational decision-making, which are as follows:
Define the problem: The first step in rational decision-making is to identify the problem that needs to be resolved. In the case of CEO Tauriq Keraan's decision to launch an account for small businesses, the problem may be that small businesses have difficulty obtaining credit.
Research: The second stage is to gather information that is relevant to the problem. For example, the CEO should investigate the market conditions for small businesses and consumer lending. He should also investigate the potential risks of offering unsecured credit and the legal and regulatory requirements of such an offering.
Evaluate alternatives: The third step is to assess the various options available to resolve the problem. In this scenario, the CEO may consider several alternatives, such as expanding the lending criteria for small businesses, offering secured credit or not offering credit at all. He must then evaluate the pros and cons of each alternative.
Select the best alternative: In the fourth stage, the CEO selects the best alternative based on the analysis of the previous step. Based on the evaluation, he might conclude that the most promising option is to launch an account for small businesses, responsibly offering consumers unsecured credit.
Implement the decision: The fifth stage is to put the selected alternative into action. In this case, the CEO should begin creating a business plan for the new product and putting in place the resources and processes necessary for its launch.
Evaluate the decision: The final stage is to evaluate the results of the decision-making process. In this step, the CEO needs to determine if the new product has been successful in meeting the needs of small businesses while responsibly offering consumers unsecured credit. The CEO should also assess whether there are any legal or regulatory issues that need to be addressed.
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Prepare journal entries to record each of these transactions.
Prepare a statement of retained earnings for the current year ended December 31.
Prepare the stockholders’ equity section of the balance sheet as of December 31 of the current year.
In order to record each of these transactions, the following journal entries should be prepared: On January 1, 2021, issued 100,000 shares of $10 par common stock for cash at $15 per share.
To record the issue of 100,000 shares of $10 par common stock for cash at $15 per share, the following journal entry should be prepared: Cash $1,500,000
Common Stock ($10 par x 100,000 shares) $1,000,000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par $500,000On May 1, 2021, purchased 20,000 shares of treasury stock for $17 per share.
Retained Earnings $100,000To prepare a statement of retained earnings for the current year ended December 31, the following steps should be taken: Retained Earnings (January 1, 2021) $0Add: Net Income (December 31, 2021) $300,000Less: Dividends Declared ($0.50 x 200,000 shares) $100,000
Retained Earnings (December 31, 2021) $200,000To prepare the stockholders' equity section of the balance sheet as of December 31 of the current year, the following information should be considered: Common Stock ($5 par x 200,000 shares) $1,000,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par $500,000Treasury Stock ($17 per share x 20,000 shares) $340,000
Retained Earnings $200,000
Total Stockholders' Equity $1,360,000The stockholders' equity section of the balance sheet as of December 31 of the current year is $1,360,000.
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Trans Jamaica Corporation wishes to invest in one of three transport infrastructure projects X, Y and Z with initial outlays of $500 million, $390 million and $650 million respectively. Projects are expected to produce each year free after-tax cash flows of $195 million for project X, project Y is expected to generate $250 million and project Z $292 million. Each project has depreciable lives of 9 years. The required rate of return is 18%.
I. Use the Net Present Value Technique and determine the most appropriate investment for Delta Corporation. Justify your response. (9 marks)
II. State two benefits and two disadvantages of using the NPV. (4 marks)
III. Though the payback method for evaluating capital investments has some serious flaws, it is popular in business practice, showing up on most financial evaluation software packages.
IV. Outline three reasons why the payback method is popular in business? (3 marks)
V. Why would a manager not accept a project that has a positive net present value? (4 marks)
What decision criterion would you recommend for: a. Mutually Exclusive Projects and (3 marks)
b. Projects being evaluated under capital constraints. (2 marks)
I. Net Present Value is calculated using the following formula: NPV = Present Value of Cash Inflows - Present Value of Cash OutflowsNPV for project X = $125.57 millionNPV for project Y = $166.32 millionNPV for project Z = $59.83 million.
The most appropriate investment for the Trans Jamaica Corporation is project Y, since it has the highest positive net present value.II. Benefits of NPV:It's a straightforward method that provides a single figure for decision-making.NPV takes time value of money into account, making it a more reliable method.Disadvantages of NPV:NPV necessitates accurate cash flow estimates, which might be difficult to obtain.It is affected by changes in the discount rate. III.
Reasons why the payback method is popular in business:It is straightforward and simple to use.It is useful in situations when capital constraints are tight.It takes into account a project's risk and liquidity. IV. A manager may reject a project that has a positive net present value for the following reasons:Capital rationingConstraints of managerial expertise and capabilityInability to assess project risk and lack of information V. Decision criteria for: a. Mutually Exclusive Projects: When choosing between two mutually exclusive projects, the one with the highest NPV should be chosen.b. Projects being evaluated under capital constraints: A project with the shortest payback time should be prioritized when evaluating projects under capital constraints.
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Which of the following most clearly illustrates the concept of "derived demand"? An increase in the price of steak causes the demand for poultry to increase. An increase in the demand for new houses leads to an increase in the demand for construction workers. An increase in consumer income leads to an increase in the demand for services provided by the government. An increase in the demand for new cars causes the demand for used automobiles to rise. -- - Print Open with docReader Activity Details
The concept of "derived demand" refers to the demand for a product or service that arises as a result of the demand for another product or service. Among the given options, the one that most clearly illustrates this concept is "an increase in the demand for new houses leads to an increase in the demand for construction workers.
" This is because the demand for construction workers is directly derived from the demand for new houses. As the demand for new houses increases, construction companies need to hire more workers to meet the demand.
The other options may show some level of interdependence between two products or services, but they do not clearly illustrate the concept of derived demand. For instance, an increase in the price of steak causing the demand for poultry to increase may indicate a substitution effect, where consumers switch to a cheaper alternative due to the price increase. Similarly, an increase in consumer income leading to an increase in the demand for services provided by the government may indicate an income effect, where consumers have more disposable income to spend on government services. Finally, an increase in the demand for new cars causing the demand for used automobiles to rise may indicate a complementary effect, where the demand for used cars rises as more people buy new cars and trade in their old ones. In summary, derived demand refers to the demand for a product or service that arises as a result of the demand for another product or service. Among the given options, an increase in the demand for new houses leading to an increase in the demand for construction workers most clearly illustrates this concept.
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How Behavioral economics help HR to decide which employee to
take to work? (Experience of workers how they affect
employer’s decision)
Behavioral economics helps HR in the employee selection process by considering the impact of individuals' experiences on employers' decisions.
It recognizes that human decision-making is influenced by biases, heuristics, framing, social influence, and risk preferences. HR can leverage this understanding by:
Mitigating biases: Being aware of cognitive biases, such as the halo effect or confirmation bias, HR can implement strategies to minimize their influence during candidate evaluation.
Framing information: HR can present job postings, interviews, and performance evaluations in a way that highlights relevant skills and experiences to shape candidates' perceptions.
Considering risk preferences: Understanding that individuals have different risk preferences, HR can assess how candidates' risk attitudes may impact their decision-making in roles that involve risk-taking or handling uncertainty.
Assessing social fit: Recognizing the impact of social dynamics, HR can evaluate candidates' compatibility with the team and organization culture, considering factors like collaboration skills and cultural fit.
Using incentives and nudges: By employing incentives and nudges, HR can influence desired behaviors among employees, creating a work environment that encourages productivity and positive outcomes.
Incorporating behavioral economics principles into HR practices allows organizations to make more informed decisions in selecting employees. It aligns the experiences, qualities, and preferences of candidates with job requirements and the organizational context, leading to better employee fits and increased overall performance.
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A VERY BRIEF EXPLANATION ( FEW WORDS/1-2 LINES/RELEVANT GRAPH) MUST BE PROVIDED FOR A TRUE (T) AS WELL AS A FALSE RESPONSE AS WELL.
(A) Laissez Faire means "Let people do what they choose to do". This means no role for government
(B) Borrowers are the main winners during periods of unexpected inflation."
(A) True: Laissez Faire is an economic theory that suggests the government should not intervene in the free market.
The idea is to allow the market to function independently without government intervention.(A) False: Borrowers are not the main beneficiaries of unexpected inflation. Borrowers have to pay back their loans with interest, which increases as the inflation rate increases. On the other hand, lenders benefit from unexpected inflation as they earn more interest on loans than expected. (A) True: Laissez Faire is an economic theory that suggests the government should not intervene in the free market.
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Explain two characteristics of
service that sets it apart from a product
These two characteristics, intangibility and heterogeneity, set services apart from products.
Two characteristics of service that sets it apart from a product are:1. Intangibility: The first characteristic that distinguishes services from goods is that services are intangible. It refers to the fact that services cannot be seen, tasted, or touched in the same way that physical goods can be. A service is the product of an action performed by one individual for another, rather than something that can be held or seen like a physical good. Because services are intangible, they are much more difficult to define and describe than physical goods. Customers are paying for something that is not tangible or visible. The ability to measure quality of service is difficult, which is why it is challenging for service providers to determine the level of customer satisfaction.2. Heterogeneity: The second characteristic that sets services apart from physical goods is heterogeneity. Because services are produced by human beings, there is a certain degree of variability in their quality and consistency. Even the same person providing the same service to the same customer on two different occasions may provide a different level of service quality. This is because each customer is unique and has different needs and expectations. A service provider must be adaptable and flexible to meet the different needs of different customers. Since service is usually generated by human interaction and involves personal judgement, it can vary widely from one interaction to the next. There is a higher risk of inconsistencies due to the level of variance in the way services are delivered. Consequently, there is a great emphasis on employee training and standard operating procedures in order to minimize this risk.
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A project is estimated to require an initial investment of IDR 50,000,000. with the age of 6 years, the residual value of Rp. 4,000,000,-. The company is estimated to earn income of IDR 8,000,000 in the first year and an increase of IDR 1,000,000 every year until the 6th year. By using an interest rate of 10%, then: a. Determine whether the project is worth implementing or not (use method NPW)! b. Make a sensitivity analysis of the investment decision by changing it interest rates in the range of ±50% of the estimated values above (use calculation of 20% and 50% of the initial interest rate) ! (Score :15) C. Determine the limit on the value of the interest rate parameter resulting in a decision on the alternative was changed! (Score :10)
a. Using the Net Present Worth (NPW) method with an interest rate of 10%, the project is worth implementing as the NPW is positive.
b. By conducting sensitivity analysis, the investment decision is evaluated by changing the interest rate to 20% and 50% of the initial rate.
c. The limit on the value of the interest rate parameter resulting in a decision change will be determined based on the sensitivity analysis.
a. To determine whether the project is worth implementing, we calculate the NPW by discounting the cash flows at a 10% interest rate. The cash flows consist of income earned each year and the residual value at the end of the project. The NPW is positive if the present value of the cash inflows exceeds the initial investment.
b. To perform sensitivity analysis, we change the interest rate to 20% and 50% of the initial rate. By recalculating the NPW using these different interest rates, we can assess the impact of interest rate variations on the project's viability.
c. By comparing the NPW results obtained from different interest rates, we can determine the threshold or limit on the interest rate parameter that would cause a change in the investment decision. If the NPW becomes negative beyond a certain interest rate, it indicates that the project is no longer financially viable.
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Using one example each from the following four types of business:
• Service - (Spark New Zealand Limited)
• Manufacturing -(Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Ltd)
• Merchandising -(Noel Leeming)
• Hybrid -(Apple)
Compare how the nature of each business affects the achievement of the business
purpose by referring to how the focus of the business differs with purpose.
Give an example of how this is reflected in their business operational structure or organisational structure for each type of business.
The nature of each business affects the achievement of the business purpose by referring to how the focus of the business differs with purpose. Additionally, the operational structure and organizational structure for each type of business reflect its business purpose.
The business purpose of an enterprise is linked to its objectives, strategies, and priorities. Different types of businesses are affected in different ways by the nature of the business. Four different types of businesses are service, manufacturing, merchandising, and hybrid. The business focus, operational structure, and organizational structure of these businesses vary considerably and reflect their business purpose.
Service Business: Spark New Zealand Limited
The purpose of a service company is to offer services and expertise to clients. These businesses' primary goal is to deliver high-quality services to consumers while remaining profitable. Service companies are also concerned with creating customer satisfaction. Spark New Zealand Limited is a telecommunications service provider that provides a range of services to its consumers.
The company's focus is on the provision of telecommunications services, which includes voice, broadband, and mobile services. Spark has a relatively flat organizational structure, and its operational structure is divided into various departments to deliver services to consumers. The company's structure reflects its business purpose of providing high-quality services to customers.
Manufacturing Business: Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Ltd
Manufacturing companies focus on the production of goods. Their primary goal is to manufacture and deliver high-quality goods while remaining profitable. The nature of manufacturing companies means that they need to have a sophisticated supply chain management system in place to ensure that goods are manufactured efficiently and delivered on time. Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Ltd is a healthcare equipment manufacturer.
The company's focus is on the production of high-quality healthcare equipment that is sold globally. The company has a hierarchical organizational structure and an operational structure that is focused on efficient manufacturing and supply chain management. The company's structure reflects its business purpose of manufacturing high-quality goods.
Merchandising Business: Noel Leeming
Merchandising businesses are focused on selling goods. Their primary goal is to sell high-quality goods while remaining profitable. Merchandising companies need to have an efficient supply chain management system to ensure that goods are delivered to customers on time. Noel Leeming is an electronics retailer.
The company's focus is on the retail sale of electronics. Noel Leeming has a hierarchical organizational structure and an operational structure that is focused on efficient retailing. The company's structure reflects its business purpose of selling high-quality goods.
Hybrid Business: Apple
Hybrid companies combine the features of different types of businesses. Apple Inc is a technology company that manufactures and sells high-quality hardware and software products. The company's focus is on the development of innovative products that are sold globally. Apple has a hierarchical organizational structure and an operational structure that is focused on efficient manufacturing, supply chain management, and retailing.
The company's structure reflects its business purpose of developing and selling high-quality products. In conclusion, the nature of each business affects the achievement of the business purpose by referring to how the focus of the business differs with purpose. Additionally, the operational structure and organizational structure for each type of business reflect its business purpose.
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The industry-low, industry-average, and industry-high cost benchmarks on p. 6 of each issue of the Footwear Industry Report Capyright © by Obfus Soure, Inc. Copena, tambang, er 3rd party webste posti
The industry-low, industry-average, and industry-high cost benchmarks are metrics found on page 6 of each issue of the Footwear Industry Report, published by Obfus Soure, Inc.
These benchmarks provide valuable information about the performance of different companies within the footwear industry, allowing for a comparison of costs across the industry. The industry-low benchmark represents the lowest costs within the industry, while the industry-average benchmark denotes the average costs, and the industry-high benchmark signifies the highest costs. By analyzing these benchmarks, companies can evaluate their performance in comparison to industry standards and competitors, and identify areas for improvement.
Understanding the industry-low, industry-average, and industry-high cost benchmarks in the Footwear Industry Report is crucial for companies within the footwear industry to make informed decisions, improve their performance, and maintain competitiveness in the market.
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